Språkbad - ett effektivt sätt att lära sig språk? : Föräldrars och elevers tankar kring språkbad i Helsingfors

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää helsinkiläisten perusopetuksen yläluokkien kielikylpy-oppilaiden ja heidän vanhempiensa käsityksiä ruotsinkielisestä kielikylvystä. Tarkoituksena oli tutkia syitä kielikylpymenetelmän tai vastaavasti perinteisen opetuksen valitsemiseksi sekä oppilaiden ja heidän vanhempiensa käsityksiä kielikylpyoppilaiden koulumenetyksestä ja kielitaidosta. Tarkoituksena oli myös selvittää, mikä asema kielikylvyllä on oppilaiden elämässä koulukontekstin ulkopuolella sekä miten oppilaat ja heidän vanhempansa suhtautuvat kielikylpyyn kokonaisuutena. Tutkimuksen perusjoukkoon kuuluivat kaikki lukuvuonna 2002−2003 Helsingin perusopetuksen yläluokkien ruotsinkielisessä kielikylvyssä olevat oppilaat sekä heidän vanhempansa. Otokseen saatiin 128 oppilasta ja 94 vanhempaa. Näiden lisäksi tutkimukseen osallistui 40 vanhempaa, joiden lapset osallistuivat yksikieliseen suomenkieliseen perusopetukseen. Tutkimusjoukon oppilaista osa on ollut alaluokilla varhaisessa täydellisessä kielikylvyssä ja osa varhaisessa osittaisessa kielikylvyssä. Tutkimus edustaa survey-tutkimusta, jossa aineistonhankintamenetelmänä on käytetty sekä lomakekyselyä että haastattelua. Teemahaastatteluun valittiin 10 oppilasta tutkimuksen perusjoukosta. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin kevään 2003 aikana. Aineistosta laskettiin frekvenssejä, keskilukuja ja korrelaatioita sekä käytettiin ristiintaulukointeja. Keskiarvojen merkitsevyystestaukset suoritettiin yksisuuntaisilla varianssianalyyseillä F- ja t-testein. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa käsitellään kielitaidon ja kaksikielisyyden käsitteitä sekä esitellään erilaisia pedagogisia menetelmiä, joilla pyritään kehittämään kielitaitoa. Teoriaosuudessa pohditaan myös asenteiden ja motivaation merkitystä kielen omaksumisessa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että perusopetuksen yläluokkien kielikylpyoppilailla ja heidän vanhemmillaan on varsin yhdensuuntaisia käsityksiä kielikylvystä. Kielikylpyyn ollaan varsin tyytyväisiä kokonaisuutena, mutta kehitettävää ja parannettavaa on. Opiskelu kielikylpyluokalla miellettiin positiivisena, mutta ruotsinkielisen opetuksen määrään toivottiin muutosta. Vanhemmat arvostivat kielikylpyä erityisesti siinä käytettävien opetusmenetelmien ja saavutettavien tulosten perusteella. Sekä vanhemmat että oppilaat kokevat ruotsin kielen oppimisen erittäin tarpeelliseksi ja hyödylliseksi peilaten vastauksissaan tulevaisuuden opiskelu- ja työelämän tarpeita. Oppilaiden ruotsin kielen taidot arvioitiin erittäin korkeiksi. Kielikylpykielen asema oppilaiden elämässä koulun ulkopuolella oli erittäin vähäinen. Ruotsin kielen käyttötilanteet rajoittuivat matkoihin ja erilaisiin opastustilanteisiin. Omaehtoista kielen käyttöä ei juuri ilmennyt hyvästä kielitaidosta huolimatta. Oppilaiden käsityksissä ei ollut havaittavissa eroja eri sukupuolten välillä. Joissain tapauksissa luokka-asteella, mutta erityisesti oppilaan koululla ja kielikylpymuodolla oli vaikutusta tutkittuihin käsityksiin.

