Pekka Pohjolasta : Fuusiosäveltäjän musiikillinen tyyli

Tutkimus pureutuu fuusiosäveltäjä Pekka Pohjolan musiikilliseen tyyliin. Pohjolan soololevytuotantoa tarkastellaan ensin tyylikausittain ja sitten keskittymällä hänen musiikkinsa erityispiirteisiin. Pohjolan tyyliä verrataan taidemusiikkiin ja jazziin, ja kyseenalaistetaan hänen tuotantonsa itsestään selvänä pidetty paikka progressiivisen rockin kategoriassa. Pohjolan musiikin vahvoja emotionaalisia kontrasteja analysoidaan erittelemällä hänen tuotannolleen tunnusomaisten emootioiden ja niitä välittävien musiikillisten keinojen suhdetta kolmessa esimerkkisävellyksessä. Pohjolalle ominaisia sävellysteknisiä piirteitä hahmotellaan erillisessä case-analyysissa. Pääasiallisten tutkimuskysymysten ohella käydään läpi Pohjolan musiikkisukutausta sekä urapolku viulistiopiskelijasta sähköbasistiksi ja viimein säveltäjäksi. Tutkimus on vahvasti aineistolähtöinen. Menetelmällisesti nojaudutaan triangulaatioon eli näkökulmien ja metodien monipuolisuuteen; tutkijan tärkeinä pitämät asiat nostetaan esiin kuhunkin tilanteeseen sopivan menetelmän avulla. Tutkimuksessa käytettyjä metodeja ovat analyyttinen kuuntelu, säveltäjän syvähaastattelu sekä musiikkianalyysi, joka on sekä nuotinnoksiin perustuvaa että kuulonvaraista. Pekka Pohjolan uraa kronologisesti tarkasteltaessa käy ilmi, että hänen kokoonpanoratkaisuissaan on ollut selvä akustisia soittimia suosiva trendi. Säveltäjäidentiteetti on vahvistunut yhtä jalkaa instrumentalisten ambitioiden hälvenemisen kanssa ja Pohjola on vähitellen keskittynyt entistä suurimuotoisempiin teoksiin levytysten ja esiintymisten kustannuksella. Musiikkimuodin virtaukset sekä niitä seuranneet levyyhtiöiden asettamat taloudelliset reuna-ehdot ovat vaikuttaneet Pohjolan tyyliin. Sen persoonallinen ydin on kuitenkin säilynyt muuttumattomana. Pohjolan sävellystuotannossa on paljon yhtymäkohtia klassis-romanttiseen musiikkiin ja jazziin, mutta myös mm. salonki- ja kirkkomusiikkiin. Pohjolan tyylin suhde progressiiviseen rockiin on kaksijakoinen. Yhtäältä hänen tyylillään on paljon yhteistä progressiivisen rockin kirjallisuuden asettamien tyylimääritelmien kanssa, toisaalta Pohjolan musiikki ei ole luonteeltaan kovin kokeellista, pikemminkin perinteisempiä aineksia tuoreella tavalla yhdistelevää. Emotionaalisuus on tunnusomaista Pohjolan musiikille. Analyysikappaleissa tyypillisimmiksi emootioiksi paljastuivat – tutkijan termejä käyttäen – mahtipontisuus ja lapsenomaisuus. Mahtipontisuuden emootiota toteuttavia musiikillisia keinoja olivat mm. kova äänenvoimakkuus, legatofraseeraus, matalan rekisterin käyttö, paksu soitinnus ja säestyksen fanfaarimaisuus. Lapsenomaisuutta kuvattiin mm. hiljaisen äänenvoimakkuuden, staccatofraseerauksen, korkean rekisterin ja ohuen soitinnuksen avulla. Emootiot tulevat Pohjolan musiikissa esiin toistensa kontrasteina, peräkkäisinä ja usein valmistelemattomina. Tutkimuksen päättävä Impun tangon case-analyysi esittelee Pohjolan sävellysteknisiä tunnusmerkkejä, motiivitekniikan ja sekvenssitekniikan runsasta käyttöä. Analyysi toimii myös esimerkkinä Pohjolan musiikin monipuolisista tyylivaikutteista. Impun tangossa on aineksia niin tangosta, jazzista, klassisesta musiikista, hard rockista kuin heavystakin.

Neulemallien muodikkuus : Näkyvätkö kansainväliset muotitrendit suomalaisten käsityölehtien neulemalleissa?

