Kehittämistutkimus: Tieto- ja viestintätekniikkaa kemian opetukseen

The main aim of the present study was to develop information and communication technology (ICT) based chemistry education. The goals for the study were to support meaningful chemistry learning, research-based teaching and diffusion of ICT innovations. These goals were used as guidelines that form the theoretical framework for this study. This Doctoral Dissertation is based on eight-stage research project that included three design researches. These three design researches were scrutinized as separate case studies in which the different cases were formed according to different design teams: i) one researcher was in charge of the design and teachers were involved in the research process, ii) a research group was in charge of the design and students were involved in the research process, and iii) the design was done by student teams, the research was done collaboratively, and the design process was coordinated by a researcher. The research projects were conducted using mixed method approach, which enabled a comprehensive view on education design. In addition, the three central areas of design research: problem analysis, design solution and design process were included in the research, which was guided by the main research questions formed according to these central areas: 1) design solution: what kind of elements are included in ICT-based learning environments that support meaningful chemistry learning and diffusion of innovation, 2) problem analysis: what kind of new possibilities the designed learning environments offer for the support of meaningful chemistry learning, and 3) design process: what kind of opportunities and challenges does collaboration bring to the design of ICT-based learning environments? The main research questions were answered according to the analysis of the survey and observation data, six designed learning environments and ten design narratives from the three case studies. Altogether 139 chemistry teachers and teacher students were involved in the design processes. The data was mainly analysed by methods of qualitative content analysis. The first main result from the study give new information on the meaningful chemistry learning and the elements of ICT-based learning environment that support the diffusion of innovation, which can help in the development of future ICT-education design. When the designed learning environment was examined in the context of chemistry education, it was evident that an ICT-based chemistry learning environment supporting the meaningful learning of chemistry motivates the students and makes the teacher s work easier. In addition, it should enable the simultaneous fulfilment of several pedagogical goals and activate higher-level cognitive processes. The learning environment supporting the diffusion of ICT innovation is suitable for Finnish school environment, based on open source code, and easy to use with quality chemistry content. According to the second main result, new information was acquired about the possibilities of ICT-based learning environments in supporting meaningful chemistry learning. This will help in setting the goals for future ICT education. After the analysis of design solutions and their evaluations, it can be said that ICT enables the recognition of all elements that define learning environments (i.e. didactic, physical, technological and social elements). The research particularly demonstrates the significance of ICT in supporting students motivation and higher-level cognitive processes as well as versatile visualization resources for chemistry that ICT makes possible. In addition, research-based teaching method supports well the diffusion of studied innovation on individual level. The third main result brought out new information on the significance of collaboration in design research, which guides the design of ICT education development. According to the analysis of design narratives, it can be said that collaboration is important in the execution of scientifically reliable design research. It enables comprehensive requirement analysis and multifaceted development, which improves the reliability and validity of the research. At the same time, it sets reliability challenges by complicating documenting and coordination, for example. In addition, a new method for design research was developed. Its aim is to support the execution of complicated collaborative design projects. To increase the reliability and validity of the research, a model theory was used. It enables time-pound documenting and visualization of design decisions that clarify the process. This improves the reliability of the research. The validity of the research is improved by requirement definition through models. This way learning environments that meet the design goals can be constructed. The designed method can be used in education development from comprehensive to higher level. It can be used to recognize the needs of different interest groups and individuals with regard to processes, technology and substance knowledge as well as interfaces and relations between them. The developed method has also commercial potential. It is used to design learning environments for national and international market.

Lunch eating patterns during working hours and their social and work-related determinants : Study of Finnish employees

