55 resultados para Llorente i Olivares, Teodor, 1836-1911, Exposicions
em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki
Resumo:
Opinnytetyni tarkastelee eurooppalaisen kulttuurin kannalta keskeist kommunikaatiovlinett, painettua kirjaa, ja sen kansainvlist luonnetta ja liikkumista. Teemaan perehdytn helsinkilisen Gustaf Otto Waseniuksen (1789-1852) kirjakaupan toiminnan avulla keskittyen tarkastelemaan ulkomaisen kirjallisuuden tuomista Suomeen 1800-luvun alkupuolella. Tutkielma ksittelee ensisijaisesti itse kauppiastoimintaa: mit kirjakauppayhteyksi Waseniuksella oli sek miten ja keiden ehdoilla ne toimivat. Niden kysymysten ohessa pohdin mys itse kirjojen vlityksell tapahtunutta tiedonvlityst. Tyn tavoitteena on paljastaa, minklaisia suomalaisten kirjakauppiaiden ja lukijoiden kirjallisuudenhankinnan sek lukemisen kontekstit ja resurssit olivat 1800-luvun alkupuolella. Tutkielman lhtein on kytetty Waseniuksen kirjakaupan kirjeit ja kuitteja sek sensuuriviranomaisten arkistoja. Tutkielmani jakautuu kolmeen osaan. Ensiksi paneudun Waseniuksen kauppaverkoston syntyyn ja sen esittelyyn: Waseniuksen kansainvliset yhteydet keskittyivt kolmelle kulttuurialueelle. Ruotsista hn sai kirjoja kaikilta merkittvilt kustantajilta, kauppiailta sek itsenisesti toimivilta kirjailijoilta. Saksankielisen kulttuurin tarjontaa Wasenius pystyi hankkimaan Leipzigin kansainvlisten kirjakauppiaiden avulla. Ranskalaisen kirjallisuuden osalta Wasenius omasi toimivat yhteydet Pariisin kirjakauppiaisiin. Sen sijaan Brittein saaret jivt viel Waseniuksen kontaktiverkoston ulkopuolelle, samoin mys Pietarin huomattava kulttuurikeskus. Tmn jlkeen keskityn yhteyksien toimintaan. Wasenius solmi kauppakumppaniensa kanssa yleiseurooppalaisen komissionri-sopimuksen, jonka valtuuttamana hn sai myyd kunkin ulkomaisen kauppiaan tuotteita liikkeessn. Ensiksi tarkastelen kauppiaiden vlisten etisyyksien ylittmist. Aikakauden kuljetustavat huomioonottaen suuret etisyydet eivt Waseniuksen kirjojen hankintaa juuri haitanneet, vaan suurkauppiaana hn pystyi kyttmn aikansa parhaat resurssit lhetystens kuljettamiseen. Toiseksi pohdin aikakauden kauppiastoimintojen ja kulttuuripiirteiden vaikutusta kirjakauppaan. Waseniuksen toiminta kirjakauppiaana perustui taloudellisen voiton tavoittelulle, mik tarkoitti mm. sit, ett lhetysten sislt mrttiin etukteen hyvin tarkasti. Ennen Suomeen saapumistaan kirjoilla piti olla varma ostaja, mink Wasenius useimmiten varmisti ennakkotilausluetteloin ja etumaksuin. Kolmanneksi esiin nousevat 1800-luvun alun poliittiset tapahtumat, jotka osaltaan, kauppiaan silmiin kaikkein nkyvimmin, vaikuttivat kirjojen tuontiin. Sensuurin piti periaatteessa est useiden satojen vaarallisena pidetyn kirjan levittminen ja lukeminen Suomessa, mutta Wasenius ei suinkaan lopettanut kiellettyjen kirjojen tuontia, vaan salakuljetti sensuroitavia teoksia jatkuvasti liikkeeseens myytvksi. Suomalaiset viranomaiset hyvksyivt usein tmnkaltaisen toiminnan, joten venlist sensuuriasetusta tai hallintoa ei juuri kunnioitettu. Vertailu eurooppalaiseen kirjakauppatoimintaan osoittaa Waseniuksen omanneen erittin hyvt kansainvliset suhteet. Tm kuitenkin johtui niin kirjakauppatoiminnan keskittymisest harvojen kauppiaiden ksiin kuin mys oman kustannustoiminnan vhyydest. Tiedonvlityksen kehityksen ja kulttuurihistorian kannalta Waseniuksen kansainvlinen toiminta osoittautuu noudattelevan viel vanhan eliittikulttuurin muotoja, mutta kirjakauppainstituution kehittyminen aivan uudenlaiseen kukoistukseen valmisteli jo kansallisen kulttuurin nousemista lhivuosikymmenin.
