Ruoholahden sekatalomallin arviointia 2011

Helsingin yliopiston sosiaalipolitiikan opiskelijat kuvasivat ja arvioivat Ruoholahteen sijoittuvia niin kutsuttuja sekataloja. Mukana kaupunkitutkimuksellisessa tarkastelussa oli historiaa sekä nykypäivää, tehtiin myös lyhyt kurkistus vuokra- ja omistusasumista sekoittavien taloyhtiöiden mahdolliseen tulevaisuuteen. Kolmen erillisen tutkimusryhmän työt on koottu yhdeksi raportiksi. Aineistot kerättiin syksyllä 2010 ja alkuvuodesta 2011. Ensimmäisenä esillä on tutkimusosio, jota varten on haastateltu kolmea sekataloja hallinnoivaa isännöitsijää. Toiseksi käydään läpi asukaskyselyn tuloksia. Kysely jätettiin parille sadalle asukkaalle, joista hieman päälle kolmekymmentä palautti lomakkeen. Havainnot ovat näin suuntaa-antavia. Lopuksi pohdittiin Ruoholahden sekatalojen mahdollista kehitystä taloyhtiöiden hallitusten jäseniltä pyydettyjen kirjoitelmien pohjalta. Kussakin ryhmätyössä käytiin läpi aiempaa Ruoholahtea koskevaa tutkimusta, jota on julkaistu 1990-luvun alusta lähtien noin viiden vuoden välein. Näin nyt yliopistollisena harjoitustyönä tehdyt selvitykset asettuvat osaksi pitkää, parin kymmenen vuoden seurantatutkimusta. Tekstit ovat muutamaa kirjoitusvirheen korjausta lukuun ottamatta opiskelijaryhmien kirjaamassa muodossa. Tutkimusryhmien työskentelyä avittivat Helsingin kaupunkisuunnitteluviraston toimistopäällikkö Rikhard Manninen ja Tietokeskuksen tutkija Ari Niska sekä kaupunkitutkija Pekka Vehviläinen.

Evil Gods and Reckless Saviours : Adaptation and Appropriation in Late Twentieth Century Jesus-Novels

Late twentieth century Jesus-novels search after a completely new picture of Jesus. Novels written for instance by Norman Mailer, José Saramago, Michèle Roberts, Marianne Fredriksson, and Ki Longfellow provide an inversive revision of the canonic Gospels. They read the New Testament in terms of the present age. In their adaptation the story turns often into a critique of the whole Christian history. The investigated contrast-novels end up with an appropriation that is based on prototypical rewriting. They aim at the rehabilitation of Judas, and some of them make Mary Magdalane the key figure of Christianity. Saramago describes God as a blood thirsty tyrant, and Mailer makes God combat with the Devil in a manichean sense as with an equal. Such ideas are familiar both from poststructuralist philosophy and post-metaphysical death-of-God theology. The main result of the intertextual analysis is that these scholars have adopted Nietzschean ideas in their writing. Quite unlike earlier Jesus-novels, these more recent novels present a revision that produces discontinuity with the original source text, the New Testament. The intertextual strategy is based on contradiction. The reader wittnesses contesting and challenging, the authors attack Biblical beliefs and attempt to dissolve Christian doctrines. An attack on Biblical slave morality and violent concept of God deprives Jesus of his Jewish Messianic identity, makes Old Testament law a contradiction of life, calls sacrificial soteriology a violent pattern supporting oppression, and presents God as a cruel monster who enslaves people under his commandments and wishes their death. The new Jesus-figure contests Mosaic Law, despises orthodox Judaism, abandons Jewish customs and even questions Old Testament monotheism. In result, the novels intentionally transfer Jesus out of Judaism. Furthermore, Jewish faith appears in a negative light. Such an intertextual move is not open anti-Semitism but it cannot avoid attacking Jewish worship. Why? One reason that explains these attitudes is that Western culture still carries anti-Judaic attitudes beneath the surface covered with sentiments of equality and tolerance. Despite the evident post-holocaust consciousness present in the novels, they actually adopt an arrogant and ironical refutation of Jewish beliefs and Old Testament faith. In these novels, Jesus is made a complete opposite and antithesis to Judaism. Key words: Jesus-novel, intertextuality, adaptation, slave morality, Nietzsche, theodicy, patriarchy.