Elewård på finska och pä svenska. En fallstudie som granskar samband mellan socialt kap språk och ungdomars välmående

Forskningen utreder skillnader mellan finsk- och svenskspråkiga skolor i en kommun i Nylands län utgående från elevvårdens synvinkel. Syftet är att kartlägga situationen i en kommun och synliggöra de skillnader och faktorer som påverkar det sociala kapitalets mängd i skolorna. Skillnaderna betraktas utgående från det sociala kapitalets inverkan på gemenskapen och från ekologisk synvinkel. Sambandet mellan det sociala stöd och den sociala kontroll som särskilt de vuxna i skolan producerar, har betydelse för skolelevers välmående. För att kunna bilda en socialt stödande och socialt kontrollerande atmosfär krävs det funktionella förändringar i skolan. Särskilt de vuxna i skolan skulle behöva mera gemenskap. Elevvårdsarbetet och skolarbetet riktar sig främst mot elever i dag, fastän de vuxna skulle behöva stärka sina sociala förhållanden. Bris i uppkomsten av socialt stöd och kontroll beror främst på problem i samarbete och kommunikation mellan de vuxna i skolan. Skolkuratorerna är de enda professionella inom skolan som i sitt arbete tar hela skolan som gemenskap i beaktande. Denna forskning är en abduktiv kvalitativ fallstudie som är tili sin karaktär beskrivande. Som data används intervjuer av elevvärdspersonalen i kommunen och enkäten Hälsa i skolan av Institutet för hälsa och välfärd från år 2008. Viktigaste källan för forskningen är Noora Ellone (2008) forskning "Kasvuyhteisö nuoren turvana".

Die Personennamen und Titel der mittelmongolischen Dokumente : Eine lexikalische Untersuchung

The present research is an investigation into the corpus of personal names and titles that are found in sources from the Middle Mongolian period, that is the time from the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century. The entry for every name or title has been divided into three parts: occurence(s) of a given name in Middle Mongolian sources (primary sources), etymology, and occurence(s) in sources other than Middle Mongolian (secondary sources). Culturally and lingistically the corpus can be divided into six sub-groups: Mongolian, Turkic (Old, Middle and Modern), Arabo-Persian (Islamic), Indo-Iranian and Tibetan (Buddhist), as well as Chinese. Among these, the largest group is formed by Mongolian and Turkic, followed by Chinese (mostly titles), Indo-Iranian, Arabo-Persian and Tibetan. With regard to the primary and secondary occurences the research is based mainly on primary sources including text-publications and dictionaries. Every name or title is documented as completely as possible within a Central Asian framework. However, due to the divergency of the sources available as well as diachronical importance, each sub-group has been dealt with slightly differently, but consistently. The corpus of investigated names and titles gives a fairly correct picture of the multi-ethnical composition of the Mongolian world-empire. It also shows the foreign influences on Mongolian names and titles, being in this respect a mirror of the influences that are visible in other parts of the Middle Mongolian culture too. Furthermore, the investigated corpus reflects the transitory stage of the 13th to 15th century in Central Asian history, and includes thus material from the past (Indo-Iranian, Old and Middle Turkic), and material that points to the future (Arabo-Persian, Tibetan, Modern Turkic).

Democracy, Participation, and Deliberation in China : The discussion about democratic centralism in the official Chinese press, 1978-1981

