Analysis of the strengthening and toughening of a biomaterial interface

Based on the transmission electron micrographs of nacre, the existence of mineral bridges in the organic matrix interface is confirmed. It is proposed that the microarchitecture of nacre should be considered as a "brick-bridge-mortar" (BBM) arrangement rather than traditional "brick and mortar" (BM) one. Experiments and analyses indicate that the mineral bridges effectively affect the strength and toughness of the interfaces in nacre. Comparison with a laminated composite with BM structure, SiC/BN, shows that the pattern of the crack extension and the toughening mechanism of the two materials are different. This reveals that the mineral bridges play a key role in the toughening mechanisms of nacre, which gives a conceptual guidance in material synthesis.

铁基激光熔覆合金设计及微观组织与性能研究

本文设计并制备了具有优良的强韧性能和高温性能的激光熔覆涂层。利用 SEM、TEMEY X－射线衍射仪等研究了涂层的化学成分、宏微观结构及其转变机制，同时研究了涂层强韧性及耐高温磨损性能及其影响机制。对激光溶覆涂层进行了合金化、微观组织、强韧化机制、加工工艺性能设计。合金系为 Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni，成分配比（质量分数），Fe:52-60%, Cr:24-30%, C:5-6%, W:4.5-7.5%, Ni:5-6%。强化机制为两相强化、亚结构强化及固溶强化，其中强化相为合金碳化物，基体相为合金元素过饱和度极高的韧性奥氏体。亚共晶及过共晶组织的领先凝固相分别为奥氏体及 M_7C_3 合金碳化物，两相共晶组织均为韧性相奥氏体和强化相 M_7C_3 合金碳化物。加工工艺控制领先凝固相的结构、组织演化及力学性能。熔覆组织在高温时效过程中形成大量新的碳化物。在过饱和奥氏体内部，可弥散析出细小的 Mc、M_2C 及 M_(23)C_6碳化物；在奥氏体与 M_7C_3 相界面，亚稳相M_7C_3发生原位转变，形成 M_(23)C_6 及 M_6C碳化物。激光熔覆合金具有较高的综合力学性能，熔覆涂层有高的显微硬度、优良的抗回火稳定性、显著的二次硬化特征、优异的抗磨粒磨损和冲击磨损性能。Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni 激光熔覆合金具有较低的裂纹形成倾向和良好的表面成形性能，这与奥氏体较高的高温韧塑性及合金的低熔点共晶特征密切相关；实验及理论分析表明，通过调整合金成分、激光工艺参数和后续热处理工艺，可获得具有不同强韧性能的熔覆涂层。

The interlaminar fracture-behavior and toughening mechanisms of new carbon-fiber-reinforced bismaleimide composites

The interlaminar fracture behaviour of carbon fibre-reinforced bismaleimide (BMI) composites prepared by using a new modified BMI matrix has been investigated by various methods. Laminates of three typical stacking sequences were evaluated. Double cantilever beam, end-notch flexure and edge-delamination tension tests were conducted under conventional conditions and in a scanning electron microscope. The strain energy release rates in Mode I and Mode III G(lc) and G(llc), as well as the total strain energy release rate, G(mc), have been determined and found to be higher than those for laminates with an epoxy matrix. Dynamic delamination propagation was also studied. The toughening mechanisms are discussed.

A HIGH-RESOLUTION SOLID-STATE NMR-STUDY OF THE MISCIBILITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND TOUGHENING MECHANISM OF POLYSTYRENE WITH POLY(2,6-DIMETHYL-1,4-PHENYLENE OXIDE) BLENDS

An extended Goldman-Shen pulse sequence was used to observe indirectly the proton spin diffusion in the blends of polystyrene (PS) with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxides) (PPO). The results indicate that the average distance between PS and PPO is less than 5 angstrom in the intimately mixed phase, but there are heterogeneous domains on a 100-angstrom scale. The data of spin relaxation of carbons, T1(C), for homopolymers and their blends suggest that there is a strong pi-pi electron conjugation interaction between the aromatic rings of PS and those of PPO, while the aromatic rings of PPO drive the aromatic rings of PS to move cooperatively. It is the cooperative motion that markedly improves the impact strength of PS.