Resumo:
I avhandlingen analyseras den finlandssvenska frfattaren Mikael Lybecks (1864-1925) verk Breven till Cecilia. Denna brevroman hr till Lybecks senare produktion och utkom 1920. Verket har kommit att betraktas som en klassiker inom den finlandssvenska litteraturen. Av frfattarensvriga produktion r det strngt taget endast Tomas Indal (1911) som haft en jmfrbar genomslagskraft. Trots detta har romanen inte varit freml fr en enda mer omfattande studie. l sin Lybeckbiografi relaterar Erik Kihlman i frsta hand verket till det biografiska och till samhllssituationen vid tiden fr romanens tillkomst. Vetenskapen, konsten och livet bildar tillsammans den triangel som utgr romanens stomme. Antiken r starkt nrvarande i romanen och med begrepp som hrrr frn denna era kan man tala om det sokratiska, det apollinska och det dionysiska. Detta r begrepp som Friedrich Nietzsche utgr i frn i sitt ungdomsverk Tragedins fdelse (Die Geburt der Tragdie aus dem Geiste der Musik) frn 1872. Nietzsches vetenskapskritik och hans syn p den hgsta konsten som ett brdrafrbund mellan Dionysos och Apollon str i frvnansvrt hg grad i samklang med den vergripande tematiken i Lybecks verk. Nr Nietzsche drtill framhver musiken som grunden frall konst fr mnga inslag i romanen sin frklaring. l Breven till Cecilia skildras en vndpunkt i huvudpersonen Sven Ingelets liv. Drfr ligger tyngdpunkten i den tematiska analysen vid det som gr att verket kan betraktas som en utvecklingsroman. ven om romanen skildrar en tidsperiod p endast ett och ett halvt r s hinnerhuvudpersonen nd underg en betydande personlighetsfrndring. Nietzsches Tragedinsfdelse med dess ovannmnda grundlggande begrepp lmpar sig ypperligt som referensram fr en analys av denna frndring. Avhandlingen har ocks strukturerats utgende frn de nietzscheanska begreppen sokratiskt, dionysiskt och apollinskt vilka allts terspeglar huvudpersonens utvecklingsfaser. Frn att ha varit en renodlad frnuftsmnniska vcks Sven Ingelet genom ett kortvarigt krleksfrhllande till det dionysiska med allt vad det innebr av knslorus och lidande. Att Ingelet nstan helt uppgtt i sin roll som konstteoretiker har medfrt att hans frhllningsstt till omvrlden utmrks av intressels betraktelse. Till fljd av sin viljesvaghet och bristande handlingskraft mstehan frska behlla sin lskades gunst genom magiska pseudohandlingar. Detta leder in Ingelet i myternas vrld. Hans verklighetsuppfattning fr andra dimensioner n den vetenskapliga. Det dionysiska uppvaknandet medfr tillsammans med det efterfljande brevskrivandet att Ingeletnr fram till en sjlvknnedom och upphr att vara en frmling i tillvaron. Ingelet utvecklar ocksen ny konstsyn som frutstter ett samband mellan konsten och livet. Detta apollinska utvecklingsstadium knnetecknas ocks av sanningsfrmedlande drmmar, och av en tilltagande resignation som till slut utmynnar i ett sjlvmord. Nyckelord: brevroman, Dionysos, Apollon, frmlingskap, verklighetsflykt
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This dissertation focuses on the short story Starukha (The Old Woman), one of the last works of the Russian writer Daniil Kharms (1905-1942). The story, written in 1939, is analysed using the Kharmsian concepts to and to (this and that) as a heuristic interpretative model. The first chapter gives a detailed analysis of this model, as well as a survey of the critical work done to date on Kharms and Starukha. In the second chapter the model is applied to study the different states of consciousness of the male protagonist. This is significant, because he is the "I" of the work, from whose point of view everything is being told. The third chapter takes a closer look at the reality of the world that exists independently of the consciousness of the protagonist. Physical objects can be said to bear - besides their everyday meaning - a hidden symbolic meaning. Similarly, the characters can be considered as representatives of everyday reality and otherworldliness. The fourth chapter deals with the narrative devices of Starukha. The problematics of the relation between fact and fiction plays an essential role in the story. Kharms's use of Ich-Erzhlung and different tenses, which contributes to achieving a complicated elaboration of this kind of problematics, is examined in detail. The fifth chapter provides an intertextual reading of Starukha, based on its allusions to the Bible and the Christian tradition. As a result, the whole story can be seen as a kind of meditation on the Passion of Christ. The final chapter examines how the important Kharmsian concepts of the grotesque and the absurd manifest themselves in Starukha. The old woman represents in a grotesque way two opposite systems: the religious and the totalitarian. The absurdity of Starukha can be claimed to be illusory. Therefore, it is better to speak about paradoxicality. Starukha itself is a kind of paradox, in the sense that it tries to say something of the ultimate truth of reality, which inevitably remains ineffable.