The aim of this work was to study, whether international fashion trends show in knit designs in Finnish craft magazines and how trends are modified. Women s knitted clothes and accessories in autumn winter season 2005 2006 were analyzed. Future research, trends, fashion, designing and knitting provides theoretical basis for this study. The trend material of this study came from Carlin Women s knitwear winter 2005 2006, which is fashion forecast for Women s knitwear. In addition to the trend book, I selected two international fashion magazines to reinforce this study. Fashion magazines were L´Officiel, 1000 models, Milan New York winter 05/06, No 52, April 2005 and Collezioni Donna, Prêt-à-porter autumn-winter 2005 2006, No 107. Finnish craft magazines in this study were MODA s issues 4/2005, 5/2005, 6/2005 and Novita s issues autumn 2005, winter 2005 and Suuri Käsityölehti s issues 8/2005, 9/2005, 10/2005. For the base of the analyze I took themes from the trend book. From fashion magazines I searched knitwear designs and these designs were sorted out by themes of trend book. To this trend and fashion material I compared knit designs from craft magazines. I analyzed how fashion trends show in knit designs and how they are modified. I also studied what features of trends were shown and which did not appear in knit designs of the craft magazines. For analyzing trend pictures and knit designs in craft magazines I applied qualitative content analysis and image analysis. According to the results of this research, effects of trend can be recognized in knit designs of craft maga-zines, although the fashion trends have been applied very discreetly. Knit designs were very similar re-gardless of magazine. The craft magazine data included approximately as many designs from Novita and MODA. In Suuri Käsityölehti provided only fifth of the designs data. There were also designs in MODA and Suuri Käsityölehti, which were made of Novita s yarns. This research material includes yarns of 15 different yarn manufacturers. Although half of all knit designs were knitted from Novita s yarn. There were 10 different yarns from Novita. Nevertheless Novita s yarn called Aino was the most popular. Finnish craft magazines have not respond to popularity of knitting. Magazines do not provide any novelty designs for knitters. Knit designs in Finnish craft magazines are usually practical basic designs without any innovativeness.

Young Men s Sexual Behaviour in Finland and Estonia : Opportunities for prevention of sexually transmitted infections

Background: The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in most EU states has gradually increased and the rate of newly diagnosed HIV cases has doubled since 1999. STIs differ in their clinical features, prognosis and transmission dynamics, though they do share a common factor in their mode of transmission −that is, human behaviour. The evolvement of STI epidemiology involves a joint action of biological, epidemiological and societal factors. Of the more immediate factors, besides timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, STI incidence is influenced by population patterns of sexual risk behaviour, particularly the number of sexual partners and the frequency of unprotected intercourse. Assessment of sexual behaviour, its sociodemographic determinants and time-trends are important in understanding the distribution and dynamic of STI epidemiology. Additionally, in the light of the basic structural determinants, such as increased level of migration, changes in gender dynamics and impacts from globalization, with its increasing alignment of values and beliefs, can reveal future challenges related to STI epidemiology. STI case surveillance together with surveillance on sexual behaviour can guide the identification of preventive strategies, assess their effectiveness and predict emerging trends. The objective of this study was to provide base line data on sexual risk behaviour, self-reported STIs and their patterns by sociodemographic factors as well as associations of sexual risk behaviour with substance use among young men in Finland and Estonia. In Finland national population based data on adult men s sexual behaviour is limited. The findings are discussed in the context of STI epidemiology as well as their possible implications for public health policies and prevention strategies. Materials and Methods: Data from three different cross-sectional population-based surveys conducted in Finland and Estonia, during 1998 2005, were used. Sexual behaviour- and health-related questions were incorporated in two surveys in Finland; the Health 2000, a large scale general health survey, focussed on young adults, and the Military health behavioural survey on military conscripts participating in the mandatory military training. Through research collaboration with Estonia, similar questions to the Finnish surveys were introduced to the second Estonian HIV/AIDS survey, which was targeted at young adults. All surveys applied mail-returned, anonymous, self-administered questionnaires with multiple choice formatted answers. Results: In Finland, differences in sexual behaviour between young men and women were minor. An age-stratified analysis revealed that the sex-related difference observed in the youngest age group (18 19 years) levelled off in the age group 20 24 and almost disappeared among those aged 25 29. Marital status was the most important sociodemographic correlate for sexual behaviour for both sexes, singles reporting higher numbers of lifetime-partners and condom use. This effect was stronger for women than for men. However, of those who had sex with casual partners, 15% were married or co-habiting, with no difference between male and female respondents. According to the Military health behavioural survey, young men s sexual risk behaviour in Finland did not markedly change over a period of time between 1998 and 2005. Approximately 30−40% of young men had had multiple sex partners (more than five) in their lifetime, over 20% reported having had multiple sex partners (at least three) over the past year and 50% did not use a condom in their last sexual intercourse. Some 10% of men reported accumulation of risk factors, i.e. having had both, multiple sex partners and not used a condom in their last intercourse, over the past year of the survey. When differences and similarities were viewed within Finland and Estonia, a clear sociodemographic patterning of sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs was found in Finland, but a somewhat less consistent trend in Estonia. Generally, both, alcohol and drug use were strong correlates for sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs in Finland and Estonia, having a greater effect on engagement with multiple sex partners rather than unprotected intercourse or self-reported STIs. In Finland alcohol use, relative to drug use, was a stronger predictor of sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs, while in Estonia drug use predicted sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs stronger than alcohol use. Conclusions: The study results point to the importance for prevention of sexual risk behaviour, particularly strategies that integrate sexual risk with alcohol and drug use risks. The results point to the need to focus further research on sexual behaviour and STIs among young people; on tracking trends among general population as well as applying in-depth research to identify and learn from vulnerable and high-risk population groups for STIs who are exposed to a combination of risk factors.

