The Art of Adaptation : A study on the Europeanization of Finland's foreign and security policy

This study examines how Finnish foreign and security policy has been influenced by the European Union and its Common Foreign and Security Policy. It points to a growing interplay and misfit between the external expectations originating from the European level and the domestic expectations and traditional ways-of-doing-things. It is concluded that the deepening European integration in the sphere of foreign, security and defence policy has played a significant role in a number of transformations in the Finnish policies since 1995. New, more European, meanings have been attached to the key concepts of Finnish foreign and security policy. Neutrality and traditional peacekeeping have been replaced by a minimalist reading of military non-alignment and participation in crisis management operations and EU battle groups. Traditional small state identity has been recast more and more as small member stateness . At the same time Finland has entered an era of post-consensus in national foreign and security policy. A key theoretical argument in the background of the study is that collective understandings attached to European policies, when not resonating well with domestic understandings, cause adaptation pressures on domestic-level processes and may lead to changes in the way interests and identities are constructed. This means that Europeanization is principally seen as identity reconstruction. Consequently, the theoretical framework of the study builds on the Europeanization research literature and constructivist IR theory on state identity. Foreign and security policy is defined as the practice in which state identity is reproduced, and the key foreign and security policy concepts are seen as the vehicles of identity production. It is concluded that for Finland, participation in the EU s foreign, security and defence policies represents not only a tool for responding to the changes in the international security environment but also a new means of self-identification. Concerning the Finnish attempts of projecting national interests on the European security policy agenda, it is concluded that they mainly relate to the compatibility of the potential development of EU s defence dimension with the Finnish military non-alignment. Although neutrality was cast aside in the official security policy when Finland joined the EU, the analysis shows that its impact has continued in the domestic political debate and in the mind-set of the decision-makers. The primary research material includes official Finnish foreign and security policy documentation and the related parliamentary debates from 1994 to 2007. This study serves also as a comprehensive empirical overview on Finland s reactions and contributions to the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy.

Monietnisten ihmisten etninen identiteetti suomalaisessa viitekehyksessä : kosmopoliittisuutta, monikulttuurisuutta ja itsensä etsimistä

The purpose of this thesis was to understand the experiences of the multiethnic people in Finland. This study explored the different aspects of the ethnic identity development process. Thesis was done in two phases. First phase studied the question of how is the ethnic identity developed in Finnish context and what aspects had affected their ethnic identity process. The second phase explored questions as what kind of ethnic identity form the multiethnic people have in Finland and do they have developed cosmopolitan global identities. The aim of this qualitative study was not to empirically measure or define the multiethnic identity, but to open new perspectives of the life and experiences through narrative research. Intention of this thesis was to give voice to small stories of the minority people that are so often shadowed by the big stories of the male of the majority. The first phase of this study included narratives from four multiethnic women. The narratives answered to questions who am I and where do I come from. The second phase data collection was made with narrative forms to 12 self-identified multiethnic persons. The multiethnic people were from three backgrounds: ones with parents from different ethnic backgrounds, Finnish who had lived long time abroad and people from non-Finnish backgraound who had lived in Finland for a long time. The analyzing was made by analyzing the narratives with content analysis that based on the theory of the multiethnic people and by narrative analyzing where short narratives were created of each person. In conclusion the multiethnic identity was found to be a continuous process that lasted through lifetime. Different aspects affected the identification process, including family dynamics, social mirroring and belonging. The variety of different ethnic options in multiethnic person identity process, lacking family support for the both ethnic identities and the feeling of otherness experienced by the multiethnic people in Finland cause additional challenges to the ethnic identity process and results in some cases cultural homelessness. On the other hand the variety of cultural contexts brings flexibility to negotiate between different cultures and languages resulting to positive hybrid identity for some of the multiethnic people. Hybrid identity was sub grouped to cosmopolitan identity and multicultural identity.