The Guide-Dog Approach:

In ecology the central problem is not the lack of theory or the lack of data but the lack of research able to link them systematically and critically. The description and analysis of such an integrated research process is the focus of the present study. Our approach is called the Guide-Dog approach, because we hope that it is able to guide all those who are blinded or perplexed by the increasing technical sophistication and fragmentation of modern science.

Measurement of the ttbar production cross section with an in situ calibration of b-jet identification efficiency

A measurement of the top-quark pair-production cross section in ppbar collisions at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.12/fb collected with the Collider Detector at Fermilab is presented. Decays of top-quark pairs into the final states e nu + jets and mu nu + jets are selected, and the cross section and the b-jet identification efficiency are determined using a new measurement technique which requires that the measured cross sections with exactly one and multiple identified b-quarks from the top-quark decays agree. Assuming a top-quark mass of 175 GeV/c^2, a cross section of 8.5+/-0.6(stat.)+/-0.7(syst.) pb is measured.

Tasavallan puolesta laittomuutta vastaan. Kansallisen Edistyspuolueen aktiivien toiminta Vapaamielisten Klubin piirissä lapuanliikkeen vuosina 1929–1932.

Suomen tasavalta joutui kovan haasteen eteen 1930-luvun vaihteessa. Oikeistoradikalismin nousu sai aikaan tilanteen, jossa tasavaltalainen valtiojärjestys oli uhattuna. Oikeiston uhka kiteytyi kansalaisliikkeessä, jota kutsuttiin lapuanliikkeeksi. Käsittelen tutkimuksessani lapuanliikkeen aikaa, pääpiirteissään marraskuusta 1929 huhtikuuhun 1932. Kansallinen Edistyspuolue, jonka nuorsuomalaiset tasavaltalaiset olivat perustaneet joulukuussa 1918, seisoi vahvasti laillisuuden takana. Tutkimukseni pääosassa on edistyspuolueen keskeisten henkilöiden toiminta. Tässä toiminnassa korostuu pienen helsinkiläisyhdistyksen, Vapaamielisten Klubin, rooli. Edistyspuolueen poliittista perintöä ei tänä päivänä jatka yksikään puolue. Tämän vuoksi sen toiminnasta ei ole olemassa vastaavaa historiankirjoitusta kuin muista puolueista. Tutkimukseni täydentää kuvaa Suomen puoluejärjestelmän historiasta ja 1920–1930-lukujen vaihteen sisäpolitiikasta. Tutkimus kuuluu aatehistoriallisen tutkimuksen piiriin, nuorsuomalaisuuden tutkimuksen perinteeseen. Selvitän tutkimuksessani, miten Suomen tasavaltalaisen hallitusmuodon ja laillisuuden kannattajat pyrkivät puolustamaan isänmaataan lapuanliikkeen muodostamaa uhkaa vastaan. Tutkimuskysymykseni ovat: Miten edistyspuolueen aktiivit vastustivat lapuanliikettä? Kuka vastusti ja mistä syystä? Kuvaan myös sitä, millaiset eri puolueiden kannattajista koostuneet ryhmittymät lapuanliikkeen vaiheissa olivat vastakkain. Tutkimukseni keskittyy nimenomaan lapuanliikkeen porvarillisiin vastustajiin. Käytän teoreettisena viitekehyksenä sukupolviteoriaa, jonka avulla hahmotan eri ryhmittymien syntymisen syitä ja niiden sisäistä jakoa. Lapuanliikkeen aikaan aktiivisina toimivat eri-ikäiset, eri ikäpolvien aktiivit. Kun lapualaiset alkoivat suuntautua yhä enemmän laittomuuden ja oman käden oikeuden puolelle, alkoivat vastaavasti tasavallan puolesta taistelleet pitää yhtä. He perustivat aktiivista lapualaisvastarintaa tekemään Isänmaan ja Lain Puolesta -järjestön. Lapuanliikettä vastaan nousivat toisaalta vanhat, suurlakon aikuisiällä kokeneet valtiomiehet sekä lapualaisten ikätoverit, joille laillisuus, tasavalta ja sisällissodan punaiset–valkoiset-leirijaon hälventäminen olivat tärkeitä. Mäntsälän kapinassa talvella 1932 taistelu tasavallasta kulminoitui. Vastakkain olivat nuorsuomalaisen tradition kaksi vahvaa fraktiota: aktivistifraktio, joka nojasi aktiivisen vastarinnan ja valkoisen Suomen – vapaussodan – kokemuksiinsa, ja tasavaltalais-laillisuusfraktio, joka nojasi laillisuusperinteeseen ja hallitusmuototaistelun tasavaltalaisuuteen. Kaiken taustalla oli vanhemman sukupolven mentaliteetti, jota nuorempien sukupolvien fraktiot seurasivat – sukupolviteorian mukaan tulkittuna ne olivat liittyneet vanhemman sukupolven poliittiseen traditioon. Vapaamielisten Klubin, Kansallisen Edistyspuolueen ja Isänmaan ja Lain Puolesta -järjestön yhteys on ollut hyvin tiivis. Tämä johtuu ratkaisevan paljon niissä toimineista henkilöistä. Tärkeimmän alkuperäislähteen muodostaa Vapaamielisten Klubin arkisto. Aiemmista tutkimuksista tärkeimmät ovat Matti Virtasen Fennomanian perilliset, Vesa Vareksen ja Timo Soikkasen Sukupolvi selittäjänä Suomen historiassa sekä Juha Siltalan Lapuan liike ja kyyditykset 1930.

