LLVM-kääntäjäarkkitehtuuri ja sen soveltuvuus Java-virtuaalikoneen toteutuspohjaksi

Low Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) on moderni koko ohjelman elinkaaren optimointeihin keskittyvä kääntäjäarkkitehtuuri. Java-virtuaalikone on puolestaan suosittu korkean tason virtuaalikone, johon monien ohjelmointikielten toteutus nykyään perustuu. Tutkielmassa esitellään alun perin suorituskykyisen C- ja C++-kääntäjän toteuttamiseksi luotu LLVM-järjestelmä ja arvioidaan, miten hyvin LLVM-infrastruktuuri tukee Java-virtuaalikoneen toteuttamista. Tämän lisäksi tutkielmassa pohditaan, miten dynaamisten kielten usein tarvitsemaa suoritusaikaista ja lähdekieliriippuvaista optimointia voidaan tukea lähdekieliriippumattomassa LLVM-järjestelmässä. Lopuksi tutkielmassa esitellään kehitysehdotelma yleisen roskienkeruuinfrastruktuurin toteuttamiseksi LLVM:ssä, mikä tukisi dynaamista muistia automaattisesti hallitsevien kielten, kuten Javan ja sen virtuaalikoneen toteuttamista.

A Floor Control Server in a Distributed Conference Service

The conferencing systems in IP Multimedia (IM) networks are going through restructuring, accomplished in the near future. One of the changes introduced is the concept of floors and floor control in its current form with matching entity roles. The Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP) is a novelty to be exploited in distributed tightly coupled conferencing services. The protocol defines the floor control server (FCS), which implements floor control giving access to shared resources. As the newest tendency is to distribute the conferencing services, the locations of different functionality units play an important role in developing the standards. The floor control server location is not yet single-mindedly fixed in different standardization bodies, and the debate goes on where to place it within the media server, providing the conferencing service. The thesis main objective is to evaluate two distinctive alternatives in respect the Mp interface protocol between the respective nodes, as the interface in relation to floor control is under standardization work at the moment. The thesis gives a straightforward preamble in IMS network, nodes of interest including floor control server and conferencing. Knowledge on several protocols – BFCP, SDP, SIP and H.248 provides an important background for understanding the functionality changes introduced in the Mp interface and therefore introductions on those protocols and how they are connected to the full picture is given. The actual analysis on the impact of the floor control server into the Mp reference point is concluded in relation to the locations, giving basic flows, requirements analysis including a limited implementation proposal on supporting protocol parameters. The overall conclusion of the thesis is that even if both choices are seemingly useful, not one of the locations is clearly the most suitable in the light of this work. The thesis suggests a solution having both possibilities available to be chosen from in separate circumstances, realized with consistent standardization. It is evident, that if the preliminary assumption for the analysis is kept regarding to only one right place for the floor control server, more work is to be done in connected areas to discover the one most appropriate location.

Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of some plant extracts of African Combretum Loefl., Terminalia L. and Pteleopsis Engl. species

