Literaturnaja skazka A.M. Remizova (1900-1920-e gody)

Literary tale of A.M. Remizov (1900’s – 1920’s) The thesis is devoted to a detailed historical-literary description of a tale as a genre tradition in the creative work of Alexei Mikhailovich Remizov (1877-1957), one of the major Russian prose writers of the 20’s century. This very approach allows to specify the place and functional meaning of this genre in literary practice of the writer and to appeal to one of the key problems of the 20-21 century literature history – a specific of modernistic literature composition principle and a role of montage techniques in its formation. Remizov was working on tales during his whole life, though the most productive years of folklore studies fell to 1900’s – 1910’s. During this period he intensively studied folklore materials, narrated several hundreds of folk tales and in 1900’s – 1920’s published eight tale collections which played a significant role in the formation of stylistic and compositional principles of his prose of the 1910’s – 1920’s, especially montage techniques, which in its turn influenced the development of the narrative forms in the Russian post-revolutionary literature. At the same time a tale has specified not only poetics but also problematics of Remizov’s creative work, as when choosing folklore sources the writer always alluded to modern themes and relevant intellectual trends. The current research work, based on various archive materials and a wide spectrum of modern historical-literary data, complies four chapters with a consistent description of creation history, publication and critics’ reviews of Remizov’s tale collections and single tales contributing to his creative evolution characteristic. Furthermore, the work refers to composition and subject of the particular collections. On the whole it enables to follow up genre dynamics. The first chapter of the work is devoted to Posolon’ (Sunwise), the earliest tale collection of Remizov. The main feature of the collection is that its composition is oriented on the agrarian calendar and the subject – on the system of mythological views reflected in the Russian folklore. This very collection to a large extent corresponds to the writer’s views on the myth represented in Pis’mo v redaktsiyu (Letter to the Editor). The history of this manifesto appearing is analyzed in the second chapter. The incident which caused its forthcoming contributed to ‘legitimization’ of Remizov’s narrations as a relevant genre of modern literature and to upgrading the writer in professional hierarchy. The third chapter analyzes Remizov’s collections of 1900’s – early 1920’s, a result of Remizov’s scrupulous work with a specific tale material. He is acting here as a tale repertory researcher and in some cases as a collector as well. The means of such collections’ topical organization is not the myth but the hero of the tale. According to this principle single pieces are grouped into cycles, which then form complicated montage constructs. Texts themselves can be viewed as a sort of hyper-quotations, as they in fact entirely coincide with their original sources. Besides, collections usually have their own ideal patterns. In the fourth chapter a connection of Remizov’s creative work with folk fun culture and a tradition of the folklore noel story is being demonstrated on Zavetnyie skazy (Secret Tales) material. A consistent collections’ history creation analysis convinces us that the tale was a sort of laboratory in which main writer’s prose methods were being worked out.

Tropical dryland agroforestry on clay soils: : Analysis of systems based on Acacia senegal in the Blue Nile region, Sudan