Inverse Problem for Fractional Brownian Motion with Discrete Data

The problem of recovering information from measurement data has already been studied for a long time. In the beginning, the methods were mostly empirical, but already towards the end of the sixties Backus and Gilbert started the development of mathematical methods for the interpretation of geophysical data. The problem of recovering information about a physical phenomenon from measurement data is an inverse problem. Throughout this work, the statistical inversion method is used to obtain a solution. Assuming that the measurement vector is a realization of fractional Brownian motion, the goal is to retrieve the amplitude and the Hurst parameter. We prove that under some conditions, the solution of the discretized problem coincides with the solution of the corresponding continuous problem as the number of observations tends to infinity. The measurement data is usually noisy, and we assume the data to be the sum of two vectors: the trend and the noise. Both vectors are supposed to be realizations of fractional Brownian motions, and the goal is to retrieve their parameters using the statistical inversion method. We prove a partial uniqueness of the solution. Moreover, with the support of numerical simulations, we show that in certain cases the solution is reliable and the reconstruction of the trend vector is quite accurate.

Essays on Russia's Economic Transition

This study comprises an introductory section and three essays analysing Russia's economic transition from the early 1990s up to the present. The papers present a combination of both theoretical and empirical analysis on some of the key issues Russia has faced during its somewhat troublesome transformation from state-controlled command economy to market-based economy. The first essay analyses fiscal competition for mobile capital between identical regions in a transition country. A standard tax competition framework is extended to account for two features of a transition economy: the presence of two sectors, old and new, which differ in productivity; and a non-benevolent regional decision-maker. It is shown that in very early phase of transition, when the old sector clearly dominates, consumers in a transition economy may be better off in a competitive equilibrium. Decision-makers, on the other hand, will prefer to coordinate their fiscal policies. The second essay uses annual data for 1992-2003 to examine income dispersion and convergence across 76 Russian regions. Wide disparities in income levels have indeed emerged during the transition period. Dispersion has increased most among the initially better-off regions, whereas for the initially poorer regions no clear trend of divergence or convergence could be established. Further, some - albeit not highly robust - evidence was found of both unconditional and conditional convergence, especially among the initially richer regions. Finally, it is observed that there is much less evidence of convergence after the economic crisis of 1998. The third essay analyses industrial firms' engagement in provision of infrastructure services, such as heating, electricity and road maintenance. Using a unique dataset of 404 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in 40 regions of Russia, the essay examines public infrastructure provision by Russian industrial enterprises. It is found that to a large degree engagement in infrastructure provision, as proxied by district heating production, is a Soviet legacy. Secondly, firms providing district heating to users outside their plant area are more likely to have close and multidimensional relations with the local public sector.

Road Dust from Pavement Wear and Traction Sanding

Vehicles affect the concentrations of ambient airborne particles through exhaust emissions, but particles are also formed in the mechanical processes in the tire-road interface, brakes, and engine. Particles deposited on or in the vicinity of the road may be re-entrained, or resuspended, into air through vehicle-induced turbulence and shearing stress of the tires. A commonly used term for these particles is road dust . The processes affecting road dust emissions are complex and currently not well known. Road dust has been acknowledged as a dominant source of PM10 especially during spring in the sub-arctic urban areas, e.g. in Scandinavia, Finland, North America and Japan. The high proportion of road dust in sub-arctic regions of the world has been linked to the snowy winter conditions that make it necessary to use traction control methods. Traction control methods include dispersion of traction sand, melting of ice with brine solutions, and equipping the tires with either metal studs (studded winter tires), snow chains, or special tire design (friction tires). Several of these methods enhance the formation of mineral particles from pavement wear and/or from traction sand that accumulate in the road environment during winter. When snow and ice melt and surfaces dry out, traffic-induced turbulence makes some of the particles airborne. A general aim of this study was to study processes and factors underlying and affecting the formation and emissions of road dust from paved road surfaces. Special emphasis was placed on studying particle formation and sources during tire road interaction, especially when different applications of traction control, namely traction sanding and/or winter tires were in use. Respirable particles with aerodynamic diameter below 10 micrometers (PM10) have been the main concern, but other size ranges and particle size distributions were also studied. The following specific research questions were addressed: i) How do traction sanding and physical properties of the traction sand aggregate affect formation of road dust? ii) How do studded tires affect the formation of road dust when compared with friction tires? iii) What are the composition and sources of airborne road dust in a road simulator and during a springtime road dust episode in Finland? iv) What is the size distribution of abrasion particles from tire-road interaction? The studies were conducted both in a road simulator and in field conditions. The test results from the road simulator showed that traction sanding increased road dust emissions, and that the effect became more dominant with increasing sand load. A high percentage of fine-grained anti-skid aggregate of overall grading increased the PM10 concentrations. Anti-skid aggregate with poor resistance to fragmentation resulted in higher PM levels compared with the other aggregates, and the effect became more significant with higher aggregate loads. Glaciofluvial aggregates tended to cause higher particle concentrations than crushed rocks with good fragmentation resistance. Comparison of tire types showed that studded tires result in higher formation of PM emissions compared with friction tires. The same trend between the tires was present in the tests with and without anti-skid aggregate. This finding applies to test conditions of the road simulator with negligible resuspension. Source and composition analysis showed that the particles in the road simulator were mainly minerals and originated from both traction sand and pavement aggregates. A clear contribution of particles from anti-skid aggregate to ambient PM and dust deposition was also observed in urban conditions. The road simulator results showed that the interaction between tires, anti-skid aggregate and road surface is important in dust production and the relative contributions of these sources depend on their properties. Traction sand grains are fragmented into smaller particles under the tires, but they also wear the pavement aggregate. Therefore particles from both aggregates are observed. The mass size distribution of traction sand and pavement wear particles was mainly coarse, but fine and submicron particles were also present.