In Africa various species of Combretum, Terminalia and Pteleopsis are used in traditional medicine. Despite of this, some species of these genera have still not been studied for their biological effects to validate their traditional uses. The aim of this work has been to document the ethnomedicinal uses of several species of Combretum and Terminalia in Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, and to use this information for finding species with good antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. During a five weeks expedition to Tanzania in spring 1999 sixteen different species of Combretum and Terminalia, as well as Pteleopsis myrtifolia were collected from various locations in the districts of Mbeya, Iringa and Dar-es-Salaam. Traditional healers in seven different villages in the Mbeya region were interviewed in Swahili and Nyakyusa on the medicinal uses of Combretum and Terminalia species shown to them. A questionnaire was used during the interviews. The results of the interviews correlated well between different villages, the same species being used in similar ways in different villages. Of the ten species shown to the healers six were frequently used for treatment of skin diseases, bacterial infections, diarrhea, oedema and wounds. The dried plants were most commonly prepared into hot water decoctions or mixed into maize porridge, Ugali. Infusions made from dried or fresh plant material were also common. Wounds and topical infections were treated with ointments made from the dried plant material mixed with sheep fat. Twenty-one extracts of six species of Combretum and four of Terminalia, collected from Tanzania, were screened for their antibacterial effects against two gram-negative and five gram-positive bacteria, as well as the yeast, Candida albicans, using an agar diffusion method. Most of the screened plants showed substantial antimicrobial activity. A methanolic root extract of T. sambesiaca showed the most potent antibacterial effects of all the plant species screened, and gave a MIC value of 0.9 mg/ml against Enterobacter aerogenes. Also root extracts of T. sericea and T. kaiserana gave excellent antimicrobial effects, and notably a hot water extract of T. sericea was as potent as extracts of this species made from EtOH and MeOH. Thus, the traditional way of preparing T. sericea into hot water decoctions seems to extract antimicrobial compounds. Thirty-five extracts of five species of Terminalia, ten of Combretum and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were screened for their antifungal effects against five species of yeast (Candida spp.) and Cryptococcus neoformans. The species differed from each other to their antifungal effects, some being very effective whereas others showed no antifungal effects. The most effective extracts showed antifungal effects comparable to the standard antibiotics itraconazol and amphotericin B. Species of Terminalia gave in general stronger antifungal effects than those of Combretum. The best effects were obtained with methanolic root extracts of T. sambesiaca, T. sericea and T. kaiserana, and this investigation indicates that decoctions of these species might be used for treatment of HIV-related fungal infections. Twenty-seven crude extracts of eight species of Combretum, five of Terminalia and Pteleopsis myrtifolia were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines (HeLa, cervical carcinoma; MCF 7, breast carcinoma, T 24 bladder carcinoma) and one endothelial cell line (BBCE, bovine brain capillary endothelial cells). The most outstanding effects were obtained with a leaf extract of Combretum fragrans, which nearly totally inhibited the proliferation of T 24 and HeLa cells at a concentration of 25 ug/ml and inhibited 60 % of the growth of the HeLa cells at a concentration of 4.3 ug/ml. The species of Terminalia were less cytotoxically potent than the Combretum species, although T. sericea and T. sambesiaca gave good cytotoxic effects (< 30 % proliferation). In summary this study indicates that some of the species of Terminalia, Combretum and Pteleopsis, used in Tanzanian traditional medicine, are powerful inhibitors of both microbial and cancer cell growth. In depth studies would be needed to find the active compounds behind these biological activities.

Ecology, population genetics and conservation of the African violet

The ongoing rapid fragmentation of tropical forests is a major threat to global biodiversity. This is because many of the tropical forests are so-called biodiversity 'hotspots', areas that host exceptional species richness and concentrations of endemic species. Forest fragmentation has negative ecological and genetic consequences for plant survival. Proposed reasons for plant species' loss in forest fragments are, e.g., abiotic edge effects, altered species interactions, increased genetic drift, and inbreeding depression. To be able to conserve plants in forest fragments, the ecological and genetic processes that threaten the species have to be understood. That is possible only after obtaining adequate information on their biology, including taxonomy, life history, reproduction, and spatial and genetic structure of the populations. In this research, I focused on the African violet (genus Saintpaulia), a little-studied conservation flagship from the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests hotspot of Tanzania and Kenya. The main objective of the research was to increase understanding of the life history, ecology and population genetics of Saintpaulia that is needed for the design of appropriate conservation measures. A further aim was to provide population-level insights into the difficult taxonomy of Saintpaulia. Ecological field work was conducted in a relatively little fragmented protected forest in the Amani Nature Reserve in the East Usambara Mountains, in northeastern Tanzania, complemented by population genetic laboratory work and ecological experiments in Helsinki, Finland. All components of the research were conducted with Saintpaulia ionantha ssp. grotei, which forms a taxonomically controversial population complex in the study area. My results suggest that Saintpaulia has good reproductive performance in forests with low disturbance levels in the East Usambara Mountains. Another important finding was that seed production depends on sufficient pollinator service. The availability of pollinators should thus be considered in the in situ management of threatened populations. Dynamic population stage structures were observed suggesting that the studied populations are demographically viable. High mortality of seedlings and juveniles was observed during the dry season but this was compensated by ample recruitment of new seedlings after the rainy season. Reduced tree canopy closure and substrate quality are likely to exacerbate seedling and juvenile mortality, and, therefore, forest fragmentation and disturbance are serious threats to the regeneration of Saintpaulia. Restoration of sufficient shade to enhance seedling establishment is an important conservation measure in populations located in disturbed habitats. Long-term demographic monitoring, which enables the forecasting of a population s future, is also recommended in disturbed habitats. High genetic diversities were observed in the populations, which suggest that they possess the variation that is needed for evolutionary responses in a changing environment. Thus, genetic management of the studied populations does not seem necessary as long as the habitats remain favourable for Saintpaulia. The observed high levels of inbreeding in some of the populations, and the reduced fitness of the inbred progeny compared to the outbred progeny, as revealed by the hand-pollination experiment, indicate that inbreeding and inbreeding depression are potential mechanisms contributing to the extinction of Saintpaulia populations. The relatively weak genetic divergence of the three different morphotypes of Saintpaulia ionantha ssp. grotei lend support to the hypothesis that the populations in the Usambara/lowlands region represent a segregating metapopulation (or metapopulations), where subpopulations are adapting to their particular environments. The partial genetic and phenological integrity, and the distinct trailing habit of the morphotype 'grotei' would, however, justify its placement in a taxonomic rank of its own, perhaps in a subspecific rank.