Wear Studies of Hydroxyapatite Composite Coating Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been successfully introduced into hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings using laser surface alloying. It is evident from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations that the CNTs present in the matrix still keep their multi-walled cylinder graphic structure, although they undergo the laser irradiation. Scratching test results indicated that the as-alloyed HA composite coatings exhibit improved wear resistance and lower friction coefficient with increasing the amount of CNTs in the precursor material powders. These composites have potential applications in the field of coating materials for metal implants under high-load-bearing conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence factors on wear resistance of two alumina matrix composites

We measured the wear resistances of alumina, alumina/silicon carbide composite and alumina/mullite composite by abrasive wear. And we studied the influence of fracture mode and worn surface pullout on wear resistance. The results are as follows: the main wear mechanisms of alumina and alumina/silicon carbide were fracture wear and plastic wear respectively, and for alumina/mullite composite, fracture wear and plastic wear mechanisms worked together. The wear resistance of the alumina/silicon carbide composite and the alumina/mullite composite was better by a factor of 1 similar to 3 than that of the monolithic alumina. There were two main reasons for the better wear resistance, i.e., the improved mechanical properties and the more smooth worn surfaces. However, The primary reason was the reduction of area fraction of pullout on the worn surfaces induced by fracture mode transition. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Wear resistance of reaction sintered alumina/mullite composites

Alumina and alumina/mullite composites with mullite content of 0.96-8.72 vol.% were subjected to an abrasive wear test under loads of 0.1-2.0 N with a ball-on-disc apparatus. The wear rate and area fraction of pullout f(po) on the worn surfaces were measured. The wear resistances of the alumina/mullite composites were better by a factor of 1-2 than that of pure alumina. The main wear mechanism of alumina is fracture wear, and for alumina/mullite composites, fracture wear and plastic wear mechanisms work together. The influence of mechanical properties on wear resistance was estimated by Evans' method. It was found that the wear rate depends on f(po), and the primary reason for the better wear resistance of alumina/mullite composites is the reduction off, induced by fracture mode transition. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Composites of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and the surface modified carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

To improve the mechanical properties of the composites of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA, LA/GA = 80/20) and the carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) particles, the rice-form or claviform CHAP particles with 30-40 nm in diameter and 100-200 nm in length were prepared by precipitation method. The uncalcined CHAP particles have a coarse surface with a lot of global protuberances, which could be in favor of the interaction of the matrix polymer to the CHAP particles. The nanocomposites of PLGA and surface grafted CHAP particles (g-CHAP) were prepared by solution mixing method. The structure and properties of the composites were subsequently investigated by the emission scanning electron microscopy, the tensile strength testing, and the cell culture. When the contents of g-CHAP were in the range of 2-15 wt %, the PLGA/g-CHAP nanocomposites exhibited an improved elongation at break and tensile strength. At the 2 wt % content of g-CHAP, the fracture strain was increased to 20%) from 4-5% for neat PLGA samples. Especially at g-CHAP content of 15 wt %, the tensile strength of PLGA/g-CHAP composite was about 20% higher than that of neat PLGA materials. The tensile moduli of composites were increased with the increasing of filler contents, so that the g-CHAP particles had both reinforcing and toughening effects on the PLGA composites. The results of biocompatibility test showed that the higher g-CHAP contents in PLGA composite facilitated the adhesion and proliferation properties of osteoblasts on the PLGA/g-CHAP composite film.

Effect of Cl- on the corrosive wear of AISI 321 stainless steel in H2SO4 solution

The effect of Cl- on the corrosive wear behaviour of AISI 321 stainless steel in H2SO4 solution was studied via the corrosive wear rate, the load bearing capacity of passive film and the relationship between pitting and corrosive wear. There is a critical load at natural potential, below which the corrosive wear rate is slightly lowered by Cl-, while above which is increased. At natural potential there are more pits at low load than that at a higher one in the wear tracks and the pits are also deeper. The load bearing capacity is lowered by Cl- at passive region and then the corrosive wear rate increased.

Pure mechanical wear loss measurement in corrosive wear

The method for the measurement of the pure mechanical wear loss for 321 stainless steel, 1045 steel and pure iron in the study of the synergy between corrosion and wear was studied, The methods studied included the measurement in distilled water, by cathodic protection and by adding inhibitor KI, and all were compared with the wear loss in air. The experiment showed that the pure mechanical wear losses and friction coefficients obtained by the three methods were close to each other and can be used to calculate the various wear components in the study of the interaction of corrosion and wear, but the measurements in distilled water for pure iron and 1045 steel are not recommended due to their corrosion.