Subject Teacher Training and Teaching in English

The purpose of this Master s thesis is on one hand to find out how CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) teachers and English teachers perceive English and its use in teaching, and on the other hand, what they consider important in subject teacher education in English that is being planned and piloted in STEP Project at the University of Helsinki Department of Teacher Education. One research question is also what kind of language requirements teachers think CLIL teachers should have. The research results are viewed in light of previous research and literature on CLIL education. Six teachers participate in this study. Two of them are English teachers in the comprehensive school, two are class teachers in bilingual elementary education, and two are subject teachers in bilingual education, one of whom teaches in a lower secondary school and the other in an upper secondary school. One English teacher and one bilingual class teacher have graduated from a pilot class teacher program in English that started at the University of Helsinki in the middle of the 1990 s. The bilingual subject teachers are not trained in English but they have learned English elsewhere, which is a particular focus of interest in this study because it is expected that a great number of CLIL teachers in Finland do not have actual studies in English philology. The research method is interview and this is a qualitative case study. The interviews are recorded and transcribed for the ease of analysis. The English teachers do not always use English in their lessons and they would not feel confident in teaching another subject completely in English. All of the CLIL teachers trust their English skills in teaching, but the bilingual class teachers also use Finnish during lessons either because some teaching material is in Finnish, or they feel that rules and instructions are understood better in mother tongue or students English skills are not strong enough. One of the bilingual subject teachers is the only one who consciously uses only English in teaching and in discussions with students. Although teachers good English skills are generally considered important, only the teachers who have graduated from the class teacher education in English consider it important that CLIL teachers would have studies in English philology. Regarding the subject teacher education program in English, the respondents hope that its teachers will have strong enough English skills and that it will deliver what it promises. Having student teachers of different subjects studying together is considered beneficial. The results of the study show that acquiring teaching material in English continues to be the teachers own responsibility and a huge burden for the teachers, and there has, in fact, not been much progress in the matter since the beginning of CLIL education. The bilingual subject teachers think, however, that using one s own material can give new inspiration to teaching and enable the use of various pedagogical methods. Although it is questionable if the language competence requirements set for CLIL teachers by the Finnish Ministry of Education are not adhered to, it becomes apparent in the study that studies in English philology do not necessarily guarantee strong enough language skills for CLIL teaching, but teachers own personality and self-confidence have significance. Keywords: CLIL, bilingual education, English, subject teacher training, subject teacher education in English, STEP

Why Don't Students Talk? Causes of Foreign Language Communication Apprehension in English Classes: A Comparison of High Apprehensive and Low Apprehensive Upper Secondary Students.

OBJECTIVES. Oral foreign language skills are an integral part of one's social, academic and professional competence. This can be problematic for those suffering from foreign language communication apprehension (CA), or a fear of speaking a foreign language. CA manifests itself, for example, through feelings of anxiety and tension, physical arousal and avoidance of foreign language communication situations. According to scholars, foreign language CA may impede the language learning process significantly and have detrimental effects on one's language learning, academic achievement and career prospects. Drawing on upper secondary students' subjective experiences of communication situations in English as a foreign language, this study seeks, first, to describe, analyze and interpret why upper secondary students experience English language communication apprehension in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes. Second, this study seeks to analyse what the most anxiety-arousing oral production tasks in EFL classes are, and which features of different oral production tasks arouse English language communication apprehension and why. The ultimate objectives of the present study are to raise teachers' awareness of foreign language CA and its features, manifestations and impacts in foreign language classes as well as to suggest possible ways to minimize the anxiety-arousing features in foreign language classes. METHODS. The data was collected in two phases by means of six-part Likert-type questionnaires and theme interviews, and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The questionnaire data was collected in spring 2008. The respondents were 122 first-year upper secondary students, 68 % of whom were girls and 31 % of whom were boys. The data was analysed by statistical methods using SPSS software. The theme interviews were conducted in spring 2009. The interviewees were 11 second-year upper secondary students aged 17 to 19, who were chosen by purposeful selection on the basis of their English language CA level measured in the questionnaires. Six interviewees were classified as high apprehensives and five as low apprehensives according to their score in the foreign language CA scale in the questionnaires. The interview data was coded and thematized using the technique of content analysis. The analysis and interpretation of the data drew on a comparison of the self-reports of the highly apprehensive and low apprehensive upper secondary students. RESULTS. The causes of English language CA in EFL classes as reported by the students were both internal and external in nature. The most notable causes were a low self-assessed English proficiency, a concern over errors, a concern over evaluation, and a concern over the impression made on others. Other causes related to a high English language CA were a lack of authentic oral practise in EFL classes, discouraging teachers and negative experiences of learning English, unrealistic internal demands for oral English performance, high external demands and expectations for oral English performance, the conversation partner's higher English proficiency, and the audience's large size and unfamiliarity. The most anxiety-arousing oral production tasks in EFL classes were presentations or speeches with or without notes in front of the class, acting in front of the class, pair debates with the class as audience, expressing thoughts and ideas to the class, presentations or speeches without notes while seated, group debates with the class as audience, and answering to the teacher's questions involuntarily. The main features affecting the anxiety-arousing potential of an oral production task were a high degree of attention, a large audience, a high degree of evaluation, little time for preparation, little linguistic support, and a long duration.