Resumo:
The history of the Leningrad underground is one of the key themes of late socialism. Samizdat, "black humour", religious syncretism, dissidence, apolitical bohemianism, the pathos of freedom of individuality and the mechanics of literature are closely interlinked with the cultural mythology of this passed epoch. Describing conceptions that, when taken together, form the contemporary understanding of unofficial culture, the author creates a historical portrait of this environment. Amongst the central figures here, there are well-known writers (Bitov, Brodsky, Dovlatov, Khvostenko, Krivulin) and literary activists who still await recognition. The analysis of works, many of which were only distributed in typewritten publications in the 1960s-1980s, gives a preliminary definition of the key factors that united the authors of the unofficial community. The book begins with a critique of the identification of the Soviet underground with political dissidence or with a society living in autonomous independence with regard to the state. Describing the historical development of the various names for this environment (the underground, samizdat, unofficial culture, podpolie and others), the author follows the genesis of the community from its appearance, in the years of "the Thaw", through to perestroika, when it dissolved. Taking the history of the publication of Bitov's "The Pushkin House" as an example, the concept of the unofficial is interpreted as a risky interaction with the authorities. Unofficial culture is then viewed as a late Soviet reflection of the Western underground in the 1950s-1960s. Unlike the radical-utopian-anarchistic source, it proclaimed a liberalist and democratic ideology in the context of the destruction of the socialist utopia. The historical portrait of the community is built up from the perceptions of its members regarding literature practice and rhetorical approaches, with the aid of which these perceptions are expressed. Taking typewritten publications as source material, four main representations are given: privacy, deviancy, criticism and irrationality. An understanding of literature as a private affair, neo-avant-garde deviancy in social and literary behaviour and the pathos of the critical relationship with officialdom and irrational message of literary work, comprise the basis for the worldview of unofficial authors, as well as the poetic system, genre preferences and dictums. An analysis of irrationality, based on the texts of Khvostenko and Bogdanov, leads to a review of the cultural mythologies that were crucial to the unofficial conception of the absurd. Absurd is an homonym. It contains ideas that are important for the worldview of unofficial authors and the poetics of their works. The irrationality of the Soviet order is reflected in the documentary nature of the satirical prose of Dovlatov. The existential absurd of Camus is perceived here as the pointlessness of social realities and the ontological alienation of man, while existentialist practices for consciousness in the "atmosphere of absurd" remain bracketed off. The third homonym of absurd - the conception of reality as an illusion - is a clear demonstration of religious syncretism, where neo-Christian ideas are interweaved with a modernized version of Hinduism, as taken from Rolland s books on Ramakrishna and Vivekananda. The unofficial community was influenced by the ideology of westernization. Even "the East" arrived here via French retellings and accounts. As a whole, unofficial Leningrad culture can be understood as a neo-modernist phenomenon which, unlike the western neo-modernism of the 1940s and 1950s, arose in the years of the Thaw and ended its existence in the mid-1980s.
