Genero y capacidades directivas en cooperativas de trabajo asociado. Estudios de exploratorio en CTAs Valencianas

Son numerosas las investigaciones que desde hace más de dos décadas han investigado posibles influencias de género en el comportamiento en la empresa y en los estilos de dirección. Sin embargo, en el análisis no se han contemplado los aspectos institucionales y organizativos, que juegan un papel relevante en el comportamiento y en el trabajo de los directivos. Atendiendo a lo anterior, este trabajo muestra las implicaciones organizativas que tiene la forma institucional Cooperativa de trabajo asociado (CTA) y cómo afectan al trabajo directivo. Asimismo, y desde una perspectiva de género, se investigan en CTAs valencianas las capacidades directivas vinculadas a diferencias de género. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la naturaleza del trabajo que realizan las directivas (mujeres) así como su visión del trabajo directivo, responde a un estilo directivo contemporáneo, y tienen un mayor “encaje” con el contexto organizativo de la CTA caracterizado por relaciones entre iguales.

Desigualdad de género en tiempos de crisis: análisis comparativo de la economía social

La crisis económica en la que aún se halla inmersa la economía española ha sido especialmente procaz en el mercado laboral. Las abultadas cifras de desempleo parecen enmascarar una tétrica situación que es experimentada de desigual forma por hombres y mujeres. En este contexto, el objetivo fundamental de este artículo estriba en analizar si las diferencias de género existentes en el mercado laboral español se manifiestan del mismo modo durante la actual crisis o bien se aprecian diferencias entre la época de recesión y la inmediatamente anterior. Valorar si la crisis ha afectado por igual a los miembros de uno y otro sexo o si ha habido diferencias sustanciales entre ellos, conforma el hilo conductor de este trabajo, y en su seno evidenciar las eventuales diferencias existentes entre las empresas de Economía Social y el resto de empresas de la economía española.

¿Cómo pueden aprovechar las cooperativas el talento de las mujeres? Responsabilidad social empresarial e igualdad real

Breve análisis de la situación de desigualdad en que se encuentran las mujeres en las cooperativas del Estado español; de aquellas de las características de las organizaciones cooperativas que facilitan la progresiva superación de dicha desigualdad, y de las medidas que se pueden ir adoptando para ello.

Economía social e igualdad de oportunidades en el ámbito rural. Un análisis aplicado a la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León

Las desigualdades socioeconómicas por razón de sexo son mayores en las áreas rurales que en otros ámbitos más poblados. Sin embargo, se considera al colectivo de mujeres como un grupo prioritario para promover la activación económica de los territorios rurales, como así reconocen las distintas políticas públicas puestas en marcha para el desarrollo económico y social de esos espacios. Teniendo en cuenta esta apreciación, es posible establecer una relación estrecha entre los fines perseguidos por las políticas de igualdad de oportunidades y los valores y principios que preconizan las entidades que forman el sector de la economía social. En consecuencia, el objetivo de este trabajo se concreta en analizar la participación y situación laboral de las mujeres que se encuentran ocupadas en las empresas del sector de la economía social dentro del medio rural de Castilla y León, como forma organizativa generadora de empleos para este colectivo, bajo los principios de cooperación, solidaridad y equidad.

La influencia del género sobre la responsabilidad social empresarial en las entidades de economía social

Puesto que las Entidades de la Economía Social (EES) basan su funcionamiento en valores como la democracia, la igualdad, la equidad, la solidaridad y, por tanto, contrarios a toda clase de discriminación, cabria esperar que prevaleciera en todos sus ámbitos la igualdad de género y, en especial, en lo relativo a la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, al igual que sucede en el conjunto de las empresas, los escasos estudios que existen ponen de manifiesto que en las EES la participación de hombres y mujeres en la toma de decisiones no es igualitaria. Parece que estas organizaciones no son ajenas a los efectos de la segregación vertical, fundamentados en diversas teorías explicativas. No obstante, el estilo directivo femenino es bien diferente al desarrollado por sus colegas masculinos, aunque la cultura empresarial y los estereotipos de género impiden su diferenciación efectiva. Por otra parte, la sociedad exige cada vez más a las empresas compromisos sociales y medioambientales que superan el ámbito estrictamente económico. Por ello, a las empresas en general, y a las de la Economía Social en particular, se les pide que adopten prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). En este contexto, y ante el paralelismo que existe entre los valores y principios de la Economía Social y de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la incidencia del género en la RSE de las EES. Para ello, se cuenta con la información proporcionada de una muestra formada por 134 cooperativas y sociedades laborales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor participación de las mujeres en la toma de decisiones de las empresas de Economía Social no afecta ni a la RSE, medida en su conjunto, ni a cada una de sus dimensiones (económica, social y medioambiental).