Pilkahduksia Pilkkeestä : tutkimus ikääntyvien päihteidenkäyttäjien päivätoimintaryhmistä

Tutkimuskohteenani ovat Helsingin Diakonissalaitoksen Pilke-projektin päivätoimintaryhmät ikääntyville päihteidenkäyttäjille. Helsingin Diakonissalaitoksen Pilke-projekti on osa Sininauhaliiton Liika on aina liikaa – ikääntyminen ja alkoholi -hanketta ja sitä rahoittaa Raha-automaattiyhdistys. Idea tutkimuksen tekoon nousi Liika on aina liikaa – ikääntyminen ja alkoholi -hankkeen tutkimustarpeiden myötä, tarpeesta saada kuuluviin yhden osahankkeen asiakkaiden ääni ja nostaa esiin heidän näkemyksensä ja kokemuksensa ryhmätoiminnasta, johon he osallistuvat, ja jota ei ole tutkittu vielä. Yhtenä perusteluna tutkimuksen tekemiselle on myös se, että aihe on uusi ja sitä ei ole juurikaan tutkittu. Tutkimusotteeni on etnografinen. Olen havainnoinut kolmea, Helsingin Diakonissalaitoksen eri tiloissa kokoontuvaa Pilke-ryhmää reilun puolen vuoden ajan. Tämän lisäksi olen haastatellut ryhmien jäseniä ryhmähaastattelun keinoin. Tutkimusnäkökulmaani olen laajentanut koskemaan myös ohjaajien työtä, koska pidän heidän työnsä näkyväksi tekemistä tärkeänä. Analyysissä yhdistän etnografisen aineiston temaattista luentaa ja diskurssianalyyttisempää otetta kiinnittäen huomiota puheella tuotettuihin ja puheen tuottamiin merkityksiin, vuorovaikutukseen keskustelijoiden välillä sekä identiteetin rakentumiseen puheessa. Tutkimuksessa pyrin kuvaamaan ja ymmärtämään ikääntyvien päihteidenkäyttäjien ryhmätoimintaa ja sen merkitystä ikääntyville sekä sitä, miten ryhmään löydytään. Ryhmähaastatteluissa kiinnostukseni kohdistuu etenkin siihen, miten ikääntyvät kokevat Pilke-ryhmätoiminnan ja millaisia määrittelyjä he itsestään ja suhteestaan ryhmätoimintaan tai alkoholiin antavat. Tuon esiin myös sitä, millaisiin haasteisiin tutkija voi törmätä tutkiessa ikääntyneitä päihteidenkäyttäjiä. Pohdin esimerkiksi afaattisesti puhuvien ihmisten haastattelemista ryhmähaastattelun keinoin sekä miksi havainnointi on mielestäni hyvä tapa tutkia ikääntyneitä päihteidenkäyttäjiä. Tulo Pilkkeeseen alkaa etsivästä työstä. Verkostojen yhteistyöllä ryhmiin päätyvät sellaiset ikääntyvät, joista suurin osa ei olisi kotonaan aktiivisten eläkeläisten harrastuspiireissä, koska niissä ei ole totuttu käymään ja sosiaalinen elämä on rajoittunut esimerkiksi lähiöravintolaan. Puhutaan haastavanakin pidetystä vähemmistöstä ikääntyneiden joukossa. Alkoholia on käytetty jo pitkään, tai sitä on ryhdytty käyttämään runsaasti vasta iäkkäänä. Pilkkeeseen löytyvistä ikääntyvistä varsin suuri osa kuitenkin kiinnittyy ryhmään. Tähän syynä ovat uusien ihmiskontaktien saamisen tärkeys, ohjaajien persoona, keskustelumahdollisuus ja mahdollisuus tehdä käsillä jotain, mitä kenties ei koskaan tulisi kotona tehtyä. Kynnys osallistumiseen on matala ja vaatimuksia elämäntapoja muuttamiselle ei ole. Pilkkeen merkitys siihen osallistuville on tulosteni mukaan suuri. Pilke katkaisee usein yksinäiseksikin koettua arkea ja muut ryhmässä käyvät koetaan tärkeiksi. Pilke tarjoaa mahdollisuuden jakaa ajatuksiaan ja omaa elämäntarinaansa. Huumori kantaa Pilke-tapaamisia. Myös käsillä tekeminen koetaan tärkeäksi ja sen huomaaminen, että tekemisen taito on tallella, voimaannuttaa. Pilke luo uudenlaista järjestystä elämään ja sen myötä myös alkoholinkäyttö osalla vähenee. Etenkin pitkäaikaisille jäsenille Pilkkeen voi sanoa muodostuvan kiinnipitäväksi ympäristöksi, joka on tutkimukseni keskeinen, alun perin D.W. Winnicottin käyttämä käsite.