Resumo:
The study investigates actions by recipients in spontaneous Russian conversations by focusing on DA, NU and TAK, when they are used as responses to the main speaker's larger on-going turn. The database for the study consists of some 7 hours of spontaneous conversations. The participants of the conversations come from different parts of Russia. The use of DA, NU and TAK was analyzed by applying the method of ethnomethodological conversation analysis from the point of view of the type of the context, the sequential placement of the response and its manner of production. The particles were analyzed both in contexts in which they responded to an informing and in affective contexts. The particles NU and TAK were used by the speakers almost exclusively in informing contexts, whereas DA was the central response type in affective contexts. DA was also the most common response to information with affective implications. The information, to which the particle NU provided as response, was often unspesific and projected a spesification or explanation by its speaker as the next action. DA and TAK, by contrast, treated the information as one that could be followed and was sufficient in its local context. As a response to parenthetical information NU responded to information that was only loosely connected with the mainline of talk. The particle DA, by contrast, was used as a response to such parenthetical information, which was more crucial for the larger on-going activity. Only NU was used as a response that invited the main speaker to continue a turn that she or he had offered as possibly complete. NU was also used by the recipient after her or his own contribution as a continuer. In affective contexts, DA expressed, depending on its more spesific context, not only agreement but also other functions, such as giving up arguing or prior knowledge on the topic being discussed. In addition DA responses were used to display empathy and identification with the state of affairs expressed by the co-participant. NU, by contrast, was seldom used as a response to a turn that expressed affect. When it was used in affective contexts, it displayed agreement with the co-participant or just registered an assessment by her or him.
Resumo:
The subject of this work is the mysticism of Russian poet, critic and philosopher Vjacheslav Ivanov (1866-1949). The approach adopted involves the textual and discourse analysis and findings of the history of ideas. The subject has been considered important because of Ivanov's visions of his dead wife, writer Lydia Zinovieva-Annibal, which were combined with audible messages ("automatic writings"). Several automatic writings and descriptions of the visions from Ivanov's archive collections in St.Petersburg and Moscow are presented in this work. Right after the beginning of his hallucinations in the autumn of 1907, Ivanov was totally captivated by the theosophical ideas of Anna Mintslova, the background figure for this work. Anna Mintslova, a disciple of Rudolf Steiner's Esoteric School, offered Ivanov the theosophical concept of initiation to interpret paranormal phenomena in his intimate life. The work is divided into three main chapters, an introduction and aconclusion. The first chapter is called The Mystical Person: Anthropology of Ivanov and describes the role of the inner "Higher Self" in Ivanov's views on the nature of human consciousness. The political implications of the concepts, "mystical anarchism" and "sobornost" (religious unity) are also examined. The acquaintance and contacts with Anna Mintslova during 1906-1907 gave a framework to Ivanov's search for an organic society and personal religious experience. The second part, Mystics of Initiation and Visionary Aesthetics describes the influence of the initiation concept on Ivanov's aesthetic views (mainly "realistic symbolism"). On the other hand, some connections between the imagery of his visions and symbols in his verses of that period are established. Since Mintslova represented the ideas of Rudolf Steiner in Russia, several symbols shared by Steiner and Ivanov ("rose", "rose and cross") have been another subject of investigation. The preference for strict verse form in the lyrics of Ivanov's visionary period is interpreted as an attempt to place his own poetic creation within two traditions, a mystical and literary one. The third part of this work, Mystics of Hope and Terror, examines Ivanov's conception of Russia in connection with Mintslova's ideas of occult danger from the East. Ivanov's view of the "Russian idea" and his nationalistic idea during World War I are considered as a representation of the fear of the danger. Ivanov's interpretation of the October revolution is influenced by the theosophical concept of the "keeper of the threshold" which occurs in the context of the discourse of occult danger.