Acacia senegal, the gum arabic producing tree, is the most important component in traditional dryland agroforestry systems in the Blue Nile region, Sudan. The aim of the present study was to provide new knowledge on the potential use of A. senegal in dryland agroforestry systems on clay soils, as well as information on tree/crop interaction, and on silvicultural and management tools, with consideration on system productivity, nutrient cycling and sustainability. Moreover, the aim was also to clarify the intra-specific variation in the performance of A. senegal and, specifically, the adaptation of trees of different origin to the clay soils of the Blue Nile region. In agroforestry systems established at the beginning of the study, tree and crop growth, water use, gum and crop yields, nutrient cycling and system performance were investigated for a period of four years (1999 to 2002). Trees were grown at 5 x 5 m and 10 x 10 m spacing alone or in mixture with sorghum or sesame; crops were also grown in sole culture. The symbiotic biological N2 fixation by A. senegal was estimated using the 15N natural abundance (δ15N) procedure in eight provenances collected from different environments and soil types of the gum arabic belt and grown in clay soil in the Blue Nile region. Balanites aegyptiaca (a non-legume) was used as a non-N-fixing reference tree species, so as to allow 15N-based estimates of the proportion of the nitrogen in trees derived from the atmosphere. In the planted acacia trees, measurements were made on shoot growth, water-use efficiency (as assessed by the δ13C method) and (starting from the third year) gum production. Carbon isotope ratios were obtained from the leaves and branch wood samples. The agroforestry system design caused no statistically significant variation in water use, but the variation was highly significant between years, and the highest water use occurred in the years with high rainfall. No statistically significant differences were found in sorghum or sesame yields when intercropping and sole crop systems were compared (yield averages were 1.54 and 1.54 ha-1 for sorghum and 0.36 and 0.42 t ha-1 for sesame in the intercropped and mono-crop plots, respectively). Thus, at an early stage of agroforestry system management, A. senegal had no detrimental effect on crop yield, but the pattern of resource capture by trees and crops may change as the system matures. Intercropping resulted in taller trees and larger basal and crown diameters as compared to the development of sole trees. It also resulted in a higher land equivalent ratio. When gum yields were analysed it was found that a significant positive relationship existed between the second gum picking and the total gum yield. The second gum picking seems to be a decisive factor in gum production and could be used as an indicator for the total gum yield in a particular year. In trees, the concentrations of N and P were higher in leaves and roots, whereas the levels of K were higher in stems, branches and roots. Soil organic matter, N, P and K contents were highest in the upper soil stratum. There was some indication that the P content slightly increased in the topsoil as the agroforestry plantations aged. At a stocking of 400 trees ha-1 (5 x 5 m spacing), A. senegal accumulated in the biomass a total of 18, 1.21, 7.8 and 972 kg ha-1of N, P, K and OC, respectively. Trees contributed ca. 217 and 1500 kg ha-1 of K and OC, respectively, to the top 25-cm of soil over the first four years of intercropping. Acacia provenances of clay plain origin showed considerable variation in seed weight. They also had the lowest average seed weight as compared to the sandy soil (western) provenances. At the experimental site in the clay soil region, the clay provenances were distinctly superior to the sand provenances in all traits studied but especially in basal diameter and crown width, thus reflecting their adaptation to the environment. Values of δ13C, indicating water use efficiency, were higher in the sand soil group as compared to the clay one, both in leaves and in branch wood. This suggests that the sand provenances (with an average value of -28.07 ) displayed conservative water use and high drought tolerance. Of the clay provenances, the local one (Bout) displayed a highly negative (-29.31 ) value, which indicates less conservative water use that resulted in high productivity at this particular clay-soil site. Water use thus appeared to correspond to the environmental conditions prevailing at the original locations for these provenances. Results suggest that A. senegal provenances from the clay part of the gum belt are adapted for a faster growth rate and higher biomass and gum productivity as compared to provenances from sand regions. A strong negative relationship was found between the per-tree gum yield and water use efficiency, as indicated by δ13C. The differences in water use and gum production were greater among provenance groups than within them, suggesting that selection among rather than within provenances would result in distinct genetic gain in gum yield. The relative δ15N values ( ) were higher in B. aegyptiaca than in the N2-fixing acacia provenances. The amount of Ndfa increased significantly with age in all provenances, indicating that A. senegal is a potentially efficient nitrogen fixer and has an important role in t agroforestry development. The total above-ground contribution of fixed N to foliage growth in 4-year-old A. senegal trees was highest in the Rahad sand-soil provenance (46.7 kg N ha-1) and lowest in the Mazmoom clay-soil provenance (28.7 kg N ha-1). This study represents the first use of the δ15N method for estimating the N input by A. senegal in the gum belt of Sudan. Key words: Acacia senegal, agroforestry, clay plain, δ13C, δ15N, gum arabic, nutrient cycling, Ndfa, Sorghum bicolor, Sesamum indicum

Nurmisäilörehun valkuaisen metaboliareittien mallintaminen lypsylehmän pötsissä dynaamisen mallin avulla

