Análisis económico del sistema de pensiones y asistencia social en México

En la actualidad es de gran relevancia el estudio de los sistemas de pensiones, debido a que la población en etapa de vejez crece rápidamente, al mismo tiempo que la población económicamente activa disminuye. Aunque diversos países han realizado reformas a sus sistemas de pensiones para dotarlos de mayor sostenibilidad financiera, esto no ha tenido un impacto favorable en la cobertura. Por otra parte, el empleo informal ocasiona que no sea significativa la población que cotiza para una pensión. Esta situación ocasionará en México una crisis financiera, ya que no se diversifica la inversión de los fondos de las pensiones, además, que no existe portabilidad entre los más de 104 sistemas de pensiones existentes. La población adulta mayor requiere al igual de servicios asistenciales de salud, de esparcimiento, y de inclusión social; de modo que estos servicios aunados con la pensión satisfagan las necesidades de este sector de la población. Síntesis El objetivo de la investigación es analizar el sistema de pensiones en México, así como estudiar las acciones de asistencia social que se están realizando; ya que la humanidad está sufriendo cambios demográficos importantes, y por ello los expertos de la política social y los organismos intergubernamentales deberían estar preocupados por el tema de la vejez, sin embargo, esta cuestión provoca desinterés en estos. Entre los resultados obtenidos, en Latinoamérica, se puede apreciar que en cuanto a la cobertura de pensiones, en países como Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador y República Dominicana ha aumentado entre 1990 y 2011; Bolivia siguió constante y en Brasil, México, Panamá, Perú y Uruguay disminuyeron los niveles de cobertura en ese periodo...

Los centros especiales de empleo en Castilla y León, 2007-2013: efectos de la crisis en función de la personalidad jurídica que adoptan

Este trabajo surge con el propósito de realizar un estudio, económico-financiero, sobre los Centros Especiales de Empleo localizados en Castilla y León, a partir de una clasificación en función de la personalidad jurídica que adoptan y comprobar cómo les puede afectar la crisis económica iniciada a finales de 2007. Se analizan diferentes partidas recogidas en sus estados financieros y se comparan los resultados del análisis con los obtenidos en años anteriores, periodo 2007-2013, al objeto de mostrar una perspectiva más amplia de su tamaño, desarrollo, crecimiento y comportamiento. Para ello se utilizan las siguientes magnitudes económicas: activo total, cifra de negocios y resultados. Se compara la variable empleo con las subvenciones recibidas por los Centros poniendo de manifiesto como la crisis sí les afecta en función de la personalidad jurídica que adoptan, siendo las entidades más perjudicadas las asociaciones y personas físicas, pudiendo incluso ocasionar su desaparición. Además se introduce la cuenta de reversión para los Centros, que mide qué porcentaje de las ayudas públicas recibidas es devuelto a la sociedad.

La articulación productiva como elemento clave para el desarrollo económico: la experiencia de España, Corea del Sur y México frente al proceso de internacionalización de la producción, 1980-2000

La articulación productiva, como una característica esencial de la estructura económica, es un tema poco analizado por la teoría económica. Por lo tanto, esta tesis pretende incorporarla en el análisis económico de manera explícita, para estudiar los efectos que tienen sobre las características de las estructuras económicas la actual forma de organización de la producción y el comercio a nivel mundial. La investigación analiza las repercusiones de la producción fragmentada sobre las características de las estructuras económicas y los posibles efectos para el desarrollo económico. Se estudian tres países – Corea del Sur, España y México –, caracterizados por una fuerte integración internacional. Con el fin de evaluar el desempeño económico bajo modelos de desarrollo disímiles, se comparan el año de 1980 con al primer decenio del 2000, con el empleo de tablas input-output (TIO)...

Management science, economics and finance: A connection

This paper provides a brief review of the connecting literature in management science, economics and finance, and discusses some research that is related to the three disciplines. Academics could develop theoretical models and subsequent econometric models to estimate the parameters in the associated models, and analyze some interesting issues in the three disciplines.

Estimating and forecasting generalized fractional Long memory stochastic volatility models

In recent years fractionally differenced processes have received a great deal of attention due to its flexibility in financial applications with long memory. This paper considers a class of models generated by Gegenbauer polynomials, incorporating the long memory in stochastic volatility (SV) components in order to develop the General Long Memory SV (GLMSV) model. We examine the statistical properties of the new model, suggest using the spectral likelihood estimation for long memory processes, and investigate the finite sample properties via Monte Carlo experiments. We apply the model to three exchange rate return series. Overall, the results of the out-of-sample forecasts show the adequacy of the new GLMSV model.