Resumo:
Tmn tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia Venjll ilmestyvn Krestjanka-lehden vlittm naiskuvaa. Tutkimukseen on valittu lehden vuosikerrat 1985, 1995 ja 2005, koska suuret muutokset Venjll ajoittuvat tlle aikavlille. Haluamme selvitt, miten naiskuva on muuttunut tn aikana ja miten se vlittyy lehden sivuilta. Tutkimukseemme olemme kyttneet A.V. Kirilinan tyssn kyttmi metodeja. Kersimme lehdist kaikki verbilausekkeet, joiden subjektina on naista tarkoittava sana ja jaoimme ne luokkiin merkityksen mukaan. Jaottelun jlkeen analysoimme kertty aineistoa ja pyrimme lytmn kullekin vuosikerralle tyypillisi verbilausekkeita. Tmn lisksi kersimme lehdist kaikki naista kuvaavat adjektiivit ja vertailimme niiden kytt eri vuosina. Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, ett vuoden 1985 lehdiss vaikuttaa viel voimakkaasti sosialismin ihanteet. Nainen kuvataan tyns kautta aktiivisena ja tavoitteensa ylittvn kansalaisena. Yksityiselmn ei juuri kiinnitet huomiota. Vuoden 1995 ja 2005 lehtien naiset ovat keskenn hyvinkin samanlaisia. Naisen elmst puhutaan nyt jo laajemmin. Tyn lisksi yksityiselm ja tunteet ovat keskeisi aiheita. Kun 1985 lehdiss ei puhuttu naisesta negatiiviseen svyyn, niin 1995 ja 2005 vuosien lehdiss naista kuvataan mys negatiivisessa valossa. Mys yhteiskunnan epkohtiin kiinnitetn huomiota naisen nkkulmasta.
Resumo:
Venjn kieleen on kautta historian lainautunut sanoja muista kielist. Historian tapahtumat ovat vaikuttaneet siihen, mist kielist sanoja on lainautunut eri aikakausina. Viime vuosikymmenin venjn kieleen on tulvinut lainasanoja englannin kielest yhteiskunnan eri alueille. Tiiviit poliittiset, taloudelliset ja kulttuurisuhteet maiden ja kansojen vlill ovat ulkoisia, ei-kielellisi syit sanojen lainaamiseen. Kielen osa-alueista sanasto on kaikista avoimin ulkoisille vaikutteille ja samalla se on alue, johon heijastuvat yhteiskunnassa tapahtuvat muutokset. Lainasanojen ilmaantumiselle kieleen on mys sisisi, kielellisi syit. Lainasanojen ilmaantumisessa kirjallisessa muodossa venjn kieleen voidaan erottaa kolme tapaa: transplantaatio eli sitaattilaina, translitteraatio sek kytnnllinen transkriptio, jossa jokainen vieraskielinen foneemi pyritn esittmn vastaavalla venjn foneemilla, jolloin vieraskielisen sanan ntmys silyy mahdollisimman alkuperisen. Lider-sana on esimerkki kytnnllisest transkriptiosta, jossa venlinen kirjoitusasu vastaa englannin kielen ntmyst. Tutkimuksen kohteena on englanninkielinen lainasana lider, joka on ilmaantunut venjn kieleen jo 1800-luvun puolivliss. Sana on johdettu verbist lead, merkityksess johtaa, olla johdossa, ja siin on muodostunut substantiivi leader, johtaja. Tutkimusaineistoa varten on poimittu 100 poliittiseen kielenkyttn liittyv lider-sanaa shkisess tietokannassa Integrumissa olevassa Izvestija-lehdest kahtena eri ajanjaksona, vuoden 1994 alusta alkaen sek vuoden 2004 alusta alkaen. Tutkimuksessa keskityttiin lider-sanan kyttn poliittisessa kielenkytss, mutta tutkimusaineiston kerysvaiheessa kirjattiin yls mys muilla aihealueilla esiintyneet lider-sanat niidenkin kytn tarkastelua varten. Tutkimusta varten tarkasteltiin, millaisia mrityksi lider-sanalle lytyy erilaisista nykykielen sanakirjoista eri vuosikymmenilt. Vanhin mukana oleva sanakirja on venlis-suomalainen sanakirja vuodelta 1912, jossa lider-sana mritelln yhdell sanalla, puolueenjohtaja. Aineisto jaettiin mys kolmeen ryhmn maantieteellisen sijainnin mukaan: Venj, entiset neuvostotasavallat ja ulkomaat. Tll haluttiin selvitt, kytetnk lider-sanaa enemmn ulkomaisten vai venlisten tapahtumin yhteydess. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, ett suurin osa lider-sanoista liittyi Venjn tapahtumiin molempina tarkasteluajanjaksoina v. 1994 osuus oli 54 % ja v. 2004 50 %. Thn tulokseen vaikuttavat varmaankin v. 1993 joulukuussa pidetyt ensimmiset parlamenttivaalit sek vuoden 2003 joulukuussa pidetyt duuman vaalit. Tutkimuksessa lider-sana jaettiin seitsemn eri kategoriaan kyttyhteytens mukaan ja saatujen tulosten perusteella suuri9n osa sanoista kuului kategoriaan puolueen johtaja, v. 1994 osuus oli 47 % ja v. 2004 oli 40 %. Lider-sanan kytt on levinnyt mys monelle muulle alueelle: urheilu, liike-elm, kulttuuri, taide, tiede ja tekniikka. Venjn kieleen ilmaantuu koko ajan vieraskielisi sanoja, mutta kaikki niist eivt sopeudu eivtk juurru kieleen. Lainasanan on tytettv tiettyj edellytyksi, jotta sit voitaisiin pit kieleen sopeutuneena: mukautumien kielen foneettiseen jrjestelmn, sopeutuminen kielen graafiseen jrjestelmn, sopeutuminen kieliopilliseen ympristn, semanttinen vakiintuminen sek vakiintuminen vhintn kahdelle temaattiselle alueelle. Lainasanan juurtumisesta ja sopeutumisesta ovat todisteena mys siit johdetut sanat. Lider-sana tytt kaikki em. ehdot, joten sit voidaan pit venjn kieleen sopeutuneena ja juurtuneena.
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Tutkielman tavoitteena on kvalitatiivisen ja kvantitatiivisen analyysin avulla selvitt, millaisia poisjttj erityyppiset ohjelmat sisltvt. Tutkimusmateriaalina on lastenohjelma (Sune och hans vrld), dokumentti (Yrke: kung) ja keskusteluohjelma (Bettina S) sek niiden suomenkieliset tekstitykset. Jokaisesta ohjelmasta on analysoitu 15 minuuttia. Poisjttjen luokittelussa pohjana on Koljosen (1995, 1997 ja 1998) luokittelu, joka koostuu kolmesta pluokasta ja useasta alaluokasta. Kolme pluokkaa ovat fakultatiiviset lauseenjsenet (fakultativa satsdelar), puhekieliset piirteet (talsprkliga drag) ja informatiiviset osaset (informativa fragment). Hypoteeseja tutkielmassa on kaksi: suurin osa poisjtist on puhekielisyyksi, mik johtuu median vaihtumisesta puhutusta kirjoitettuun, ja informaatiota ei hvi, vaikka paljon on jtettv pois aika- ja tilarajoitusten takia. Teoriaosassa ksitelln katsojan (tekstityksen vastaanottajan) trke asemaa, poisjttjen syit ja poisjttj Koljosen luokittelun mukaisesti. Lisksi teoriaosassa esitelln materiaalina olevat ohjelmatyypit, eli lastenohjelma, dokumentti ja puheohjelma. Analyysiosasta ky ilmi, ett ohjelmat sisltvt melko erilaisia poisjttj. Tm johtuu siit, ett lastenohjelmassa dialogi perustuu ksikirjoitukseen, kun taas dokumentissa ja keskusteluohjelmassa puhe on vapaata. Dokumentti on tyypillinen esimerkki monologista, eik sisll dialogille tyypillisi piirteit, kuten dialogipartikkeleita tai tervehdyksi. Analyysist ky mys ilmi, ett valinnaisia lauseenjseni on jtetty eniten pois. Tm johtuu ainoastaan siit, ett poisjtettyjen konjunktioiden mr on suuri. Koljonen ei ole luokitellut konjunktioita tutkimuksissaan. Konjunktiot voitaisiin laskea mys diskurssipartikkeleihin (puhekielisiin piirteisiin), koska niill on selvsti puhetta ohjaileva funktio, jolloin ensimminen hypoteeseista osoittautuisi todeksi. Puhekielisten piirteiden mr vaihtelee ohjelmatyypist riippuen. Dokumentti sislt paljon toistoa, joka voidaan jtt pois. Keskusteluohjelmassa on puolestaan paljon poisjtettyj dialogipartikkeleita, jotka toimivat vastauksena kysymykseen tai lyhyin kommentteina. Lastenohjelmassa poisjttjen jakauma on tasaisin: mikn ryhm ei prosentuaalisesti erotu joukosta. Poisjtettyjen informaatiota sisltvien osasten mr ei myskn ole merkittv. Analyysin perusteella voidaankin sanoa, ett kummatkin hypoteesit osoittautuivat todeksi.