The Emerging Phenotype: Ecological Genetics of Color, Form and Sex in the Common Frog

One of the main aims of evolutionary biology is to explain why organisms vary phenotypically as they do. Proximately, this variation arises from genetic differences and from environmental influences, the latter of which is referred to as phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is thus a central concept in evolutionary biology, and understanding its relative importance in causing the phenotypic variation and differentiation is important, for instance in anticipating the consequences of human induced environmental changes. The aim of this thesis was to study geographic variation and local adaptation, as well as sex ratios and environmental sex reversal, in the common frog (Rana temporaria). These themes cover three different aspects of phenotypic plasticity, which emerges as the central concept for the thesis. The first two chapters address geographic variation and local adaptation in two potentially thermally adaptive traits, namely the degree of melanism and the relative leg length. The results show that although there is an increasing latitudinal trend in the degree of melanism in wild populations across Scandinavian Peninsula, this cline has no direct genetic basis and is thus environmentally induced. The second chapter demonstrates that although there is no linear, latitudinally ordered phenotypic trend in relative leg length that would be expected under Allen s rule an ecogeographical rule linking extremity length to climatic conditions there seems to be such a trend at the genetic level, hidden under environmental effects. The first two chapters thus view phenotypic plasticity through its ecological role and evolution, and demonstrate that it can both give rise to phenotypic variation and hide evolutionary patterns in studies that focus solely on phenotypes. The last three chapters relate to phenotypic plasticity through its ecological and evolutionary role in sex determination, and consequent effects on population sex ratio, genetic recombination and the evolution of sex chromosomes. The results show that while sex ratios are strongly female biased and there is evidence of environmental sex reversals, these reversals are unlikely to have caused the sex ratio skew, at least directly. The results demonstrate that environmental sex reversal can have an effect on the evolution of sex chromosomes, as the recombination patterns between them seem to be controlled by phenotypic, rather than genetic, sex. This potentially allows Y chromosomes to recombine, lending support for the recent hypothesis suggesting that sex-reversal may play an important role on the rejuvenation of Y chromosomes.

Fatigue fractures in military conscripts : A study on risk factors, diagnostics and long-term consequences

Fatigue fracture is an overuse injury commonly encountered in military and sports medicine, and known to relate to intensive or recently intensified physical activity. Bone responds to increased stress by enhanced remodeling. If physical stress exceeds bone s capability to remodel, accumulation of microfractures can lead to bone fatigue and stress fracture. Clinical diagnosis of stress fractures is complex and based on patient s anamnesis and radiological imaging. Bone stress fractures are mostly low-risk injuries, healing well after non-operative management, yet, occurring in high-risk areas, stress fractures can progress to displacement, often necessitating surgical treatment and resulting in prolonged morbidity. In the current study, the role of vitamin D as a predisposing factor for fatigue fractures was assessed using serum 25OHD level as the index. The average serum 25OHD concentration was significantly lower in conscripts with fatigue fracture than in controls. Evaluating TRACP-5b bone resorption marker as indicator of fatigue fractures, patients with elevated serum TRACP-5b levels had eight times higher probability of sustaining a stress fracture than controls. Among the 154 patients with exercise induced anterior lower leg pain and no previous findings on plain radiography, MRI revealed a total of 143 bone stress injuries in 86 patients. In 99% of the cases, injuries were in the tibia, 57% in the distal third of the tibial shaft. In patients with injury, forty-nine (57%) patients exhibited bilateral stress injuries. In a 20-year follow-up, the incidence of femoral neck fatigue fractures prior to the Finnish Defence Forces new regimen in 1986 addressing prevention of these fractures was 20.8/100,000, but rose to 53.2/100,000 afterwards, a significant 2.6-fold increase. In nineteen subjects with displaced femoral neck fatigue fractures, ten early local complications (in first postoperative year) were evident, and after the first postoperative year, osteonecrosis of the femoral head in six and osteoarthritis of the hip in thirteen patients were found. It seems likely that low vitamin D levels are related to fatigue fractures, and that an increasing trend exists between TRACP-5b bone resorption marker elevation and fatigue fracture incidence. Though seldom detected by plain radiography, fatigue fractures often underlie unclear lower leg stress-related pain occurring in the distal parts of the tibia. Femoral neck fatigue fractures, when displaced, lead to long-term morbidity in a high percentage of patients, whereas, when non-displaced, they do not predispose patients to subsequent adverse complications. Importantly, an educational intervention can diminish the incidence of fracture displacement by enhancing awareness and providing instructions for earlier diagnosis of fatigue fractures.