Modelling and testing volatility spillovers in oil and financial markets for USA, UK and China

The primary purpose of the paper is to analyze the conditional correlations, conditional covariances, and co-volatility spillovers between international crude oil and associated financial markets. The paper investigates co-volatility spillovers (namely, the delayed effect of a returns shock in one physical or financial asset on the subsequent volatility or co-volatility in another physical or financial asset) between the oil and financial markets. The oil industry has four major regions, namely North Sea, USA, Middle East, and South-East Asia. Associated with these regions are two major financial centers, namely UK and USA. For these reasons, the data to be used are the returns on alternative crude oil markets, returns on crude oil derivatives, specifically futures, and stock index returns in UK and USA. The paper will also analyze the Chinese financial markets, where the data are more recent. The empirical analysis will be based on the diagonal BEKK model, from which the conditional covariances will be used for testing co-volatility spillovers, and policy recommendations. Based on these results, dynamic hedging strategies will be suggested to analyze market fluctuations in crude oil prices and associated financial markets.

Testing co-volatility spillovers for natural gas spot, futures and ETF spot using dynamic conditional covariances

There is substantial empirical evidence that energy and financial markets are closely connected. As one of the most widely-used energy resources worldwide, natural gas has a large daily trading volume. In order to hedge the risk of natural gas spot markets, a large number of hedging strategies can be used, especially with the rapid development of natural gas derivatives markets. These hedging instruments include natural gas futures and options, as well as Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) prices that are related to natural gas stock prices. The volatility spillover effect is the delayed effect of a returns shock in one physical, biological or financial asset on the subsequent volatility or co-volatility of another physical, biological or financial asset. Investigating volatility spillovers within and across energy and financial markets is a crucial aspect of constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies. The paper tests and calculates spillover effects among natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets using the multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK model. The data used include natural gas spot and futures returns data from two major international natural gas derivatives markets, namely NYMEX (USA) and ICE (UK), as well as ETF data of natural gas companies from the stock markets in the USA and UK. The empirical results show that there are significant spillover effects in natural gas spot, futures and ETF markets for both USA and UK. Such a result suggests that both natural gas futures and ETF products within and beyond the country might be considered when constructing optimal dynamic hedging strategies for natural gas spot prices.

Volatility spillovers for spot, futures, and ETF prices in energy and agriculture

The agricultural and energy industries are closely related, both biologically and financially. The paper discusses the relationship and the interactions on price and volatility, with special focus on the covolatility spillover effects for these two industries. The interaction and covolatility spillovers or the delayed effect of a returns shock in one asset on the subsequent volatility or covolatility in another asset, between the energy and agricultural industries is the primary emphasis of the paper. Although there has already been significant research on biofuel and biofuel-related crops, much of the previous research has sought to find a relationship among commodity prices. Only a few published papers have been concerned with volatility spillovers. However, it must be emphasized that there have been numerous technical errors in the theoretical and empirical research, which needs to be corrected. The paper not only considers futures prices as a widely-used hedging instrument, but also takes an interesting new hedging instrument, ETF, into account. ETF is regarded as index futures when investors manage their portfolios, so it is possible to calculate an optimal dynamic hedging ratio. This is a very useful and interesting application for the estimation and testing of volatility spillovers. In the empirical analysis, multivariate conditional volatility diagonal BEKK models are estimated for comparing patterns of covolatility spillovers. The paper provides a new way of analyzing and describing the patterns of covolatility spillovers, which should be useful for the future empirical analysis of estimating and testing covolatility spillover effects.