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This dissertation, based on material from Stenman s vast private archive, examines the role played by Swedish-speaking Finnish art dealer Gsta Stenman (1888-1947) and his art gallery, Stenmans Konstsalong, in the Finnish and Swedish art worlds from 1911 to 1947. This archive is examined here for the first time. The analytical framework used for this empirical study derives from Pierre Bourdieu s sociological theories. An art-sociological approach allows for the inclusion of more mechanisms at work in the art world than are typically embraced in such inquiries. This approach provides a fuller understanding of how Stenman attained his standing and central role in the art world in Finland as well as Sweden; enabling us to appreciate how he came to occupy such a prominent position in current art historical writing. All of these issues constitute new areas of research. Taking his cues from the contemporary art world of Paris, Stenman became the year 1914 a modern art dealer like no other in the Nordic countries. This dissertation represents the first academic investigation into his operations, strategies, and objectives, offering insight into not only the art dealer himself but also the functioning of the art market one of the most vital aspects of the art world. A by-product of this work, is that the modern art market in Finland is portrayed, including essential issues related to its growth and development as well as how it altered the conditions under which art could be produced, exhibited and promoted and what this entailed for the art world at large, artists and patrons alike. This first systematic analysis of the operations of Stenman s Konstsalong offers greater understanding of the art worlds of Sweden and Finland in the early twentieth century. The work also looks at how an agent of the art market could move between the fields of art in Sweden and Finland. The manner in which Stenman promoted individual artists, including his relationships with Tyko Sallinen, Helene Schjerfbeck, Juho Mkel, Jalmari Ruokokoski, Siri Derkert, Esther Kjerner, Eva Bagge, and many others, also falls within this purview. Stenman s contract with Sallinen from 1913 stands out as a new phenomenon in Finnish art promotion, whereby an artistic career became established via a far-sighted, strategic promotional program. The case study of Stenman s promotion of Schjerfbeck in Sweden provides evidence of the increasingly advanced nature of Stenman s strategies. The title of the dissertation, The Promoter of Modernism, attempts to convey that Stenman was the consummate modernist, modern in his thoughts, his actions, and his approach to art. Keywords: Gsta Stenman, Stenmans konstsalong, Stenmans dotter, art market, modernism, collecting, Novembergruppen, Helene Schjerfbeck, Tyko Sallinen, Juho Mkel, Jalmari Ruokokoski, Win Aaltonen, Siri Derkert, ke Gransson, Esther Kjerner, Eva Bagge.