Work has a central role in the lives of big share of adult Finns and meals they eat during the workday comprise an important factor in their nutrition, health, and well-being. On workdays, lunch is mainly eaten at worksite canteens or, especially among women, as a packed meal in the workplace s break room. No national-level data is available on the nutritional quality of the meals served by canteens, although the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health laid out the first nutrition recommendations for worksite canteens in 1971. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of various socio-demographic, socioeconomic, and work-related factors to the lunch eating patterns of Finnish employees during the working day and how lunch eating patterns influence dietary intake. Four different population-based cross-sectional datasets were used in this thesis. Three of the datasets were collected by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population survey from 1979 to 2001, n=24746, and 2005 to 2007, n=5585, the National Findiet 2002 Study, n=261), and one of them by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Work and Health in Finland survey from 1997, 2000, and 2003, n=6369). The Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population survey and the Work and Health in Finland survey are nationally representative studies that are conducted repeatedly. Survey information was collected by self-administered questionnaires, dietary recalls, and telephone interviews. The frequency of worksite canteen use has been quite stable for over two decades in Finland. A small decreasing trend can be seen in all socioeconomic groups. During the whole period studied, those with more years of education ate at worksite canteens more often than the others. The size of the workplace was the most important work-related determinant associated with the use of a worksite canteen. At small workplaces, other work-related determinants, like occupation, physical strain at work, and job control, were also associated with canteen use, whereas at bigger workplaces the associations were almost nonexistent. The major social determinants of worksite canteen availability were the education and occupational status of employees and the only work-related determinant was the size of the workplace. A worksite canteen was more commonly available to employees at larger workplaces and to those with the higher education and the higher occupational status. Even when the canteen was equally available to all employees, its use was nevertheless determined by occupational class and the place of residence, especially among female employees. Those with higher occupational status and those living in the Helsinki capital area ate in canteens more frequently than the others. Employees who ate at a worksite canteen consumed more vegetables and vegetable and fish dishes at lunch than did those who ate packed lunches. Also, the daily consumption of vegetables and the proportion of the daily users of vegetables were higher among those male employees who ate at a canteen. In conclusion, life possibilities, i.e. the availability of a canteen, education, occupational status, and work-related factors, played an important role in the choice of where to eat lunch among Finnish employees. The most basic prerequisite for eating in a canteen was availability, but there were also a number of underlying social determinants. Occupational status and the place of residence were the major structural factors behind individuals choices in their lunch eating patterns. To ensure the nutrition, health, and well-being of employees, employers should provide them with the option to have good quality meals during working hours. The availability of worksite canteens should be especially supported in lower socioeconomic groups. In addition, employees should be encouraged to have lunch at a worksite canteen when one is available by removing structural barriers to its use.

Microfinance, Efficiency and Agricultural Production in Bangladesh

The objectives of this study were to make a detailed and systematic empirical analysis of microfinance borrowers and non-borrowers in Bangladesh and also examine how efficiency measures are influenced by the access to agricultural microfinance. In the empirical analysis, this study used both parametric and non-parametric frontier approaches to investigate differences in efficiency estimates between microfinance borrowers and non-borrowers. This thesis, based on five articles, applied data obtained from a survey of 360 farm households from north-central and north-western regions in Bangladesh. The methods used in this investigation involve stochastic frontier (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) in addition to sample selectivity and limited dependent variable models. In article I, technical efficiency (TE) estimation and identification of its determinants were performed by applying an extended Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function. The results show that farm households had a mean TE of 83% with lower TE scores for the non-borrowers of agricultural microfinance. Addressing institutional policies regarding the consolidation of individual plots into farm units, ensuring access to microfinance, extension education for the farmers with longer farming experience are suggested to improve the TE of the farmers. In article II, the objective was to assess the effects of access to microfinance on household production and cost efficiency (CE) and to determine the efficiency differences between the microfinance participating and non-participating farms. In addition, a non-discretionary DEA model was applied to capture directly the influence of microfinance on farm households production and CE. The results suggested that under both pooled DEA models and non-discretionary DEA models, farmers with access to microfinance were significantly more efficient than their non-borrowing counterparts. Results also revealed that land fragmentation, family size, household wealth, on farm-training and off farm income share are the main determinants of inefficiency after effectively correcting for sample selection bias. In article III, the TE of traditional variety (TV) and high-yielding-variety (HYV) rice producers were estimated in addition to investigating the determinants of adoption rate of HYV rice. Furthermore, the role of TE as a potential determinant to explain the differences of adoption rate of HYV rice among the farmers was assessed. The results indicated that in spite of its much higher yield potential, HYV rice production was associated with lower TE and had a greater variability in yield. It was also found that TE had a significant positive influence on the adoption rates of HYV rice. In article IV, we estimated profit efficiency (PE) and profit-loss between microfinance borrowers and non-borrowers by a sample selection framework, which provided a general framework for testing and taking into account the sample selection in the stochastic (profit) frontier function analysis. After effectively correcting for selectivity bias, the mean PE of the microfinance borrowers and non-borrowers were estimated at 68% and 52% respectively. This suggested that a considerable share of profits were lost due to profit inefficiencies in rice production. The results also demonstrated that access to microfinance contributes significantly to increasing PE and reducing profit-loss per hectare land. In article V, the effects of credit constraints on TE, allocative efficiency (AE) and CE were assessed while adequately controlling for sample selection bias. The confidence intervals were determined by the bootstrap method for both samples. The results indicated that differences in average efficiency scores of credit constrained and unconstrained farms were not statistically significant although the average efficiencies tended to be higher in the group of unconstrained farms. After effectively correcting for selectivity bias, household experience, number of dependents, off-farm income, farm size, access to on farm training and yearly savings were found to be the main determinants of inefficiencies. In general, the results of the study revealed the existence substantial technical, allocative, economic inefficiencies and also considerable profit inefficiencies. The results of the study suggested the need to streamline agricultural microfinance by the microfinance institutions (MFIs), donor agencies and government at all tiers. Moreover, formulating policies that ensure greater access to agricultural microfinance to the smallholder farmers on a sustainable basis in the study areas to enhance productivity and efficiency has been recommended. Key Words: Technical, allocative, economic efficiency, DEA, Non-discretionary DEA, selection bias, bootstrapping, microfinance, Bangladesh.