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli määrittää ammoniumtypen, säilörehun liukoisen ja säilörehun liukenemattoman valkuaisen metaboloitumista pötsissä sekä kuvata ammmoniumtypen sekä säilörehun liukoisen ja liukenemattoman fraktion virtauskinetiikkaa alempaan ruoansulatuskanavaan. Koska typen metaboliaa märehtijän elimistössä on tutkittu paljon ja siitä on vakiintuneita käsityksiä, tässä tutkimuksessa keskityttiin metaboliareittien suuruuden arviointiin sekä typen virtausnopeuden estimointiin WinSAAM -ohjelmistolla rakennetun dynaamisen mallin avulla. Koe suoritettiin ajanjaksolla 2.3.-26.4.2002 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksessa (MTT) Jokioisilla, kotieläintuotannon tutkimusosaston koe-eläintallilla. Koemallina oli 4 x 4 latinalainen neliö, jossa oli neljä eläintä, neljä jaksoa ja neljä koekäsittelyä. Koe-eläiminä olivat neljä usean kerran poikinutta ayrshire-lypsylehmää. Lehmien poikimisesta oli kulunut keskimäärin 68 pv. (± 27 pv). Lehmät saivat 10 kg/pv väkirehuseosta ja hapolla (AIV 2000, 5,4 l/tn) säilöttyä esikuivattua säilörehua vapaasti siten, että jätettä jäi 5-10 %. Typellisten yhdisteiden metaboliareittejä mallinnettaessa havaintoaineistona käytettiin pötsin ammoniumtypen, bakteeritypen, alkueläintypen, liukenemattoman typen ja valkuaisen C-fraktion 15N-rikastumisen perusteella laskettua taustarikastumisen ylittävää poolikokoa. Havaintoaineiston perusteella rakennettiin ammoniumtypen (Malli 1), säilörehun liukoisen ei-ammoniumtypen (SNAN) (Malli 2) ja säilörehun liukenemattoman typen (Malli 3) metaboliareittejä kuvaavat mallit. Malli 1 estimoi ammoniumtypen imeytymisen, ulosvirtauksen ja synteesin bakteeritypeksi erinomaisesti. Alkueläintypen metabolian parametriarvoissa oli enemmän hajontaa kuin ammoniumtypen tai bakteeritypen metabolian parametriarvoissa. Mallin 1 mukaan 38 % ammoniumtypestä imeytyi suoraan pötsin seinämän läpi, 35 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 9 % alkueläintypeksi. Loppuosa (18 %) ammoniumtypestä virtasi nestefaasin mukana satakertaan. Malli 2 estimoi säilörehun SNAN:n metaboitumisen ammonium- ja bakteeritypeksi erinomaisesti. Myös ammoniumtypen metabolia ja bakteeritypen ulosvirtauksen estimointi onnistui erinomaisesti. Malli 2 ei antanut kovin luotettavaa estimaattia alkueläintypen metaboliasta. Mallin 2 mukaan 29 % säilörehun SNAN:stä imeytyi ammoniumtyppenä pötsin seinämän läpi, 10 % virtasi ulos pötsistä ammoniumtypen muodossa, 42 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 7 % alkueläintypeksi. Lisäksi 13 % SNAN:stä ohitti pötsin hajoamatta. Malli 3 estimoi typen metaboliareiteille erittäin tarkat parametriarvot. Tässä mallissa myös alkueläinten metabolialle saatiin luotettavat parametriarvot. Mallin 3 mukaan 57 % säilörehun liukenemattomasta typestä ohitti pötsin hajoamatta, 24 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 18 % alkueläintypeksi. Nurmisäilörehuun perustuvalla dieetillä hyvin suuri osuus satakertaan virtaavasta mikrobivalkuaisesta on peräisin ei-ammoniumtyppi -lähteistä, eli liukenemattomasta rehuvalkuaisesta, aminohapoista ja peptideistä. Koska lyhyt- ja pitkäketjuisten peptidien osuus SNAN fraktiosta on suuri ja koska jopa 13 % säilörehun SNAN fraktiosta voi ohittaa pötsin hajoamatta, on liukoisten typpifraktioiden ja varsinkin peptidien rooli pötsin typpimetaboliassa hyvin merkittävä.