Temperature Dependence of the Tribological Properties of Laser Re-Melted Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystalline Plasma Sprayed Coatings

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on tribological properties of plasma-sprayed Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystal (QC) coating after laser re-melting treatment. The laser treatment resulted in a more uniform, denser and harder microstructure than that of the as-sprayed coatings. Tribological experiments on the coatings were conducted under reciprocating motion at high frequency in the temperature range from 25 to 650 degreesC. Remarkable influence of temperature on the friction behavior of the coating was recorded and analyzed. Microstructural analysis indicated that the wear mechanisms of the re-melted QC coatings changed from abrasive wear at room temperature, to adhesive wear at 400 degreesC and severe adhesive wear at 650 degreesC owing to the material transfer of the counterpart ball. It was also observed that the ratio of the icosahedral (i)-phase to beta-Al-50(Fe,CU)(50) phase in the coating was higher after test at 400 'C than that at 650 'C. The variation of the ratio UP of coating and of the property of the counterpart ball and coating with the temperature are the two main factors influencing the wear mechanisms and value of the friction coefficient.

激光热处理对化学沉积Ni-P合金薄膜性能的影响

用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了化学沉积Ni-P合金薄膜/单晶硅基体的结构与颗粒度,利用X射线衍射(XRD)技术测试了其化学沉积后的残余应力,测量了激光热处理后残余应力的变化规律,分析了残余应力对磨损性能及界面结合强度的影响。实验结果表明,化学沉积Ni-P合金薄膜/硅基体的残余应力均表现为拉应力,经过激光热处理后残余应力发生了变化,由高值的拉应力变为低值的拉应力或压应力；薄膜残余应力对其磨损性能有明显的影响,其磨损量随着残余应力的减小而减小；薄膜与基体结合强度随着残余应力的增大而减小,合理地选择激光热处理参数可

耐热树脂的增强与增韧研究

耐热树脂或称特种工程塑料主要包括聚芳飒类、聚醚酮类、聚芳酷、液晶类、聚酞亚胺和聚苯硫醚等。长春应化所已获得有关聚芳醚酮（PEK-C），聚芳醚砜（PES-C）和聚酞亚胺（PEI）等特种工程塑料的专利12项。在特种工程塑料中，PEK-C，PES-C和PEI有着最高的机械强度（室温下的拉伸强度在100MPa以上）。PES-C和PEI的耐热等级最高（热变形温度分别为225℃和220-260℃）。PE工有极好的阻燃性（氧指数为47）和耐磨性。而PEK-C的加工性好、韧性高、耐磨损和抗电击穿等性质突出，其综合物性与英国ICI公司的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）相近，是良好的高性能复合材料基体树脂。具有优异综合物性的PEK-C、PES-C、PEI及其改性系列材料在机械、电子电气、军工、医疗及食品等许多领域有着广泛的应用前景。近年来，长春应化所在酞侧基聚芳醚酮和聚芳醚矾的结构一加工一物性关系及开发应用等方面作了大量的研究工作，主要涉及此两种聚合物的粘弹性、屈服行为、断裂行为、转变与松弛以及复合与共混等方面内容。这些研究工作表明，酞侧基聚芳醚酮和聚芳醚矾经过共混和复合改性能够具有更优异的使用性能，而且这些研究中的一些方法同样可以应用于其它耐热树脂的改性。高分子材料科学的发展趋势就是在更深层次上把握材料的结构特点及其与宏观物性间的相互关耽达到高分子分子设计和材料设计的目标，实现高性能化和高功能化使现有的高分子材料找到更广泛而合理的应用。工程塑料的高性能化是高分子材料科学近年来发展的一个主要方向。为满足航天航空、电子信息、汽车工业家用电器以及机械等多方面技术领域的需要，要求材料的机械性能、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和长期使用性等性能进一步提高。在现有工程塑料品种的基础上通过共混增韧、复合增强等改性方法使其成为高性能的结构材料，是高分子材料私｝学的前沿课题及重要任务。本文采用熔融加工的方法制备了PEK-C和PES-C耐热树脂的共混与复合材料，利用热分析、力学性能检测、微观形貌观察、加工性能检测等手段研究了共混物及复合材料的结构与性能。通过对PEK-C和PES-C的冲击断裂过程的研究，我们发现，两种材料在裂纹起始扩展时所能承受的最大应力值相同，但PES-C的裂纹引发（ti）和扩展（tp）所需时间仅是PEK-C的一半，此即PES-C的冲击强度（I）和断裂韧性（KIC）较低的原因。因此，如能延长裂纹引发和扩展的时间，也就是说如能扩大断裂过程区，抑制裂纹的早期形成就能达到增韧的目的。在PES-C的增韧研究方面，我们可以借鉴通用塑料的增韧方法，即在高聚物基体中，以适当的手段掺加第二相粒子，通过粒子的变形和引发基体在粒子周围产生剪切屈服或银纹化等作用机理，实现增韧目的。所不同的是，对PES-C类耐热树脂来说，实现增韧的同时应保持材料原有的高强度和高耐热性等优良险质。另一方面，由于耐热树脂的加工温度极高，适合于通用塑料的偶联剂等界面改性技术已不再适用于特种工程塑料。针对PES-C的增韧方法和机理的研究工作可归纳为以下三个方面：①刚性有机粒子（PPS，LCP等）增韧；②柔性有机粒子（UHMWPE）增韧；③刚性无机粒子（硅灰石）增韧。物理老化或结构松弛效应使得高聚物材料的结构和宏观物性随时间而发生变化。随时间的增长，PES-C和PES-C／PPS共混物的拉伸强度增加、冲击韧性减小，而且这种变化趋势表现出物理老化过程的自衰减特性。研究结果表明，PES-C／pps共棍物的结构松弛速率比PES-C慢。具有良好界面相互作用的PES一C／PPS共混物材料的强度和韧性始终高于PES-C纯组份聚合物。因此说，pES-C／PPS共混物不仅具有良好的短期性能，而且在高温下长期使用过程中，其力学性能将始终优于纯组份聚合物。我们研究了热固性聚酞亚胺预聚物（P01）增容聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共混物的热学性能、力学性能、形态结构及加工性，对POI在聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共混物中所起的增容作用机理进行了初步探讨。实验发现，PEK-C／PPS共混物在保持PEK一C原有的高强度和高模量的同时，加工流动性和韧性得到一定程度的改善。PEK-C／ppS／Pm三元共混物中，少量的POI能够控制PPS分散相的相区尺寸，防止分散相粒子的自凝聚，起到了增容剂的作用。热固性高聚物预聚体可用于增容热塑性高聚物共混体系，这种增容方法有其特殊性和新颖性，增容后的聚芳醚酮／聚苯硫醚共棍物的力学性能得以改善。利用纤维可以作为结晶性高聚物的异相成核剂的特性，将合适的结晶性高聚物与非晶高聚物共混，可以在在一定程度上改善非晶高聚物与纤维间的界面粘结，提高纤维增强效率。这种方法对PEK-C类耐热树脂尤为重要。通过与即S共混，玻纤增强PEK-C复合材料中纤维与基体间的界面粘结以及纤维的长径比明显增加，因而复合材料的强度和模量显著提高，而且加工流动性也得到一定程度的改善。从考虑综合物性的角度出发，利用结晶性高聚物改善纤维与非晶树脂基体间的界面粘结时，结晶性高聚物的用量存在一个最佳值。与PEEK／GF复合材料相比，PEK-C／PPS／GF复合材料在加工能耗、价格等方面存在很大优势，可以预期这一高性能复合材料可应用于制造高强度、高耐热、耐腐蚀、耐磨损、耐疲劳的往复运动部件、振动或转动等机械零部件。