"Kyl mä varmaan kohta ymmärrän." : Asunnon suunnittelu -opetusohjelma oppilaiden ajattelun ja oppimisen haastajana peruskoulun kotitalousopetuksessa

"I will soon understand." The House Planning Program as an Enhancer of Pupils´ Thinking Skills and Learning in Home Economics at Comprehensive School The aim of the research was to build a study program for home economics education in order to enhance pupils´ thinking skills. The program was based on the intervention programs or strategies known as Cognitive Acceleration (CA), which are founded on the theories of Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Reuven Feuerstein. In addition, Carl Bereiter s theory of knowledge building was integrated to the research. The viewpoint of home economics was based on the multidimensional foundation of home economics science, particularly household technology and house planning. I first analyzed the kind of body of knowledge home economics science and home economics education provides for enhancing thinking skills in home economics. For the study, a CATE (Cognitive Acceleration through Technology Education) program was adapted and modified and a House Planning program was created for home economics classes. The house planning program consisted of five lessons during which pupils learned how to make functional floor plans as well as choose furniture, household appliances and materials for the home. In order to obtain the required data, various classroom experiments were arranged in 2005 with grade 9 pupils at a comprehensive school in Helsinki. All the experiments were videotaped, and five hours of the videotaped material was edited and transcribed for closer examination. The material consisted of all the video-recorded activity of the selected study group. Interaction study and content analysis were used to analyze the data. Following the experiments, a small survey was conducted to solicit pupils´ and teacher´s opinions of the program. The analysis sheds light on the nature of pupils´ interaction and knowledge building in small group activity. Special attention was given to tracking pupils´ interaction during the socalled construction zone activity. The models and qualities of teacher´s aid and support during the lessons were examined as well. The results revealed the versatility of the pupils social interaction and common knowledge building that occurred during the small group activity. The pupils discussions, including their arguments, their sharing of ideas, and the multiple perspectives that emerged reflected home economics knowledge building. The construction zone activity appeared through expressions of cognitive conflict and metacognition. Cognitive conflict was evident in the pupils´ words and involved questioning, doubting and disputing. The metacognitive activity emerged by thinking aloud, choosing the strategies, and negotiating the results. The pupils also coordinated their activity, allocated the responsibility, and systematized their work. The teacher assisted by preparing new themes for the pupils and by participating in the small group work. The teacher´s help during the small group sessions strengthened the pupils activity in the construction zone. The results showed that one can utilize the wide multidisciplinary basis of home economics, which includes scientific knowledge but also the knowledge derived from practical activity and experience. In this study practical activity was undertaken as a planning project the result of which was a plan or a new vision for the house planning situation. The study showed that the House Planning program was able to enhance the pupils´ social interaction and collaboration. The learning environment challenged the pupils in a way that could be a gateway to further developing their thinking skills. The method of analysis created in the study could be a potential tool for examining social interaction, construction zone activity, and knowledge building in other learning environments as well. Key words: home economics, house planning, classroom experiment, thinking skills,cognitive conflict, metacognition, social interaction, knowledge building