Dynamical processes in the stratosphere and upper troposphere and their influence on the distribution of trace gases in the polar atmosphere

Transport plays an important role in the distribution of long-lived gases such as ozone and water vapour in the atmosphere. Understanding of observed variability in these gases as well as prediction of the future changes depends therefore on our knowledge of the relevant atmospheric dynamics. This dissertation studies certain dynamical processes in the stratosphere and upper troposphere which influence the distribution of ozone and water vapour in the atmosphere. The planetary waves that originate in the troposphere drive the stratospheric circulation. They influence both the meridional transport of substances as well as parameters of the polar vortices. In turn, temperatures inside the polar vortices influence abundance of the Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) and therefore the chemical ozone destruction. Wave forcing of the stratospheric circulation is not uniform during winter. The November-December averaged stratospheric eddy heat flux shows a significant anticorrelation with the January-February averaged eddy heat flux in the midlatitude stratosphere and troposphere. These intraseasonal variations are attributable to the internal stratospheric vacillations. In the period 1979-2002, the wave forcing exhibited a negative trend which was confined to the second half of winter only. In the period 1958-2002, area, strength and longevity of the Arctic polar vortices do not exhibit significant long-term changes while the area with temperatures lower than the threshold temperature for PSC formation shows statistically significant increase. However, the Arctic vortex parameters show significant decadal changes which are mirrored in the ozone variability. Monthly ozone tendencies in the Northern Hemisphere show significant correlations (|r|=0.7) with proxies of the stratospheric circulation. In the Antarctic, the springtime vortex in the lower stratosphere shows statistically significant trends in temperature, longevity and strength (but not in area) in the period 1979-2001. Analysis of the ozone and water vapour vertical distributions in the Arctic UTLS shows that layering below and above the tropopause is often associated with poleward Rossby wave-breaking. These observations together with calculations of cross-tropopause fluxes emphasize the importance of poleward Rossby wave breaking for the stratosphere-troposphere exchange in the Arctic.

Balancing Social Citizenship and New Paternalism : Finnish activation policy and street-level practice in a comparative perspective

The study examines the origin and development of the Finnish activation policy since the mid-1990s by using the 2001 activation reform as a benchmark. The notion behind activation is to link work obligations to welfare benefits for the unemployed. The focus of the thesis is policy learning and the impact of ideas on the reform of the welfare state. The broader research interests of the thesis are summarized by two groups of questions. First, how was the Finnish activation policy developed and what specific form did it receive in the 2001 activation reform? Second, how does the Finnish activation policy compare to the welfare reforms in the EU and in the US? What kinds of ideas and instruments informed the Finnish policy? To what extent can we talk about a restructuring or transformation of the Nordic welfare policy? Theoretically, the thesis is embedded in the comparative welfare state research and the concepts used in the contemporary welfare state discourse. Activation policy is analysed against the backdrop of the theories about the welfare state, welfare state governance and citizenship. Activation policies are also analysed in the context of the overall modernization and individualization of lifestyles and its implications for the individual citizen. Further, the different perspectives of the policy analysis are applied to determine the role of implementation and street-level practice within the whole. Empirically, the policy design, its implementation and the experiences of the welfare staff and recipients in Finland are examined. The policy development, goals and instruments of the activation policies have followed astonishingly similar paths in the different welfare states and regimes over the last two decades. In Finland, the policy change has been manifested through several successive reforms that have been introduced since the mid-1990s. The 2001 activation reform the Act on Rehabilitative Work Experience illustrates the broader trend towards stricter work requirements and draws its inspiration from the ideas of new paternalism. The ideas, goals and instruments of the international activation trend are clearly visible in the reform. Similarly, the reform has implications for the traditional Nordic social policies, which incorporate institutionalised social rights and the provision of services.