An econometric analysis of ETF and ETF futures in financial and energy markets using generated regressors

It is well known that that there is an intrinsic link between the financial and energy sectors, which can be analyzed through their spillover effects, which are measures of how the shocks to returns in different assets affect each other’s subsequent volatility in both spot and futures markets. Financial derivatives, which are not only highly representative of the underlying indices but can also be traded on both the spot and futures markets, include Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), which is a tradable spot index whose aim is to replicate the return of an underlying benchmark index. When ETF futures are not available to examine spillover effects, “generated regressors” may be used to construct both Financial ETF futures and Energy ETF futures. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the covolatility spillovers within and across the US energy and financial sectors in both spot and futures markets, by using “generated regressors” and a multivariate conditional volatility model, namely Diagonal BEKK. The daily data used are from 1998/12/23 to 2016/4/22. The data set is analyzed in its entirety, and also subdivided into three subset time periods. The empirical results show there is a significant relationship between the Financial ETF and Energy ETF in the spot and futures markets. Therefore, financial and energy ETFs are suitable for constructing a financial portfolio from an optimal risk management perspective, and also for dynamic hedging purposes.

Asymptotic Theory for Extended Asymmetric Multivariate GARCH Processes

The paper considers various extended asymmetric multivariate conditional volatility models, and derives appropriate regularity conditions and associated asymptotic theory. This enables checking of internal consistency and allows valid statistical inferences to be drawn based on empirical estimation. For this purpose, we use an underlying vector random coefficient autoregressive process, for which we show the equivalent representation for the asymmetric multivariate conditional volatility model, to derive asymptotic theory for the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator. As an extension, we develop a new multivariate asymmetric long memory volatility model, and discuss the associated asymptotic properties.

Realized Matrix-Exponential Stochastic Volatility with Asymmetry, Long Memory and Spillovers

The paper develops a novel realized matrix-exponential stochastic volatility model of multivariate returns and realized covariances that incorporates asymmetry and long memory (hereafter the RMESV-ALM model). The matrix exponential transformation guarantees the positivedefiniteness of the dynamic covariance matrix. The contribution of the paper ties in with Robert Basmann’s seminal work in terms of the estimation of highly non-linear model specifications (“Causality tests and observationally equivalent representations of econometric models”, Journal of Econometrics, 1988, 39(1-2), 69–104), especially for developing tests for leverage and spillover effects in the covariance dynamics. Efficient importance sampling is used to maximize the likelihood function of RMESV-ALM, and the finite sample properties of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters are analysed. Using high frequency data for three US financial assets, the new model is estimated and evaluated. The forecasting performance of the new model is compared with a novel dynamic realized matrix-exponential conditional covariance model. The volatility and co-volatility spillovers are examined via the news impact curves and the impulse response functions from returns to volatility and co-volatility.

A bidding strategy for minimizing the imbalances costs for renewable generators in Spanish power markets

The aim of this paper is to suggest a simple methodology to be used by renewable power generators to bid in Spanish markets in order to minimize the cost of their imbalances. As it is known, the optimal bid depends on the probability distribution function of the energy to produce, of the probability distribution function of the future system imbalance and of its expected cost. We assume simple methods for estimating any of these parameters and, using actual data of 2014, we test the potential economic benefit for a wind generator from using our optimal bid instead of just the expected power generation. We find evidence that Spanish wind generators savings would be from 7% to 26%.

El capital y la aplicación de resultados en las sociedades agrarias de transformación: praxis y propuestas lege ferenda

El marco jurídico de las Sociedades Agrarias de Transformación (SAT) no regula con detalle aspectos jurídicos y económicos de estas sociedades, concediendo un amplísimo margen a la voluntad de los socios, quienes lo configurarán en los estatutos sociales. Esta ausencia de regulación u otorgamiento de libertad, como se quiera interpretar, en torno al régimen económico de esta figura societaria, ha dado lugar a la existencia de SAT muy distintas en función de su particular solución negocial plasmada en los estatutos. Ello motiva la existencia de SAT que toman como modelo económico-financiero de referencia el de las cooperativas, otras que han puesto la vista en la estructura económico-financiera de las sociedades anónimas y limitadas, y un tercer grupo, que no contienen apenas normas concretas relativas a su régimen económico y en alguna ocasión se han calificado como sociedades económicamente muy básicas. En este trabajo analizamos la configuración que en la realidad presentan estas organizaciones y que como se verá, da lugar en ocasiones a unas entidades híbridas. Para constatar la realidad de las SAT, analizamos todos los estatutos y actas fundacionales de las SAT inscritas en Baleares. Así hemos conocido la verdadera regulación estatutaria de aspectos políticos, económicos y sociales, que el legislador dejó a criterio de sus socios. Sobre lo anterior, expondremos propuestas de mejora en la regulación de estas entidades.