Aspects and Applications of Pulse Sequence Design for Solution-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy enables the study of biomolecules from peptides and carbohydrates to proteins at atomic resolution. The technique uniquely allows for structure determination of molecules in solution-state. It also gives insights into dynamics and intermolecular interactions important for determining biological function. Detailed molecular information is entangled in the nuclear spin states. The information can be extracted by pulse sequences designed to measure the desired molecular parameters. Advancement of pulse sequence methodology therefore plays a key role in the development of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. A range of novel pulse sequences for solution-state NMR spectroscopy are presented in this thesis. The pulse sequences are described in relation to the molecular information they provide. The pulse sequence experiments represent several advances in NMR spectroscopy with particular emphasis on applications for proteins. Some of the novel methods are focusing on methyl-containing amino acids which are pivotal for structure determination. Methyl-specific assignment schemes are introduced for increasing the size range of 13C,15N labeled proteins amenable to structure determination without resolving to more elaborate labeling schemes. Furthermore, cost-effective means are presented for monitoring amide and methyl correlations simultaneously. Residual dipolar couplings can be applied for structure refinement as well as for studying dynamics. Accurate methods for measuring residual dipolar couplings in small proteins are devised along with special techniques applicable when proteins require high pH or high temperature solvent conditions. Finally, a new technique is demonstrated to diminish strong-coupling induced artifacts in HMBC, a routine experiment for establishing long-range correlations in unlabeled molecules. The presented experiments facilitate structural studies of biomolecules by NMR spectroscopy.

Short-term plant-decomposer feedbacks in grassland plants

Plant species differ in their effects on ecosystem productivity and it is recognised that these effects are partly due to plant species-specific influences on soil processes. Until recently, however, not much attention was given to the potential role played by soil biota in these species-specific effects. While soil decomposers are responsible for governing the availability of nutrients for plant production, they simultaneously depend on the amount of carbon provided by plants. Litter and rhizodeposition constitute the two basal resources that plants provide to soil decomposer food webs. While it has been shown that both of these can have effects on soil decomposer communities that differ among plant species, the putative significance of these effects for plant nitrogen (N) acquisition is currently understudied. My PhD work aimed at clarifying whether the species-specific influences of three temperate grassland plants on the soil microfood-web, through rhizodeposition and litter, can feed back to plant N uptake. The methods and approach used (15N labelling of plant litter in microcosm experiments) revealed to be an effective combination of tools in studying these feedbacks. Plant effects on soil organisms were shown to differ significantly between plant species and the effects could be followed across several trophic levels. The labelling of litter further permitted the evaluation of plant acquisition of N derived from soil organic matter. The results show that the structure of the soil microfood-web can have a significant role in plant N acquisition when the structure is experimentally manipulated, such as when comparing systems consisting of microbes to those consisting of microbes and their grazers. However, despite this, the results indicate that differences in N uptake from soil organic matter between different plant species are not related to the effects these species exert on the structure of the soil microfood-web. Rather, these differences in N uptake seem to be determined by other species-specific traits of live plants and their litter. My results thus indicate that different resources provided by different plant species may not induce species-specific decomposer feedbacks on plant N uptake from soil organic matter. This further suggests that the species-specific plant effects on soil decomposer communities may not, at least in the short term, have significant consequences on plant production.

Hiilen ja typen pysyvät isotoopit vesistötutkimuksissa: pohjaeläimistön ravinnonlähteet ja pohjan ravintoverkon rakenne Saaristomerellä