Koko kansan koti vai kommunistien pesäke? Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentaminen ja paikan henki 1955-1959

Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin vuosina 1955–1958 vastaamaan Suomen kommunistisen puolueen ja muiden kansandemokraattisten järjestöjen toimitilojen puutteeseen. Kulttuuritalo oli myös kommunistien vastaus Helsingissä jo 1900-luvun alusta lähtien käytyyn konserttisali keskusteluun. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin SKP:n päämajaksi, mutta sinne asettui myös lukuisia muita kansandemokraattisia järjestöjä. Kulttuuritalon suunnitteli professori Alvar Aalto. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani olen tarkastellut Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentamista ja paikan hengen muodostumista vuosien 1955–1959 välillä. Aikarajaus kattaa Kulttuuritalon rakennusvuodet sekä sen ensimmäisen kokonaisen toimintavuoden. Tutkielman ensisijaiset tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Miksi Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin, millainen rakennusprosessi oli ja millainen paikan henki Kulttuuritalolle muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana? Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkielmalle muodostaa paikan hengen käsite. Primäärilähteinä tutkielmassa ovat Kansan Arkistosta löytyvät Kulttuuritalo Oy:n ja Kulttuurityö ry:n kokoelmat sekä sanomalehdet. Sanomalehtiä käytetään Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen ilmentämiseen. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin pääasiassa talkoovoimin. Talkoisiin osallistui runsaasti ihmisiä niin pääkaupunkiseudulta kuin ulkopaikkakunnilta. Suurin osa Kulttuuritalon rakentamisen rahoituksesta tuli kommunistisilta poliittisilta järjestöiltä ja ammattijärjestöiltä. Pyynnöistä huolimatta Helsingin kaupungilta tai Suomen valtiolta ei tippunut tukea kommunistien hankkeelle. NKP osallistui Kulttuuritalon rakennuskustannuksiin sekä suorin tavaralahjoituksia että epäsuoraan Bukarestissa sijainneen kansainvälisen rahaston kautta, joka toimi SKP:n rahoittajana. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen luominen liittyi tiiviisti Kulttuuritalon rakentamiseen, sillä paikan henki alkoi muodostua jo talon rakennusvaiheessa. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen rakentamiseen osallistuivat niin kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit kuin kommunismin vastustajat. Kommunismin vastustajilla tarkoitan tutkielmassa oikeistoa ja sosiaalidemokraatteja. Kommunismin vastustajat vastustivat tavallisesti myös Kulttuuritaloa, mikä kytkee 1950-luvun suomalaisen antikommunismin Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen muodostamiseen. Kun kommunistit rakensivat Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen positiivista puolta, sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset lehdet osallistuivat sen negatiivisen puolen muodostamiseen. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengestä muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana voimakkaan punainen. Kulttuuritalon punaisuus sai kuitenkin kaksi merkitystä: Kommunisteille ja kansandemokraateille se merkitsi työväenliikkeen solidaarisuutta, tasa-arvoa ja voimaa. Kulttuuritalo oli heille osoitus työväen voimasta, ja he toivoivat sen auttavan kommunisteja saavuttamaan laajemman kannatuksen ja hyväksytyn aseman yhteiskunnassa. Kommunismin vastustajille Kulttuuritalo puolestaan merkitsi perinteistä yhteiskuntaa uhkaavaa tekijää. Kulttuuritalon oli heidän mielestään vaarallinen paikka, jonka avulla kommunistit pyrkivät vahvistamaan asemiaan yhteiskunnassa. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki heijasti näin suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kahtiajakautuneisuutta. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki vaikutti myös talon käyttöön. Kulttuuritalon ottivat innolla omakseen kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit, mutta sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset eivät halunneet sitä käyttää, vaikka Kulttuuritalon juhlasali olikin Helsingissä ainoa, joka täytti kansainvälisestikin tasokkaan akustiikan vaatimukset.