A participatory approach to tactical forest planning.

The paper examines the needs, premises and criteria for effective public participation in tactical forest planning. A method for participatory forest planning utilizing the techniques of preference analysis, professional expertise and heuristic optimization is introduced. The techniques do not cover the whole process of participatory planning, but are applied as a tool constituting the numerical core for decision support. The complexity of multi-resource management is addressed by hierarchical decision analysis which assesses the public values, preferences and decision criteria toward the planning situation. An optimal management plan is sought using heuristic optimization. The plan can further be improved through mutual negotiations, if necessary. The use of the approach is demonstrated with an illustrative example, it's merits and challenges for participatory forest planning and decision making are discussed and a model for applying it in general forest planning context is depicted. By using the approach, valuable information can be obtained about public preferences and the effects of taking them into consideration on the choice of the combination of standwise treatment proposals for a forest area. Participatory forest planning calculations, carried out by the approach presented in the paper, can be utilized in conflict management and in developing compromises between competing interests.

Late-industrial sawmill customers.

The methods of secondary wood processing are assumed to evolve over time and to affect the requirements set for the wood material and its suppliers. The study aimed at analysing the industrial operating modes applied by joinery and furniture manufacturers as sawnwood users. Industrial operating mode was defined as a pattern of important decisions and actions taken by a company which describes the company's level of adjustment in the late-industrial transition. A non-probabilistic sample of 127 companies was interviewed, including companies from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and Finland. Fifty-two of the firms were furniture manufacturers and the other 75 were producing windows and doors. Variables related to business philosophy, production operations, and supplier choice criteria were measured and used as a basis for a customer typology; variables related to wood usage and perceived sawmill performance were measured to be used to profile the customer types. Factor analysis was used to determine the latent dimensions of industrial operating mode. Canonical correlations analysis was applied in developing the final base for classifying the observations. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to build a five-group typology of secondary wood processing firms; these ranged from traditional mass producers to late-industrial flexible manufacturers. There is a clear connection between the amount of late-industrial elements in a company and the share of special and customised sawnwood it uses. Those joinery or furniture manufacturers that are more late-industrial also are likely to use more component-type wood material and to appreciate customer-oriented technical precision. The results show that the change is towards the use of late-industrial sawnwood materials and late-industrial supplier relationships.