Politiikan paluu : Globalisaatioliike ja julkisuus

The struggle over globalization has arguably been the most important debate in world politics of the 2000 s. This study maps the origins of this debate, its most important actors and its results so far. The focus is on the Global Justice Movement which launched the globalization debate to the mass media spotlight. Particular attention is given to the World Social Forum, the movement s global gathering, analyzed as a new form of global publics. The mediation of the debates initiated by these publics to the Finnish national context is analyzed at two levels: First, through forums for policy debate such as the Helsinki Process on Globalization and Democracy and second, through the public debate in the Finnish mass media. The study proves many common assumptions about the Global Justice Movement wrong. Rather than being a marginal actor, the movement is the initiator of the whole debate. Combining expert knowledge to carnevalistic demonstrations rarely seen in Finland, the movement gains more public attention and more members in Finland than in many other European countries. The political and economic elites are not just adversaries of the movement. Rather, the Finnish elite is divided in two. Some top politicians starting from the president and the minister for foreign affairs adopt many of the movement s claims. Later, the business elite, with support from the nation s largest newspaper, begins a counterattack to challenge the movement and its allies. The return of politics staged by the movement is, first and foremost, a phenomenon in the public sphere. Two downward trends, the decline of party politics and the traditionally strong Finnish field of politically oriented civic associations remain unchanged. This allows for the conclusion that we are witnessing a move from organizational politics towards politics in the public sphere. The study develops a theoretical perspective on social movements as actors in the public sphere. It argues that movements have, in fact, played an important role in the very development of the democratic public sphere as we know it. In the light of this observation, the study assesses the potentials and the pitfalls of social movements and their related publics to global democracy. Methodologically, the most important contribution is the development of Public Justifications Analysis, a method for analyzing political claims in media debates and the ways in which these claims are justified.

Trenditiedon hyödyntäminen liiketoiminnassa – tarkastelu ja tulkinta elintarvikeyritysten käytänteiden kautta

Yritysten on tunnistettava markkinoilla ja kuluttajissa tapahtuvia muutoksia voidakseen johtaa ja suunnitella omaa liiketoimintaansa niin, että se täyttää myös tulevaisuudessa kuluttajien muuttuvat tarpeet. Tästä johtuen tieto trendeistä ja niiden vaikutuksista on yrityksille tärkeää. Trendit mallintavat ja muokkaavat ympäristöä ja markkinoita sekä vaikuttavat lopulta myös kuluttajien asenteisiin ja käyttäytymiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää ja kuvailla sitä, kuinka elintarvikeyritykset hyödyntävät trenditietoa omassa liiketoiminnassaan. Trenditiedon hyödyntämistä selvitettiin tutkimalla yrityksistä löytyviä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä. Yritysten käytänteiden tarkastelu tutkimuksessa perustui siihen ajatukseen, että ne antavat todellista kuvaa siitä, mitä trenditiedolla tehdään ja kuinka sitä hyödynnetään yrityksissä. Aineiston keräämisen ja analysoinnin tueksi tutkimuksessa sovellettiin yrityksen markkinatietojärjestelmää koskevaa teoriaa. Trenditieto on osa yrityksen markkinatietoa ja markkinatietojärjestelmän teorian avulla voitiin tarkastelussa päästä syvemmälle yrityksen tiedon prosesseihin. Tutkimus tehtiin toimeksiantotyönä trenditietoon pohjautuvia tuotteita ja palveluita tarjoavalle asiantuntijaorganisaatiolle Analyse². Tutkimuksen tarkastelussa oleva trenditieto on elintarvikealalle sovellettua, joten myös tutkittavat yritykset olivat elintarvikealan yrityksiä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla, jotka kohdistettiin yhteensä seitsemän haastateltavaan kuudesta eri elintarviketeollisuusyrityksestä. Tutkimus tehtiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jossa aineiston analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällönanalyysiä. Ensin tehtiin teemoittelu, jonka jälkeen aineisto vielä tyypiteltiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä, jotka kertovat miten trenditietoa hankitaan, analysoidaan, käytetään sekä jaetaan ja varastoidaan yrityksissä. Aineistosta löydettiin käytänteitä paljon ja tämä osoittikin, että käytänteet ovat myös liiketoiminnassa relevantti tutkimusala. Käytänteitä löydettiin eniten trenditiedon analysointiin liittyen. Kyseisten käytänteiden perusteella voitiin todeta, että trenditiedon analysointi perustuu hyvin pitkälle trenditiedon luotettavuuden arviointiin niin trendien toteutumisen kuin niiden ilmenemisen kannalta. Löydettyjen käytänteiden kautta nousi erityisesti esiin keskeisiä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen haasteita sekä viitteitä siitä, minkälaista trenditiedon hyödyntäminen on yhtenä yrityksen toimintona.