Effective Rural and Urban Innovation Policies International Conference in Seinäjoki 5.–6.2.2009

The present collection of articles is based on international conference that was held in Seinäjoki, Finland in February 2009. The topic of the conference was Effective Rural and Urban Policies and it was organised in co-operation between University Consortium of Seinäjoki, Seinäjoki Technology Centre and City of Seinäjoki. The presented papers approached the drivers of regional development from several aspects and in different kind of regional contexts across various countries. As a whole the different contributions formed a comprehensive story of those factors that are shaping the development of both rural and urban regions in global economy. The role of local innovation environment and dynamic of social processes that are ‘oiling’ the interaction between individuals within networks inspired several scholars. Also development of physical infrastructure as well as the recent development of economical models that can predict the regional impacts of large scale investments was discussed in many presentations. Clear focus with cultural and disciplinary diversity formed a fruitful basis for the conference and it was easy to learn something new. On the behalf of all organisers I would like to thank all participants of the conference and especially our foreign colleges who had travelled from distances to spend some winter days in Seinäjoki. As we all know this kind of publication does not appear automatically. All authors have done great job by finding time for writing from their busy schedules. Terttu Poranen and Jaana Huhtala have taken care of the technical editing of this publication. Sari Soini was the main organiser of conference and she has also as a editor kept the required pressure to finalize this book. In addition to University of Helsinki, conference was financially supported by the University of Vaasa, City of Seinäjoki, Lähivakuutus and Regional Centre Programme. These contributions are highly appreciated.

Publishing in the Networked World: Transforming the Nature of Communication, 14th International Conference on Electronic Publishing 16-18 June 2010, Helsinki, Finland