铅超积累花卉的筛选与螯合强化及其应用

近年来，土壤重金属污染的植物修复得到世界各国的重视，将花卉植物应用于污染土壤修复方面的研究应该说是刚刚兴起，但具有巨大的修复潜力。我国的铅污染形势十分严峻，大量的铅污染土壤亟待修复。铅在土壤中生物有效态的含量很低，因此必须采用一些有效的强化手段（如施用螯合剂）来提高植物的修复效率。 本研究以草本花卉为研究对象，通过室外盆栽筛选实验，分析了30 种花卉植物对Pb 的耐性特征和积累特性，并与螯合诱导技术相结合，强化花卉植物的修复效果，同时尽量减少可能造成的环境风险和健康危害。 根据超积累植物应具备的4 个基本特征，对参试的30 种花卉植物进行盆栽初步筛选分析。实验结果表明，对Pb 污染耐性较强且积累能力较强的花卉有9种；对Pb 污染耐性较强但积累能力较弱的花卉共12 种，这些植物在植物稳定修复方面可能有一定价值；其它9 种花卉对Pb 污染耐性较弱且积累能力较弱，是Pb 的非超积累植物。 盆栽浓度梯度筛选实验表明，满天星和火炬鸡冠是具有铅超积累植物特征的花卉。满天星转移系数大于1，地上部铅含量超过了铅超积累植物需要达到的临界含量标准，但对高浓度铅污染耐性较差且富集系数小于1；火炬鸡冠耐性较强且地上部铅含量超过了铅超积累植物需要达到的临界含量标准，但转移系数和富集系数均小于1。 水培实验表明：EDTA、NTA 强化效果较好；矮牵牛幼苗土培强化实验确定：先加EDTA，一周后加入NTA，且二者的比例为2：1 时修复效率最高；在7 种铅积累能力较强的花卉植物成熟后，收获前按上述方法分两次施加混合螯合剂，实验结果证实此修复方法具有有效性、经济性、安全性和公众可接受性。