Resumo:
Russian Karelians were one of the small peasant nations of the Russian Empire that began to identify themselves as nations during the late imperial period. At that historical moment Russian Karelia fell between an economically undeveloped empire and the rapidly modernizing borderland of Finland. The economic and cultural lure of Finland drew Karelians into the Finnish camp. This attraction was seen as a challenge to Russia and influenced the straggle between Russia and Finland for the Karelians. This struggle was waged from 1905 to 1917. This work is focused on the beginning stage of the struggle, its various phases, and their results. The confrontation extended into different dimensions (economic, political, ideological, church and cultural politics) and occurred on two levels: central and regional. Countermeasures against local nationalisms developed much earlier both in Russia and in other empires for use were also used in the Russian Karelian case. Economic policies were deployed to try to make relations with Russia more alluring for Karelians and to improve their economic condition. However, these efforts produced only minimal results due to the economic weakness of the empire and a lack of finances. Fear of the economic integration of the Karelians and Finns, which would have stimulated the economy of the Karelia, also hindered these attempts. The further development of the Orthodox Church, the schools and the zemstvos in Karelia yielded fewer results than expected due to the economic underdevelopment of the region and the avoidance of the Finnish language. Policizing measures were the most successfull, as all activities in Russian Karelia by the Finns were entirely halted in practice. However, the aspiration of Russian Karelians to integrate their home districts with Finland remained a latent force that just waited for an opportunity to push to the surface again. Such a chance materialized with the Russian revolution. The Karelian question was also a part of Russian domestic political confrontation. At the and of the 1800s, the Russian nationalist right had grown strong and increasingly gained the favor of the autocracy. The right political forces exploited the Karelian question in its anti-Finnish ideology and in its general resistance to the national emancipation of the minority peoples of Russia. A separate ideology was developed, focusing on the closeness of Karelians to the "great Russian people." Simultaneously, this concept found a place in the ultramonarchist myth of the particularly close connection between the people and tsar that was prominent in the era of Nicholas II. This myth assigned the Karelians a place amongst the "simple people" faithful to the tsar.
Resumo:
The study examines the debate in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century surrounding the philosophy of Henri Bergson. Both within as well as outside of academic philosophy Bergsonism was adapted to the philosophical and cultural landscape in Finland by a process of selective appropriation. The ambiguous relationship between the sender and the receiver is accentuated in reference to philosophical celebrities such as Bergson, whose reputations spread more quickly than the content of their philosophy and whose names are drawn into the political and social discourse. As a philosophical movement the aim of Bergsonism was to create a scientific philosophy of life as an alternative to both idealism and modern empirical and antimetaphysical currents, during a period when European philosophy was searching for new guidelines after the collapse of the idealistic system philosophies of the 19th century. This reorientation is examined from a Finnish viewpoint and in the light of the process of intellectual importation. The study examines how elements from an international discourse were appropriated within the philosophical field in Finland against a background of changes in the role of the university and the educated elites as well as the position of philosophy within the disciplinary hierarchy. Philosophical reception was guided by expectations that had arisen in a national context, for example when Bergsonism in Finland was adjusted to a moral and educational ideal of self-cultivation, and often served as a means for philosophers to internationalize their own views in order to strengthen their position on the national stage. The study begins with some introductory remarks on the international circulation of ideas from the point of view of the periphery. The second section presents an overview of the shaping of the philosophical field at the turn of the 20th century, the naturalism and positivism of the late 19th century that were the objects of Bergson s critique, and an introduction to the attempts of a philosophy of life to make its way between idealism and naturalism. The third and main section of the study begins with a brief presentation of the main features of the philosophy of Bergson, followed by a closer examination of the different comments and analyses that it gave rise to in Finland. The final section addresses the ideological implications of Bergsonism within the framework of a political annexation of the philosophy of life at the beginning of the 20th century.