Saaristomeren pinnanalaisen ravintoverkon rakennetta sekä ravinteiden alkuperää ja kulkeutumista tutkittiin hiilen ja typen pysyviä isotooppeja hyväksi käyttäen. Tutkimuksen kohteena olivat suspendoitunut partikkeliaines (SPM), sedimentin pintakerros, pohjaeläimet, kalat ja makrolevät. Näytteitä otettiin toukokuussa, kesäkuussa ja lokakuussa. Ravinnelähteiden arvioinnin ohella tutkittiin voiko sisäsaariston kalankasvatuksen vaikutusta määritellä analysoimalla kalanrehupellettejä. Lisäksi arvioitiin joidenkin lajikohtaisten tai lajien välisten ominaisuuksien erojen vaikutusta (esimerkiksi eläimen koko ja kudosten C:N –suhde rasvapitoisuuden kuvaajana) /-arvojen määräytymiseen. Myös joitain tarkennuksia tehtiin lajien ravinnonkäyttöluokituksiin. Sisäsaaristossa toukokuussa pian lumien sulamisen aiheuttaman kasvaneen jokivirtaaman jälkeen SPM:stä havaittiin korkeita /13C- ja /15N-arvoja (keskimäärin -16 ‰ ja 9 ‰, vastaavasti). Ulkosaariston asemilta saatiin paljon alempia arvoja (-24 ‰ ja 4 ‰, vastaavasti). Sisäsaaristossakin arvot laskivat kesäkuuhun mennessä (-26 ‰ ja 5 ‰, vastaavasti) ollen kuitenkin hieman korkeampia kuin samaan aikaan tutkituilla ulommilla välisaariston asemilla. Kasviplanktonin lajistokoostumusta tutkittiin touko- ja kesäkuussa, mutta suuria eroja ei ajankohtien välillä havaittu. Lokakuussa sateisen loppukesän jälkeen /13C oli tasainen (-23 ‰ - -24 ‰) koko tutkimusalueella, mutta /15N oli taas huomattavasti korkeampi sisäsaaristossa (8 ‰) kuin ulkosaaristossa (4 ‰). Päinvastoin kuin yleensä tutkimuksissa on esitetty, tässä tutkimuksessa korkeat /13Cja/ tai /15N-arvot kuvannevat lisääntynyttä jokien tuomaa terrestristä alkuperää olevaa ravinnekuormaa. Lisäksi kauden aikana suuresti vaihtelevat, mutta silti voimakkaasti korreloivat /13C ja /15N indikoivat hiilen ja typen olevan pääosin samaista alkuperää. Kirjallisuudessa ravinnepulssien yhtäaikaisesti korkeat /13C ja /15N katsotaan alkuperältään ihmis- tai eläinperäisiksi ja yleensä liitetään karjanlannan käyttöön lannoitteena. Tätä ei kuitenkaan voitu Saaristomerellä osoittaa, koska terrestrisiä ravinnelähteitä ei tutkittu. Kuitenkin muista tunnetuista SPM:n /-arvoja voimakkaasti muokkaavista tekijöistä voitiin poissulkea ravinnerajoitteisuudesta johtuva fraktionaation muutos sekä synteettisten lannoitteiden käyttö ja kalankasvatus ravinnelähteinä. Pintasedimentistä saatiin paljon tasaisempia /13C- ja /15N-arvoja kaikilla näytteenotoilla (keskimäärin -24 ‰ ja 4 ‰, vastaavasti), jotka kuvannevat sedimentoituvan aineksen pitkäaikaisia keskiarvoja. Havaittavissa oli hienoinen laskeva suuntaus kohti ulompia asemia ja monista pohjan lähellä tai sedimentissä elävistä eläimistä saatiin samaan tapaan laskevia arvoja. SPM:n vaihtelevat ja eläinten /-arvot korreloivat heikosti lukuunottamatta joitakin suspensionsyöjiä (Balanus improvisus ja Mytilus edulis). /13C ja C:N korreloivat negatiivisesti joillakin lajeilla (Macoma balthica, Monoporeia affinis ja Mytilus edulis), joka johtunee muuttuvasta rasvojen osuudesta kudoksissa. Ainakin näiden lajien käyttöön ravinnelähteiden arvioinnissa kannattaa suhtautua varauksella. Makrolevien /15N oli n. 4 ‰ korkeampi sisäsaaristossa kuin ulommilla asemilla, joka myöskin heijastanee jokien tuoman terrestristä alkuperää olevien ravinteiden vaikutusta. Fucus vesiculosus, tutkimuksen ainut varsinainen monivuotinen levä, sai 6 ‰ korkeampia /13C-arvoja kuin muut levät keskimäärin. Gammarus sp:n Idothea baltican /15N seurasi makrolevien /15N:n vaihtelua, mutta /13C:n perusteella arvioituna ne suosivat rehevöitymisen seurauksena runsastuvia rihmaleviä sisäsaaristossa, kun taas F. vesiculosus näytti kasvattavan tärkeyttä ravintona ulkosaaristossa. Hiilen ja typen pysyvät isotoopit osoittautuivat tehokkaiksi työkaluiksi ravinteiden lähteiden ja kulkeutumisen tarkasteluissa erityisesti sisäsaaristossa, vaikkakin joitakin lajikohtaisia piirteitä on otettava huomioon ja joidenkin biologisten prosessien, kuten denitrifikaation osuus fraktionaation aiheuttajana pitäisi määrittää ennen kuin luotettavia arvioita ravinnelähteistä voidaan tehdä.