Taistelu yksityiskouluista: Yksityisoppikoulujen Liitto yksityisoppikouluväen puolustajana koulujärjestelmän uudistuksessa 1970-1977

Suomessa säädettiin vuonna 1968 laki koulujärjestelmän perusteista. Sen nojalla maassa siirryttiin rinnakkaiskoulujärjestelmästä kunnalliseen yhtenäiskouluun eli peruskouluun vuosina 1972-1977. Laissa varattiin yksityisille oppikouluille mahdollisuus toimia uudessa järjestelmässä, koulun omistajayhteisön niin halutessa, kunnan peruskoulua korvaavana kouluna. Vuonna 1974 lakia muutettiin siten, että kunta sai päättää, ottiko se yksityisen koulun koulusuunnitelmaansa vai ei. Suomeen jäi nelisenkymmentä yksityistä koulua, joista pääosa sijaitsi Helsingissä. Korvaavia kouluja näistä oli 24. Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Yksityisoppikoulujen Liiton (YOL) toimintaa peruskouluuudistuksen täytäntöönpanovuosina 1970-1977. Liiton päätavoitteena oli yksityiskoululaitoksen säilyttäminen. Pyrkimyksenä on selvittää YOL:n aiemmin lähes käyttämättömän arkistoaineiston avulla, millainen liitto oli rakenteeltaan, millaisilla intresseillä ja resursseilla se toimi ja millaisia suhdeverkostoja se koulutaistelun yhteydessä rakensi. Samalla pyritään luomaan laajempi kuva siitä, mitkä yhteiskunnalliset tahot puolustivat yksityiskoululaitoksen säilyttämistä Suomessa ja millaisin motiivein. Tästä syystä tutkimuksen lähdeaineistona hyödynnetään mm. Vapaan koulutuksen tukisäätiön arkistoaineistoa, opettajien ammattijärjestöjen lehtiä sekä peruskoulu-uudistusta koskevaa kirjallisuutta. Laadullisen verkostotutkimuksen keinoin yksityiskoululaitosta kannattaneet piirit hahmotetaan sosiaalisena verkostona, joka rakentui yhteisten intressien pohjalle. Tästä verkostosta käytetään termiä yksityisoppikouluväki. Tutkimustuloksena on, että yksityisoppikouluväki sosiaalisena verkostona rakentui ennen kaikkea ideologisten intressien pohjalle. Kyse oli pyrkimyksistä puolustaa porvarillista suomalaista yhteiskuntamuotoa ja vastustaa vasemmiston vaikutusvallan kasvua. YOL oli 1970-luvun Suomessa yksi monista porvariston taisteluelimistä. Yhdessä vuonna 1973 perustetun Vapaan koulutuksen tukisäätiön kanssa se kävi puolustustaistelua suojellakseen epäpoliittisena instituutiona pitämäänsä koululaitosta, jonka nähtiin joutuneen ideologisen hyökkäyksen kohteeksi. Yksityisoppikouluväki oli pieni, mutta sangen vaikutusvaltainen ryhmittymä. Ydinjoukko koostui muutamasta kymmenestä suomalaisen yhteiskunnan vaikuttajasta, joita yhdisti korkea koulutus, porvarillis-isänmaallinen arvomaailma ja jossain määrin myös yhteiset kokemukset sotavuosilta. Joukkoa leimasi halu rakentaa suomalaista yhteiskuntaa oman arvomaailmansa pohjalta; niin ikään se korosti kansalaisten oikeutta vapaaseen ja omaehtoiseen kasvatukseen sekä yksilölliseen omistusoikeuteen. Tavoitteessaan yksityisoppikouluväki onnistui kohtalaisesti. Ilman sen aktiviteettia ja tehokasta verkostoitumista sekä ennen muuta vahvoja poliittisia ja taloudellisia tukijoita tämä tuskin olisi onnistunut. Oman lisänsä onnistumiseen antoi julkisuuteen vuonna 1975 noussut Pirkkalan koulukokeilu, joka osaltaan lietsoi porvarillista arvomaailmaa edustavien tahojen epäluuloja vasemmiston koulutuspolitiikkaa kohtaan ja altisti heitä tukemaan yksityiskouluja. Vaikka taistelu osin onnistuikin, suurta kannatusta se ei saavuttanut. Moni näki yksityisoppikouluväen toiminnan taantumuksellisena reaktiona ja yrityksenä säilyttää vanhoja, epätasa-arvoisuutta ylläpitäviä valtarakenteita. Esiin maalailtu pelko siitä, että kunnallinen peruskoulu veisi Suomen sosialismiin, ei saanut joukkoja liikkeelle yksityiskoulujen puolesta. Esimerkiksi opettajien myönteinen suhtautuminen kunnalliseen koululaitokseen osoittaa, etteivät he pääsääntöisesti nähneet koulu-uudistuksessa tämänkaltaista ideologista vaaraa.