Perfil de la situación de la mujer en las cooperativas de trabajo en España

El artículo analiza los datos de un estudio sobre la situación de la mujer en las cooperativas de trabajo: su vinculación con la cooperativa, categoría profesional, cualificación, conciliación laboral y familiar, en comparación con una investigación realizada en 2004, así como respecto de la mujer en España y UE.

Management science, economics and finance: A connection

This paper provides a brief review of the connecting literature in management science, economics and finance, and discusses some research that is related to the three disciplines. Academics could develop theoretical models and subsequent econometric models to estimate the parameters in the associated models, and analyze some interesting issues in the three disciplines.

Estimating and forecasting generalized fractional Long memory stochastic volatility models

In recent years fractionally differenced processes have received a great deal of attention due to its flexibility in financial applications with long memory. This paper considers a class of models generated by Gegenbauer polynomials, incorporating the long memory in stochastic volatility (SV) components in order to develop the General Long Memory SV (GLMSV) model. We examine the statistical properties of the new model, suggest using the spectral likelihood estimation for long memory processes, and investigate the finite sample properties via Monte Carlo experiments. We apply the model to three exchange rate return series. Overall, the results of the out-of-sample forecasts show the adequacy of the new GLMSV model.

Modelling and testing volatility spillovers in oil and financial markets for USA, UK and China

The primary purpose of the paper is to analyze the conditional correlations, conditional covariances, and co-volatility spillovers between international crude oil and associated financial markets. The paper investigates co-volatility spillovers (namely, the delayed effect of a returns shock in one physical or financial asset on the subsequent volatility or co-volatility in another physical or financial asset) between the oil and financial markets. The oil industry has four major regions, namely North Sea, USA, Middle East, and South-East Asia. Associated with these regions are two major financial centers, namely UK and USA. For these reasons, the data to be used are the returns on alternative crude oil markets, returns on crude oil derivatives, specifically futures, and stock index returns in UK and USA. The paper will also analyze the Chinese financial markets, where the data are more recent. The empirical analysis will be based on the diagonal BEKK model, from which the conditional covariances will be used for testing co-volatility spillovers, and policy recommendations. Based on these results, dynamic hedging strategies will be suggested to analyze market fluctuations in crude oil prices and associated financial markets.

Testing co-volatility spillovers for natural gas spot, futures and ETF spot using dynamic conditional covariances

There is substantial empirical evidence that energy and financial markets are closely connected. As one of the most widely-used energy resources worldwide, natural gas has a large daily trading volume. In order to hedge the risk of natural gas spot markets, a large number of hedging strategies can be used, especially with the rapid development of natural gas derivatives markets. These hedging instruments include natural gas futures and options, as well as Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) prices that are related to natural gas stock prices. The volatility spillover effect is the delayed effect of a returns shock in one physical, biological or financial asset on the subsequent volatility or co-volatility of another physical, biological or financial asset. Investigating volatility spillovers within and across energy and financial markets is a crucial aspect of constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies. The paper tests and calculates spillover effects among natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets using the multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK model. The data used include natural gas spot and futures returns data from two major international natural gas derivatives markets, namely NYMEX (USA) and ICE (UK), as well as ETF data of natural gas companies from the stock markets in the USA and UK. The empirical results show that there are significant spillover effects in natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets for both USA and UK. Such a result suggests that both natural gas futures and ETF products within and beyond the country might be considered when constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies for natural gas spot prices.