Analysis of forest soil chemistry and hydrology with a dynamic model ACIDIC.

In this study we analyze how the ion concentrations in forest soil solution are determined by hydrological and biogeochemical processes. A dynamic model ACIDIC was developed, including processes common to dynamic soil acidification models. The model treats up to eight interacting layers and simulates soil hydrology, transpiration, root water and nutrient uptake, cation exchange, dissolution and reactions of Al hydroxides in solution, and the formation of carbonic acid and its dissociation products. It includes also a possibility to a simultaneous use of preferential and matrix flow paths, enabling the throughfall water to enter the deeper soil layers in macropores without first reacting with the upper layers. Three different combinations of routing the throughfall water via macro- and micropores through the soil profile is presented. The large vertical gradient in the observed total charge was simulated succesfully. According to the simulations, gradient is mostly caused by differences in the intensity of water uptake, sulfate adsorption and organic anion retention at the various depths. The temporal variations in Ca and Mg concentrations were simulated fairly well in all soil layers. For H+, Al and K there were much more variation in the observed than in the simulated concentrations. Flow in macropores is a possible explanation for the apparent disequilibrium of the cation exchange for H+ and K, as the solution H+ and K concentrations have great vertical gradients in soil. The amount of exchangeable H+ increased in the O and E horizons and decreased in the Bs1 and Bs2 horizons, the net change in whole soil profile being a decrease. A large part of the decrease of the exchangeable H+ in the illuvial B horizon was caused by sulfate adsorption. The model produces soil water amounts and solution ion concentrations which are comparable to the measured values, and it can be used in both hydrological and chemical studies of soils.

Decomposition of Scots pine fine woody debris in boreal conditions

"Litter quality and environmental effects on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) fine woody debris (FWD) decomposition were examined in three forestry-drained peatlands representing different site types along a climatic gradient from the north boreal (Northern Finland) to south (Southern Finland) and hemiboreal (Central Estonia) conditions. Decomposition (percent mass loss) of FWD with diameter <= 10 mm (twigs) and FWD with diameter > 10 mm (branches) was measured using the litter bag method over 1-4-year periods. Overall, decomposition rates increased from north to south, the rate constants (k values) varying from 0.128 to 0.188 year(-1) and from 0.066 to 0.127 year(-1) for twigs and branches, respectively. On average, twigs had lost 34%, 19% and 19%, and branches 25%, 17% and 11% of their initial mass after 2 years of decomposition at the hemiboreal, south boreal and north boreal sites, respectively. After 4 years at the south boreal site the values were 48% for twigs and 42% for branches. Based on earlier studies, we suggest that the decomposition rates that we determined may be used for estimating Scots pine FWD decomposition in the boreal zone, also in upland forests. Explanatory models accounted for 50.4% and 71.2% of the total variation in FWD decomposition rates when the first two and all years were considered, respectively. The variables most related to FWD decomposition included the initial ash, water extractives and Klason lignin content of litter, and cumulative site precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration. Simulations of inputs and decomposition of Scots pine FWD and needle litter in south boreal conditions over a 60-year period showed that 72 g m(-2) of organic matter from FWD vs. 365 g m(-2) from needles accumulated in the forest floor. The annual inputs varied from 5.7 to 15.6 g m(-2) and from 92 to 152 g m(-2) for FWD and needles, respectively. Each thinning caused an increase in FWD inputs, Up to 510 g m(-2), while the needle inputs did not change dramatically. Because the annual FWD inputs were lowered following the thinnings, the overall effect of thinnings on C accumulation from FWD was slightly negative. The contribution of FWD to soil C accumulation, relative to needle litter, seems to be rather minor in boreal Scots pine forests. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."

Kemihaaran allasalueen väestötutkimus

Engl. summary: Population study in the Kemihaara reservoir area