The title of the 14th International Conference on Electronic Publishing (ELPUB), “Publishing in the networked world: Transforming the nature of communication”, is a timely one. Scholarly communication and scientific publishing has recently been undergoing subtle changes. Published papers are no longer fixed physical objects, as they once were. The “convergence” of information, communication, publishing and web technologies along with the emergence of Web 2.0 and social networks has completely transformed scholarly communication and scientific papers turned to living and changing entities in the online world. The themes (electronic publishing and social networks; scholarly publishing models; and technological convergence) selected for the conference are meant to address the issues involved in this transformation process. We are pleased to present the proceedings book with more than 30 papers and short communications addressing these issues. What you hold in your hands is a by-product and the culmination of almost a Year long work of many people including conference organizers, authors, reviewers, editors and print and online publishers. The ELPUB 2010 conference was organized and hosted by the Hanken School of Economics in Helsinki, Finland. Professors Turid Hedlund of Hanken School of Economics and Yaşar Tonta of Hacettepe University Department of Information Management (Ankara, Turkey) served as General Chair and Program Chair, respectively. We received more than 50 submissions from several countries. All submissions were peer-reviewed by members of an international Program Committee whose contributions proved most valuable and appreciated. The 14th ELPUB conference carries on the tradition of previous conferences held in the United Kingdom (1997 and 2001), Hungary (1998), Sweden (1999), Russia (2000), the Czech Republic (2002), Portugal (2003), Brazil (2004), Belgium (2005), Bulgaria (2006), Austria (2007), Canada (2008) and Italy (2009). The ELPUB Digital Library, http://elpub.scix.net serves as archive for the papers presented at the ELPUB conferences through the years. The 15th ELPUB conference will be organized by the Department of Information Management of Hacettepe University and will take place in Ankara, Turkey, from 14-16 June 2011. (Details can be found at the ELPUB web site as the conference date nears by.) We thank Marcus Sandberg and Hannu Sääskilahti for copyediting, Library Director Tua Hindersson – Söderholm for accepting to publish the online as well as the print version of the proceedings. Thanks also to Patrik Welling for maintaining the conference web site and Tanja Dahlgren for administrative support. We warmly acknowledge the support in organizing the conference to colleagues at Hanken School of Economics and our sponsors.

Forest governance and climate change adaptation : Case studies of four African countries

Africa is threatened by climate change. The adaptive capacity of local communities continues to be weakened by ineffective and inefficient livelihood strategies and inappropriate development interventions. One of the greatest challenges for climate change adaptation in Africa is related to the governance of natural resources used by vulnerable poor groups as assets for adaptation. Practical and good governance activities for adaptation in Africa is urgently and much needed to support adaptation actions, interventions and planning. The adaptation role of forests has not been as prominent in the international discourse and actions as their mitigation role. This study therefore focused on the forest as one of the natural resources used for adaptation. The general objective of this research was to assess the extent to which cases of current forest governance practices in four African countries Burkina Faso, The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana and Sudan are supportive to the adaptation of vulnerable societies and ecosystems to impacts of climate change. Qualitative and quantitative analyses from surveys, expert consultations and group discussions were used in analysing the case studies. The entire research was guided by three conceptual sets of thinking forest governance, climate change vulnerability and ecosystem services. Data for the research were collected from selected ongoing forestry activities and programmes. The study mainly dealt with forest management policies and practices that can improve the adaptation of forest ecosystems (Study I) and the adaptive capacity through the management of forest resources by vulnerable farmers (Studies II, III, IV and V). It was found that adaptation is not part of current forest policies, but, instead, policies contain elements of risk management practices, which are also relevant to the adaptation of forest ecosystems. These practices include, among others, the management of forest fires, forest genetic resources, non-timber resources and silvicultural practices. Better livelihood opportunities emerged as the priority for the farmers. These vulnerable farmers had different forms of forest management. They have a wide range of experience and practical knowledge relevant to ensure and achieve livelihood improvement alongside sustainable management and good governance of natural resources. The contributions of traded non-timber forest products to climate change adaptation appear limited for local communities, based on their distribution among the stakeholders in the market chain. Plantation (agro)forestry, if well implemented and managed by communities, has a high potential in reducing socio-ecological vulnerability by increasing the food production and restocking degraded forest lands. Integration of legal arrangements with continuous monitoring, evaluation and improvement may drive this activity to support short, medium and long term expectations related to adaptation processes. The study concludes that effective forest governance initiatives led by vulnerable poor groups represent one practical way to improve the adaptive capacities of socio-ecological systems against the impacts of climate change in Africa.

