Las tablas astronómicas de Alfonso X El Sabio: los ejemplares del Museo Naval de Madrid

Las Tablas Astronómicas de Alfonso X el Sabio fueron realizadas en la ciudad de Toledo entre 1263 y 1270 por dos de los colaboradores habituales del Rey, Yehuda ibn Moshé e Isaac ibn Sid, ambos judíos. El manuscrito original no se conserva pero sí contamos con una copia de principios del siglo XVI (Ms. 3306, B.N.) que nos ha transmitido los cánones y el prólogo de las Tablas, proporcionándonos información acerca de quien, donde y cómo se desarrolló el proyecto. El equipo de astrónomos reunido en torno al Rey se valió de la herencia clásica recogida a través del mundo árabe así como de las innovaciones que se habían producido en al-Andalus para crear una obra de gran trascendencia en el panorama científico posterior, difundiéndose en copias manuscritas e impresas por toda Europa durante cuatro siglos.

Risk of African swine fever introduction into the European Union through transport-associated routes: returning trucks and waste from international ships and planes

BACKGROUND The uncontrolled presence of African swine fever (ASF) in Russian Federation (RF) poses a serious risk to the whole European Union (EU) pig industry. Although trade of pigs and their products is banned since the official notification in June 2007, the potential introduction of ASF virus (ASFV) may occur by other routes, which are very frequent in ASF, and more difficult to control, such as contaminated waste or infected vehicles. This study was intended to estimate the risk of ASFV introduction into the EU through three types of transport routes: returning trucks, waste from international ships and waste from international planes, which will be referred here as transport-associated routes (TAR). Since no detailed and official information was available for these routes, a semi-quantitative model based on the weighted combination of risk factors was developed to estimate the risk of ASFV introduction by TAR. Relative weights for combination of different risk factors as well as validation of the model results were obtained by an expert opinion elicitation. RESULTS Model results indicate that the relative risk for ASFV introduction through TAR in most of the EU countries (16) is low, although some countries, specifically Poland and Lithuania, concentrate high levels of risk, the returning trucks route being the analyzed TAR that currently poses the highest risk for ASFV introduction into the EU. The spatial distribution of the risk of ASFV introduction varies importantly between the analyzed introduction routes. Results also highlight the need to increase the awareness and precautions for ASF prevention, particularly ensuring truck disinfection, to minimize the potential risk of entrance into the EU. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first assessment of ASF introduction into the EU through TAR. The innovative model developed here could be used in data scarce situations for estimating the relative risk associated to each EU country. This simple methodology provides a rapid and easy to interpret results on risk that may be used for a target and cost-effective allocation of resources to prevent disease introduction.