This study examines the Chinese press discussion about democratic centralism in 1978-1981 in newspapers, political journals and academic journals distributed nationwide. It is thus a study of intellectual trends during the Hua Guofeng period and of methods, strategies, and techniques of public political discussion of the time. In addition, this study presents democratic centralism as a comprehensive theory of democracy and evaluates this theory. It compares the Chinese theory of democratic centralism with Western traditions of democracy, not only with the standard liberal theory but also with traditions of participatory and deliberative democracy, in order to evaluate whether the Chinese theory of democratic centralism forms a legitimate theory of democracy. It shows that the Chinese theory comes close to participatory types of democracy and shares a conception of democracy as communication with the theory of deliberative democracy. Therefore, the Chinese experience provides some empirical evidence of the practicability of these traditions of democracy. Simultaneously, this study uses experiences of participatory democracies outside of China to explain some earlier findings about the Chinese practices. This dissertation also compares Chinese theory with some common Western theories and models of Chinese society as well as with Western understandings of Chinese political processes. It thus aims at opening more dialogue between Chinese and Western political theories and understandings about Chinese polity. This study belongs to scholarly traditions of the history of ideas, political philosophy, comparative politics, and China studies. The main finding of this study is that the Chinese theory of democratic centralism is essentially a theory about democracy, but whether its scrupulous practicing alone would be sufficient for making a country a democracy depends on which established definition of democracy one applies and on what kind of democratic deficits are seen as being acceptable within a truly democratic system. Nevertheless, since the Chinese theory of democratic centralism fits well with some established definitions of democracy and since democratic deficits are a reality in all actual democracies, the Chinese themselves are talking about democracy in terms acceptable to Western political philosophy as well.

"Do Not Celebrate Your Feast without Your Neighbours" : A Study of References to Feasts and Festivals in Non-Literary Documents from Ramesside Period Deir el-Medina

This dissertation is a study of the forms and functions of feasts and feasting in the ancient Egyptian village of Deir el-Medina in Thebes (modern Luxor). This particular village, during the New Kingdom (c. 1550 1069 BC), was inhabited by the men (and their families) who constructed the Royal Tombs in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens. The royal artisans were probably more literate than the average Egyptians and the numerous Ramesside Period (c. 1295 1069 BC) non-literary texts found in the excavations of the village and its surroundings form the source material for this study. In this study, the methods used are mainly Egyptological and the references to feasts and feasting are considered in view of what is known of New Kingdom Egypt, Thebes, and Deir el-Medina. Nevertheless, it is the use of the methodological concept local vernacular religion that has resulted in the division of the research findings into two sections, i.e., references to feasts celebrated both in and outside the community and other references to feasts and feasting in the village. When considering the function of the feasts celebrated at Deir el-Medina, a functional approach to feasts introduced by anthropologists and archaeologists is utilized. The Deir el-Medina feasts which were associated with the official religion form a festival calendar of feasts celebrated annually on the same civil calendar day. The reconstructed festival calendar of Deir el-Medina reflects the feasts celebrated around Thebes or, at least, in Western Thebes. The function of the nationally and regionally observed feasts (which, at least at Deir el-Medina, resulted in a work-free day) may have been to keep people content so that they would continue to work which was to the advantage of the king and the elite surrounding him. Local feasts appear to have been observed more irregularly at Deir el-Medina or perhaps according to the lunar calendar. Feasts celebrated by the community as a whole served to maintain the unity of the group. In addition to feasts celebrated by the entire community, the inhabitants of Deir el-Medina could mark their own personal feasts and organize small gatherings during public feasts. Through such feasts, an individual man might form alliances and advance his chances of a favourable marriage or of acquiring a position on the work crew.

But if you desire God and His Messenger : The concept of choice in Sahih al-Bukhari

The aim of this dissertation is to discuss the concept of choice in the most important collection of Islamic traditions, Sahih al-Bukhari. The author of the collection, Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari, lived between 810-870. My starting point is the collection of texts as it is now in its normative, established form. I read the hadiths as pieces of reality, not as statements about reality. The historicity of the texts has no role at all in my analysis. Part I sketches out the hagiography of the life and work of the author and provides a short history of the development of hadith literature and the processes of collecting and classifying the texts are discussed briefly. Part one ends with the presentation of my way of using rhetorical analysis as a methodological tool. Part II introduces my analysis of the concept of choice. It is divided into ten chapters, each concentrating on one hadith cluster. Part II ends with a discussion of the philosophy of free will and predestination in early Islam. Hadith literature is often considered as a representative of predestinarian theology compared to the Qur'an which emphasises the reponsibility of people of their own acts. In my conclusions I suggest that accoding to the texts in Sahih al-Bukhari, people do deal with real choices in their lives. The collection includes both strictly predestinarian texts but it also compises texts which claim that people are demanded to make real choices, even choices concerning life and death.