Volatility spillovers for spot, futures, and ETF prices in energy and agriculture

The agricultural and energy industries are closely related, both biologically and financially. The paper discusses the relationship and the interactions on price and volatility, with special focus on the covolatility spillover effects for these two industries. The interaction and covolatility spillovers or the delayed effect of a returns shock in one asset on the subsequent volatility or covolatility in another asset, between the energy and agricultural industries is the primary emphasis of the paper. Although there has already been significant research on biofuel and biofuel-related crops, much of the previous research has sought to find a relationship among commodity prices. Only a few published papers have been concerned with volatility spillovers. However, it must be emphasized that there have been numerous technical errors in the theoretical and empirical research, which needs to be corrected. The paper not only considers futures prices as a widely-used hedging instrument, but also takes an interesting new hedging instrument, ETF, into account. ETF is regarded as index futures when investors manage their portfolios, so it is possible to calculate an optimal dynamic hedging ratio. This is a very useful and interesting application for the estimation and testing of volatility spillovers. In the empirical analysis, multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK models are estimated for comparing patterns of covolatility spillovers. The paper provides a new way of analyzing and describing the patterns of covolatility spillovers, which should be useful for the future empirical analysis of estimating and testing covolatility spillover effects.

An econometric analysis of ETF and ETF futures in financial and energy markets using generated regressors

It is well known that that there is an intrinsic link between the financial and energy sectors, which can be analyzed through their spillover effects, which are measures of how the shocks to returns in different assets affect each other’s subsequent volatility in both spot and futures markets. Financial derivatives, which are not only highly representative of the underlying indices but can also be traded on both the spot and futures markets, include Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), which is a tradable spot index whose aim is to replicate the return of an underlying benchmark index. When ETF futures are not available to examine spillover effects, “generated regressors” may be used to construct both Financial ETF futures and Energy ETF futures. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the covolatility spillovers within and across the US energy and financial sectors in both spot and futures markets, by using “generated regressors” and a multivariate conditional volatility model, namely Diagonal BEKK. The daily data used are from 1998/12/23 to 2016/4/22. The data set is analyzed in its entirety, and also subdivided into three subset time periods. The empirical results show there is a significant relationship between the Financial ETF and Energy ETF in the spot and futures markets. Therefore, financial and energy ETFs are suitable for constructing a financial portfolio from an optimal risk management perspective, and also for dynamic hedging purposes.

Asymptotic Theory for Extended Asymmetric Multivariate GARCH Processes

The paper considers various extended asymmetric multivariate conditional volatility models, and derives appropriate regularity conditions and associated asymptotic theory. This enables checking of internal consistency and allows valid statistical inferences to be drawn based on empirical estimation. For this purpose, we use an underlying vector random coefficient autoregressive process, for which we show the equivalent representation for the asymmetric multivariate conditional volatility model, to derive asymptotic theory for the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator. As an extension, we develop a new multivariate asymmetric long memory volatility model, and discuss the associated asymptotic properties.

Realized Matrix-Exponential Stochastic Volatility with Asymmetry, Long Memory and Spillovers

The paper develops a novel realized matrix-exponential stochastic volatility model of multivariate returns and realized covariances that incorporates asymmetry and long memory (hereafter the RMESV-ALM model). The matrix exponential transformation guarantees the positivedefiniteness of the dynamic covariance matrix. The contribution of the paper ties in with Robert Basmann’s seminal work in terms of the estimation of highly non-linear model specifications (“Causality tests and observationally equivalent representations of econometric models”, Journal of Econometrics, 1988, 39(1-2), 69–104), especially for developing tests for leverage and spillover effects in the covariance dynamics. Efficient importance sampling is used to maximize the likelihood function of RMESV-ALM, and the finite sample properties of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters are analysed. Using high frequency data for three US financial assets, the new model is estimated and evaluated. The forecasting performance of the new model is compared with a novel dynamic realized matrix-exponential conditional covariance model. The volatility and co-volatility spillovers are examined via the news impact curves and the impulse response functions from returns to volatility and co-volatility.

A bidding strategy for minimizing the imbalances costs for renewable generators in Spanish power markets

The aim of this paper is to suggest a simple methodology to be used by renewable power generators to bid in Spanish markets in order to minimize the cost of their imbalances. As it is known, the optimal bid depends on the probability distribution function of the energy to produce, of the probability distribution function of the future system imbalance and of its expected cost. We assume simple methods for estimating any of these parameters and, using actual data of 2014, we test the potential economic benefit for a wind generator from using our optimal bid instead of just the expected power generation. We find evidence that Spanish wind generators savings would be from 7% to 26%.