Jos olisin viisas niin siivoisin : Lasten luovat prosessit päiväkodissa

It has been found usually to talk in the early childhood education in connection with the creativity about arts and skills and about play. In this treatise, the creativity is approached besides play but also from the point of view of the creativity of the everyday. The starting point for the study is the view according to which the creativity is complex interaction between a creative person and an environment. The theoretical body of the study is the Componential theory of creativity of Amabile (1996). The process which is open and product which is new and suitable or acceptable were defined creative. In the opinion of many researchers, the creativity is a phenomenon that has determined in a certain time and place so the creativity is examined from the point of view of the social constructionism. As creative processes in the day nursery it has been defined pretend play, child´s involvement and children´s agentive perception which is based on the Children´s agentive perception theory of Reunamo (2007). The purpose of the study is to clarify how the child's personal factors and the social environment affect the creative processes of children in the day nursery. This Master's thesis is based on the Children' s agentive perception uncovered study led by Jyrki Reunamo (2010) which was carried out in the spring of 2010 in Keski-Uusimaa and in Hämeenlinna and Taiwan. From the study, a name has also been used "on the sources of Orientation", a research project and development project. The study includes the children's evaluation sector, the observation sector, the children's interview sector and the evaluation sector of the pedagogic environment. 891 Children 1-7 year-old by age participated in the study. All the sectors which belong to the study of Reunamo were utilized in this treatise and the Finnish day nurseries or preschool groups which had participated in the study were marked off as the target group. The main component analysis, sum variables, the correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney s U-test and Kruskall-Wallas test were used for the statistical examination of the quantitative material. In this treatise it was noticed, both the personal properties of the child and a social environment, that they affected all the examined creative processes which also had a significant connection with each other statistically. The definition of creativity was filled best by the participative answers. However, the number of the participative answers was only 8% in the questions concerning adults. That raised the question whether an attempt should be made to have effect so that the children's better participation also in the interaction with the adults would be possible in the educational culture of the day nursery. In the further study, the conscious building of the social environment which supports the creativity from a social constructionism point of view could indeed be an interesting task. The treatise is suitable for an examination of the interaction between the child's person and a social environment especially from the point of view of the creativity.