Omega-3-rasvahappojen käyttö nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa

Nivelrikko on koirilla yleinen sairaus. Sen hoitoon yleisesti käytettävien tulehduskipulääkkeiden rinnalle etsitään hoitomuotoja tulehduskipulääkkeiden pitkäaikaiskäytöstä johtuvien haittavaikutusten takia. Tutkimuksemme tavoite oli selvittää omega-3-rasvahappojen käytön hyötyä nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa. Tutkimuksen alkuhetkellä tutkimusta vastaavasta aiheesta koirilla ei ollut tehty. Ihmisillä reumatoidin artriitin hoidossa omega-3-rasvahapoilla on todettu olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia, joten siihen viitaten myös nivelrikkoisilla koirilla saattaisi olla hyötyä omega-3-rasvahappojen käytöstä. Omega-3-rasvahapoilla on todettu olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia useisiin tulehduksellisiin sairauksiin. Tutkimushypoteesimme oli, että kalaöljyä syövän ryhmän kohtisuora maksimaalinen voima askelvoimalevyllä kasvaisi ja ryhmän arvioitu kivuliaisuus laskisi tutkimuksen aikana. Tutkimamme tuote oli omega-3-rasvahapporavintolisä (Doils® Nivelet, Nutraceuticoils, Belgia). Tutkimus oli satunnaistettu, kaksoissokkoutettu ja kontrolloitu kliininen tutkimus. Tutkimukseen haettiin koiria ilmoitusten perusteella. Alkukyselyn ja seulontakäynnin perusteella tutkimuksen aloitti 77 koiraa. Seulontakäynnillä koirille tehtiin kliininen yleistutkimus, ortopedinen tutkimus, suppea neurologinen tutkimus, röntgenkuvaus, askelvoimalevymittaus sekä verinäytteenotto. Koirat kävivät varsinaisen tutkimuksen aikana kahdella lähikäynnillä. Molemmilla kerroilla koirille suoritettiin röntgenkuvausta lukuun ottamatta samat toimenpiteet kuin seulontakäynnillä. Tutkimuksen aikana omistajat täyttivät kyselykaavakkeita yhteensä seitsemän kertaa. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin nivelrikkoisten koirien kipua sekä omistajan että eläinlääkärin arvioiden avulla sekä askelvoimalevyn avulla. Arviointimenetelmistä saatuja tuloksia olivat omistajan täyttämästä kyselykaavakkeesta kipuindeksin kyselyn tulokset, liikkumisvaikeuksista kertova VAS, elämänlaadusta kertova VAS, varakipulääkkeiden käyttö, vertailevat kysymykset, omistajan arvio valmisteen tehosta ja koiran ryhmästä, eläinlääkärin arvio sekä askelvoimalevyltä saadut kaksi muuttujaa (kohtisuora maksimaalinen voima ja impulssi). Tutkimustuloksissa havaittiin omega-3-rasvahappojen käytössä nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa pieni hyöty. Kalaöljyryhmän ja lumeryhmän välillä ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitsevää eroa. Ryhmien sisällä havaittiin muutamia tilastollisesti merkitseviä muutoksia. Kipuindeksin muutos paremmaksi kalaöljyryhmässä tutkimuksen aikana oli vahvasti tilastollisesti merkitsevä muutos (p=0,002). Myös askelvoimalevyn kohtisuoran maksimaalisen voiman parantuminen oli vahvasti tilastollisesti merkitsevä muutos kalaöljyä syöneessä ryhmässä(p=0,001). Myös lumeryhmässä oli kipuindeksissä ja askelvoimalevyn kohtisuorassa maksimaalisessa voimassa havaittavissa tilastollisesti merkitsevä trendi (p=0,07 & p=0,059), mutta p-arvot eivät yltäneet tilastolliseen merkitsevyyteen. Suuremmalla otoskoolla näissä muuttujissa olisi voitu havaita joko tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja ryhmien välillä tai sitten olisimme voineet osoittaa molemmissa ryhmissä tapahtuneen positiivisia eli parantavia muutoksia. Tutkimuksessa ei havaittu sivuvaikutuksia kalaöljyryhmässä. Tutkimustulokset todistivat tutkimushypoteesimme heikosti todeksi. Omega-3-rasvahappoja voisi siis hyvin käyttää koirilla, joille ei sovi kipulääkkeet.

Numeroiden harhaa vai toteutuksen työkaluja? -indikaattorien käyttö maatalouden ympäristöpoliittisessa suunnittelussa

This research focused on indicators with the aim of recognizing the main characters of this particular tool. The planning and use of Finnish sustainability indicators for natural resource management was examined as well as the experiences about the international sets of agri-environmental indicators were described. In both cases, the actual utilization of information was found to be quite minimal. Indicators have succeeded in bringing more of environmental information into the processes of decision making, but information has not been directly shifted into the actions of natural resource management. The concept of technical use of indicators was presented and considered as a possible explanation for the failures of information transfer and communication. Traditionally indicators have been used in order to recognize and describe the performance of certain system; to provide clear operative message for the actors. In policy planning, the situation is essentially different. We may lack both the jointly shared and accepted objectives of development as well the reliable and representative methods for measuring the issue under attention. Therefore, the technical orientation of using indicators may cause several problems at the policy forum. The study identified the risks of 1) reduced informative basis of decision-making, 2) narrowed approach of interpreting the data, 3) the focus on the issues that already are best documented and provides the most representative data series, and 4) the risks of losing the systemic viewpoints while focusing on measurable details of the system. Technical use of indicators may also result the excessive focus on information while being detached from the actions. With sustainability indicators, the major emphasis was indeed paid with producing information while the reality of agricultural practices was left mostly unaffected. Therefore, the essential process of social learning, where actions and producing of relevant information are alternating was neither realized. This study underlines the complexity of information transfer, mutual communication and the learning of new practices. Besides the information and measurable number people also need personal experiences and interesting stories, which make them to understand the meaning of information in their own lives. Particularly important this is for thechildren, who are studying for to be the future decision-makers of food system; in production as well as the in consumption of food. Numbers will be useful tools of management as soon there exists the awareness of the direction, where to strive for.