Valikoiva muuttoliike Uudellamaalla

This thesis explores selective migration in Greater Helsinki region from the perspective of counterurbanisation. The aim of the study is to research whether the migration is selective by migrants age, education, income level or the rate of employment and to study any regional patterns formed by the selectivity. In the Helsinki region recent migratory developments have been shifting the areas of net migration gain away from the city of Helsinki to municipalities farther off on the former countryside. There has been discussion about Helsinki s decaying tax revenue base and whether the city s housing policy has contributed to the exodus of wealthier households. The central question of the discussion is one of selective migration: which municipalities succeed in capturing the most favourable migrants and which will lose in the competition. Selective migration means that region s in-migrants and out-migrants significantly differ from each other demographically, socially and economically. Sometimes selectivity is also understood as some individuals greater propensity to migrate than others but the proper notion for this would be differential migration. In Finnish parlance these two concepts have tended to get mixed up. The data of the study covers the total migration of the 34 municipalities of Uusimaa provinces during the years 2001 to 2003. The data was produced by Statistics Finland. Two new methods of representing the selectivity of migration as a whole were constructed during the study. Both methods look at the proportions of favourably selected migrants in regions inward and outward migrant flow. A large share in the inward flow and a small share in the outward flow is good for region s economy and demography. The first method calculates the differences of the proportions of favourably selected four migrant groups and sums the differences up. The other ranks the same proportions between regions giving value 1 to the largest proportion in inward flow and 34 to the smallest, and respectively in outward flow the smallest proportion gets value 1 and the largest 34. The total sum of the ranks or differences in proportions represents region s selectivity of migration. The results show that migration is indeed selective in the Greater Helsinki region. There also seems to be a spatial pattern centred around the Helsinki metropolitan region. The municipalities surrounding the four central communes are generally better of than those farther away. Not only these eight municipalities of the so called capital region benefit from the selective migration, but the favourable structure of migration extends to some of the small municipalities farther away. Some municipalities situated along the main northbound railway line are not coming through as well as other municipalities of the capital region. The selectivity of migration in Greater Helsinki region shows signs of counter-urbanisation. People look for suburban or small-town lifestyle no longer from Espoo or Vantaa, the neighbouring municipalities to Helsinki, but from the municipalities surrounding these two or even farther off. This kind of pattern in selective migration leads to unbalanced development in population structure and tax revenue base in the region. Migration to outskirts of the urban area also leads to urban sprawl and fragmentation of the urban structure: these issues have ecological implications. Selective migration should be studied more. Also the concept itself needs clearer definition and so do the methods to study the selectivity of migration.

Kotitalouksien sisäinen resurssienjako, työmarkkinat ja sukupuolittuneet investoinnit lasten inhimilliseen pääomaan 1920-luvun Suomessa