Helsingin metropolialueen maisemaekologiset muutokset vuosina 1955-2009

Landscape is shaped by natural environment and increasingly by human activity. In landscape ecology, the concept of landscape can be defined as a kilometre-scale mosaic formed by different land-use types. In Helsinki Metropolitan Region, the landscape change caused by urbanization has accelerated after the 1950s. Prior to that, the landscape of the region was mainly only shaped by agriculture. The goal of this study was in addition to describing the landscape change to discuss the factors impacting the landscape change and evaluate thelandscape ecological impacts of the change. Three study areas at different distances from Helsinki city centre were chosen in order to look at the landscape change. Study areas were Malmi, Espoo and Mäntsälä regions representing different parts of the urban-to-rural gradient in 1955, 1975, 1990 and 2009. Land-use of the maps was then digitized into five classes: agricultural lands, semi-natural grasslands, built areas, waters and others using GIS methods. First, landscape change was studied using landscape ecological indices. Indices used were PLAND i.e. the proportions of the different land-use types in the landscape; MPS, SHEI and SHDI which describe fragmentation and heterogeneity of the landscape; and MSI and ED which are measures of patch shape. Second, landscape change was studied statistically in relation to topography, soil and urban structure of the study areas. Indicators used concerning urban structure were number of residents, car ownership and travel-related zones of urban form which indicate the degree of urban sprawl within the study areas. For the statistical analyses, each of the 9.25 x 9.25 km sized study areas was further divided into grids with resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 kilometres. Third, the changes in the green structure of the study areas were evaluated. The landscape change reflected by the proportions of the land-use types was the most notable in Malmi area where a large amount of agricultural land was developed from 1955 to 2009. The proportion of semi-natural grasslands also showed an interesting pattern in relation to urbanization. When urbanization started, a great number of agricultural lands were abandoned and turned into semi-natural grasslands but as the urbanization accelerated, the number of semi-natural grasslands started to decline because of urban densification. Landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity were the most widespread in Espoo study area which is not only because of the great differences in relative heights within the region but also its location in the rural-urban fringe. According to the results, urbanization induced agricultural lands to be more regular in shape both spatially and temporally whereas for built areas and semi-natural grasslands the impact of urbanization was reverse. Changes in landscape were the most insignificant in the most rural study area Mäntsälä. In Mäntsälä, built area per resident showed the greatest values indicating a widespread urban sprawl. The values were the smallest in highly urbanized Malmi study area. Unlike other study areas, in Mäntsälä the proportion of developing land in the ecologically disadvantageous cardependent zone was on the increase. On the other hand, the green structure of the Mäntsälä study area was the most advantageous whereas Malmi study area showed the most ecologically disadvantageous structure. Considering all the landscape ecological criteria used, the landscape structure of Espoo study area proved to be the best not least because of the great heterogeneity of its landscape. Thus the study confirmed the previous results according to which landscape heterogeneity is the most significant in areas exposed to a moderate human impact.

Koko kansan koti vai kommunistien pesäke? Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentaminen ja paikan henki 1955-1959

Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin vuosina 1955–1958 vastaamaan Suomen kommunistisen puolueen ja muiden kansandemokraattisten järjestöjen toimitilojen puutteeseen. Kulttuuritalo oli myös kommunistien vastaus Helsingissä jo 1900-luvun alusta lähtien käytyyn konserttisali keskusteluun. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin SKP:n päämajaksi, mutta sinne asettui myös lukuisia muita kansandemokraattisia järjestöjä. Kulttuuritalon suunnitteli professori Alvar Aalto. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani olen tarkastellut Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentamista ja paikan hengen muodostumista vuosien 1955–1959 välillä. Aikarajaus kattaa Kulttuuritalon rakennusvuodet sekä sen ensimmäisen kokonaisen toimintavuoden. Tutkielman ensisijaiset tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Miksi Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin, millainen rakennusprosessi oli ja millainen paikan henki Kulttuuritalolle muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana? Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkielmalle muodostaa paikan hengen käsite. Primäärilähteinä tutkielmassa ovat Kansan Arkistosta löytyvät Kulttuuritalo Oy:n ja Kulttuurityö ry:n kokoelmat sekä sanomalehdet. Sanomalehtiä käytetään Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen ilmentämiseen. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin pääasiassa talkoovoimin. Talkoisiin osallistui runsaasti ihmisiä niin pääkaupunkiseudulta kuin ulkopaikkakunnilta. Suurin osa Kulttuuritalon rakentamisen rahoituksesta tuli kommunistisilta poliittisilta järjestöiltä ja ammattijärjestöiltä. Pyynnöistä huolimatta Helsingin kaupungilta tai Suomen valtiolta ei tippunut tukea kommunistien hankkeelle. NKP osallistui Kulttuuritalon rakennuskustannuksiin sekä suorin tavaralahjoituksia että epäsuoraan Bukarestissa sijainneen kansainvälisen rahaston kautta, joka toimi SKP:n rahoittajana. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen luominen liittyi tiiviisti Kulttuuritalon rakentamiseen, sillä paikan henki alkoi muodostua jo talon rakennusvaiheessa. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen rakentamiseen osallistuivat niin kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit kuin kommunismin vastustajat. Kommunismin vastustajilla tarkoitan tutkielmassa oikeistoa ja sosiaalidemokraatteja. Kommunismin vastustajat vastustivat tavallisesti myös Kulttuuritaloa, mikä kytkee 1950-luvun suomalaisen antikommunismin Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen muodostamiseen. Kun kommunistit rakensivat Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen positiivista puolta, sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset lehdet osallistuivat sen negatiivisen puolen muodostamiseen. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengestä muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana voimakkaan punainen. Kulttuuritalon punaisuus sai kuitenkin kaksi merkitystä: Kommunisteille ja kansandemokraateille se merkitsi työväenliikkeen solidaarisuutta, tasa-arvoa ja voimaa. Kulttuuritalo oli heille osoitus työväen voimasta, ja he toivoivat sen auttavan kommunisteja saavuttamaan laajemman kannatuksen ja hyväksytyn aseman yhteiskunnassa. Kommunismin vastustajille Kulttuuritalo puolestaan merkitsi perinteistä yhteiskuntaa uhkaavaa tekijää. Kulttuuritalon oli heidän mielestään vaarallinen paikka, jonka avulla kommunistit pyrkivät vahvistamaan asemiaan yhteiskunnassa. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki heijasti näin suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kahtiajakautuneisuutta. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki vaikutti myös talon käyttöön. Kulttuuritalon ottivat innolla omakseen kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit, mutta sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset eivät halunneet sitä käyttää, vaikka Kulttuuritalon juhlasali olikin Helsingissä ainoa, joka täytti kansainvälisestikin tasokkaan akustiikan vaatimukset.

Tibetan Written Images : A Study of Imagery in the Writings of Dhondup Gyal

Dhondup Gyal (Don grub rgyal, 1953 - 1985) was a Tibetan writer from Amdo (Qinghai, People's Republic of China). He wrote several prose works, poems, scholarly writings and other works which have been later on collected together into The Collected Works of Dhondup Gyal, in six volumes. He had a remarkable influence on the development of modern Tibetan literature in the 1980s. Examining his works, which are characterized by rich imagery, it is possible to notice a transition from traditional to modern ways of literary expression. Imagery is found in both the poems and prose works of Dhondup Gyal. Nature imagery is especially prominent and his writings contain images of flowers and plants, animals, water, wind and clouds, the heavenly bodies and other environmental elements. Also there are images of parts of the body and material and cultural images. To analyse the images, most of which are metaphors and similes, the use of the cognitive theory of metaphor provides a good framework for making comparisons with images in traditional Tibetan literature and also some images in Chinese, Indian and Western literary works. The analysis shows that the images have both traditional and innovative features. The source domains of images often appear similar to those found in traditional Tibetan literature and are slow to change. However, innovative shifts occur in the way they are mapped on their target domains, which may express new meanings and are usually secular in nature if compared to the religiosity which often characterizes traditional Tibetan literature. Dhondup Gyal's poems are written in a variety of styles, ranging from traditional types of verse compositions and poems in the ornate kāvya-style to modern free verse poetry. The powerful central images of his free verse poems and some other works can be viewed as structurally innovative and have been analysed with the help of the theory of conceptual blending. They are often ambiguous in their meaning, but can be interpreted to express ideas related to creativity, freedom and the need for change and development.