Matalan syntyvyyden syitä ja seurauksia julkisen eläkejärjestelmän ylläpidon ja uudistamisen näkökulmasta

Viime vuosikymmeninä teollistuneissa OECD-maissa yksi suurimmista väestöllisistä muutoksista on tapahtunut syntyvyydessä. Sotien jälkeen syntyneiden suurten ikäluokkien jälkeen useissa teollistuneissa maissa väestönkasvun trendi on ollut laskeva, mikä puolestaan on johtanut kasvavaan huoleen matalan syntyvyyden sosioekonomisista seurauksista. Matala syntyvyyden taso on monissa kehittyneissä maissa luonut varjon valtion ylläpitämän sosiaaliturvajärjestelmän ylle ja sen rahoituspohjan heikentyminen on kasvattanut huolta järjestelmän tulevaisuudesta. Myös muun muassa viime vuosikymmenten taloudelliset taantuma-ajat, väestön ikärakenteessa ja työmarkkinoilla tapahtuneet muutokset, sekä väestön ikääntyminen ja veronmaksajien väheneminen ovat luoneet uudenlaiset paineet julkisen sosiaaliturva- ja eläkejärjestelmän ylläpidolle ja rahoittamiselle. Mietittäessä puolestaan syitä syntyvyyden madaltumiseen viime vuosikymmeninä, ovat tutkimukset osoittaneet, etteivät talous- ja sosiaalijärjestelmien rakenne sekä niissä tapahtuneet muutokset ole olleet tässä muutoksessa merkityksettömiä. Verotuksella ja valtion myöntämillä sosiaalituilla on osoitettu olevan vaikutus yksilön lapsenhankinta- ja myös perheenmuodostamispäätökseen. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkimuksen kohteena ovat matala syntyvyys, sekä sen syyt ja seuraukset taloustieteellisestä näkökulmasta. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää matalan syntyvyyden ja perheen perustamisen sekä jakojärjestelmäisen eläkejärjestelmän välistä yhteyttä, ja löytää todisteita siitä, millaisia kannustimia julkisella eläkejärjestelmällä syntyvyyden suhteen on. Li-säksi tutkielmassa perehdytään julkisen eläkejärjestelmän tulevaisuuteen väestöllisten haastei-den edessä, ja tarkastellaan järjestelmän uudistamismahdollisuuksia. Matalaa syntyvyyttä tarkastellaan muun muassa väestöllisen transition teorian avulla. Matalan syntyvyyden ja jakojärjestelmäisen eläkejärjestelmän suhdetta tutkitaan Zhangin ja Zhangin (2007) matemaattisella mallinnuksella, jonka avulla saadaan selville, että julkisen eläkejärjes-telmän käyttö sosiaalisen hyvinvoinnin optimoinnissa on pääomainvestointien ulkoisvaikutusten myötä oikeutettua, ja että järjestelmällä ja sitä rahoittavalla tuloverolla on negatiivinen vaikutus syntyvyyteen, mikäli vanhemmat preferoivat lastensa laadullisia, hyvinvointiin liittyviä ominai-suuksia niiden lukumäärään. Perheen perustamisen ja eläkejärjestelmän suhdetta puolestaan tarkastellaan Ehrlichin ja Kimin (2007) tutkimuksen pohjalta. Ehrlichin ja Kimin tutkimuksen tulos on, että julkista eläkejärjestel-mää rahoittavan tuloveron ja sen korottamisen vaikutus syntyvyyteen ja perheen perustamiseen on negatiivinen. Julkisen eläkejärjestelmän viittä eri uudistamisvaihtoehtoa ja niiden hyvinvointi-vaikutuksia käsitellään tutkielmassa pääosin Attanasion, Kitaon ja Violanten (2007) mallin avul-la. Jokaisella reformilla on Attanasion, Kitaon ja Violanten mukaan erilaisia makrotaloudellisia vaikutuksia, joita tarkastellaan tutkielmassa pääosin sanallisesti ja graafisesti, sekä eri tutkimus-ten tuloksia vertailemalla. Tutkielmassa käsite syntyvyys rinnastetaan taloustieteellisessä mielessä lasten kysynnäksi, ja sitä tutkitaan pääosin makrotaloudellisesta näkökulmasta. Kaikki tutkielmassa käytettävät matemaattiset mallit ovat limittäisten sukupolvien malleja ja julkisella eläkejärjestelmällä viitataan jakojärjestelmäiseen, pay-as-you-go -eläkejärjestelmään.