Tutkimus käsittelee kotitalouksien sisäistä resurssienjakoa suomalaisissa kotitalouksissa 1920-luvulla. Kiinnostuksen kohteena ovat investoinnit tyttö- ja poikalasten inhimilliseen pääomaan: erityisesti koulutukseen, mutta myös terveydenhoitoon ja ravintoon. Tutkimuksessa pyritään selvittämään, suosittiinko toista sukupuolta resurssienjaossa. Tutkimus lainaa menetelmiä ja kysymyksenasetteluja kehitystaloustieteestä, jossa kotitalouksien sisäinen toiminta on noussut keskeiseksi tutkimussuunnaksi ”kadonneiden naisten ongelman” myötä. Useat kehitystaloustieteelliset sekä talous- ja sosiaalihistorialliset tutkimukset ovat havainneet kotitalouksien syrjivän tyttöjä resurssienjaossa, minkä kumulatiiviset vaikutukset ovat johtaneet pahimmillaan naisten kuolleisuuden kasvuun. Useimmissa tapauksissa resurssienjaon on havaittu liittyvän lasten taloudelliseen arvostukseen. Vanhemmat panostavat niihin lapsiin, joiden tulevan ansiotason odotetaan olevan suurin. Tärkein tulevaan ansiotason vaikuttava tekijä ovat tavoitettavissa olevat työmarkkinat. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpänä aineistona hyödynnetään vuonna 1928 Suomessa suoritetun elinkustannustutkimuksen vuosikortteja. Aineisto sisältää 954 kotitalouden kulutustiedot 15 kaupungista ja 14 teollisuuspaikkakunnalta. Aineistoa analysoidaan ekonometrisin menetelmin regressioanalyysin avulla. Engelin lain mukaan kotitalouden tulojen noustessa ruokamenojen osuus kulutuksesta pienenee. Erilaisten Engel-mallin variaatioiden avulla voidaan tutkia epäsuorasti, miten kotitalouden demografinen rakenne vaikuttaa erilaisten hyödykkeiden kulutukseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa sovelletaan Engel-malliin perustuvaa Working-mallia, jonka avulla on mahdollista tarkastella, miten eri sukupuoli-ikäryhmien läsnäolo vaikuttaa koulutus- terveydenhoito- ja ruokamenoihin aineiston kotitalouksissa. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten lapsiin kohdistuviin investointeihin vaikuttivat kotitalouksien sosiaaliluokka, asuinpaikan perifeerisyys, paikalliset työmarkkinat ja vanhempien inhimillisen pääoman määrä. Tutkimustulokset paljastavat, että lapsiin kohdistuvia investointeja aineisto kotitalouksissa selitti ensisijaisesti näiden reagoiminen taloudellisiin kannustimiin. Sosiaaliryhmien käyttäytymismalleissa oli kuitenkin eroja: työläisperheissä panostettiin tyttölasten koulutukseen, mutta toimenhaltijaperheissä suosittiin poikia. Tässä tutkimuksessa selityksiä epätasaiselle resurssienjaolle etsitään koulutuksen tuotosta. Vaikuttaa siltä, että vuosi oppikoulussa oli työläistytöille kannattavampaa kuin työläispojille, joille sosiaalisesti hyväksyttyjä ja riittävän hyvin palkattuja töitä löytyi myös ilman muodollista koulutusta. Toimenhaltijaperheissä kouluttautuminen oli puolestaan kannattavampaa pojille, sillä työelämän lasikatot ja sosiaaliset normit rajoittivat tyttöjen mahdollisuuksia työelämässä. Vaikka tutkimustulokset viittaavat siihen, että kotitaloudet pyrkivät tekemään taloudellisesti rationaalisia valintoja, vaikuttivat näihin valintoihin yhteiskunnan sukupuolihierarkiat. Koska tyttöjen ja poikien ”mahdolliset tulevaisuudet” olivat erilaiset, kannatti heidän inhimilliseen pääomaansa investoida eri tavoin. Tutkimuksen johtopäätökset antavat tukea useissa empiirisissä tutkimuksissa esiintyneelle havainnolle siitä, että lapsen asemaan perheen sisällä vaikuttaa hänen ansiomahdollisuutensa kodin ulkopuolella. Tutkimus pohtii myös koulutuksen vaikutusta laajemmassa rakennemuutoksessa. Koulutuksen voi perustellusti olettaa parantaneen työläistyttöjen sosiaalista liikkuvuutta työläispoikiin nähden. Koska naisten on todistettu siirtävän inhimillistä pääomaa lapsilleen miehiä tehokkaammin, oli tällä myös todennäköisesti ylisukupolvisia vaikutuksia suomalaiselle yhteiskunnalle. Kansainvälisessä kehitystaloustieteellisessä tutkimuksessa naisten koulutuksen on todettu liittyvän positiivisesti talouskasvuun ja koko yhteiskunnan sosiaaliseen hyvinvointiin. Vaikka tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan ensisijaisesti mikrotaloushistoriallisesti kotitalouksien käyttäytymistä, osallistuu se myös tähän koulutuksen laajempia vaikutuksia käsittelevään keskusteluun.