3 resultados para Canto-Dicción

em Universidade Complutense de Madrid


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Al cantante lírico profesional se le exige cantar en el idioma original de la composición. El alemán –junto al italiano– ocupa un lugar destacado en la enseñanza de idiomas aplicados al canto debido al gran número de destacadísimos compositores que han musicado textos en lengua alemana. En España se ha reconocido la necesidad de establecer una enseñanza específica de los principales idiomas del repertorio vocal –entre los que se incluyen también el francés y el inglés– para cantantes y directores de coro. Estas materias se han incluido como obligatorias en los planes de estudio de centros oficiales de grado medio y superiores, así como en numerosos centros privados bajo distintas denominaciones (“Fonética Alemana para Cantantes“, “Fonética Alemana para Directores“ o “Alemán Aplicado al Canto”). Sin embargo, docentes y alumnos se encuentran con la falta de material didáctico adecuado, ya que los métodos de aprendizaje disponibles en el mercado abordan la enseñanza de la lengua alemana desde un punto de vista meramente comunicativo. Dichos métodos no se adecuan a las exigencias formativas de la lengua aplicada al canto ni desde el punto de vista fonético-fonológico ni desde el de los demás planos lingüísticos. La enseñanza de un idioma aplicado al canto tiene como objetivo la correcta interpretación de las obras vocales, tanto desde el punto de vista fonético como de contenido, lo que implica conocimientos del contexto literario, musical y cultural. La presente investigación se ha centrado en el plano fonético-fonológico de la lengua, debido a que el objetivo primordial de la labor docente de los idiomas aplicados al canto consiste en la adquisición de destrezas fonéticas. Un análisis exhaustivo de los demás planos lingüísticos excedería los límites de esta investigación. Además de la inexistencia de publicaciones didácticas específicas para hispanohablantes, la falta de bibliografía interdisciplinar que aborde de forma científica la dicción alemana en el canto hacían necesario un trabajo de estas características...

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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) comprises the most polymorphic loci in animals. MHC plays an important role during the first steps of the immune response in vertebrates. In humans, MHC molecules (also named human leukocyte antigens, HLA) were initially regarded as class I or class II molecules. Each of them, presents to different T cells subsets. MHC class I molecules, are heterodimers in which the heavy chain (alpha) has three extracellular domains, two of which (alpha 1 and alpha 2) are polymorphic and conform the antigen recognition sites (ARS). The ARS is thought to be subjected to balancing selection for variability, which is the cause of the very high polymorphism of the MHC molecules. Different pathogenic epitopes would be the evolutionary force causing balancing selection. MHC class I genes have been completely sequenced (α1 and α2 protein domains) and thoroughly studied in Gallus gallus (chicken) as well as in mammals. In fact, the MHC locus was first defined in chicken, specifically in the highly consanguineous variety „Leghorn‟. It has been found that, in the case of chickens the MHC genetic region is considerably smaller than it is in mammals (remarkably shorter introns were found in chickens), and is organized quite differently. The noteworthy presence of short introns in chickens; supported the hypothesis that chicken‟s MHC represented a „minimal essential MHC‟. Until now, it has been assumed that chicken (order Galliformes) MHC was similar to all species included in the whole class Aves...

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As early as the first century A.D. we can already find the first examples of what would be a long tradition of monographic works dedicated to figures: the authors of this group of treatises considered style as the most important aspect within the different disciplines of rhetoric. The works are especially common in the latter centuries of Latinity. Rutilius Lupus, rhetor of the first century A. D., composed the first of these treatises devoted exclusively to the figures; Schemata Dianoeas et Lexeos ex Graecis Gorgiae Versa. Due to the fragmentary condition of the manuscripts, important parts of this work have been lost, in which the theoretical justification for the studies of the figures by this author were most likely developed. Fortunately, the De figuris sententiarum et elocutionis by Aquila Romanus provides more information. Aquila Romanus probably lived at the end of the third century A.D. or the beginning of the fourth century A.D., and his work is based on the treatise of Alexander Numenius, a Greek author from the second century A.D. Aquila Romanus and Rutilius Lupus are the most important writers of treatises on figures in the Latin language, although many more treatises of these characteristics would be composed after them, works which were considered “minor”. One of these treatises is the De figuris Sententiarum et elocutionis by Julius Rufinianus, author from the fourth century A.D. Medieval manuscripts assign two other manuals to Julius Rufinianus : De schematis lexeos and De schematis dianoeas but this attribution is doubtlessly false. They are two small manuals of figures illustrated with numerous Virgilian examples. The next treatise of note is the anonymous Carmen de figuris vel schematibus, the most unusual treatise of figurative language. And finally, a brief figurist manual entitled Schemata dianoeas quae ad rhetores pertinent probably written in the fourth century A.D., shortly after Carmen de figuris...