43 resultados para waste water treatment

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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The feasibility of an inexpensive wastewater treatment system is evaluated in this study. An integrated biological pond system was operated for more than 3 years to purify the wastewater from a medium-sized city, Central China. The experiment was conducted in 3 phases with different treatment combinations for testing their purification efficiencies. The pond system was divided into 3 functional regions: influent purification, effluent upgrading and multi-utilization. These regions were further divided into several zones and subzones. Various kinds of aquatic organisms, including macrophytes, algae, microorganisms and zooplankton, were effectively cooperating in the wastewater treatment in this system. The system attained high reductions of BOD5, COD, TSS, TN, TP and other pollutants. The purification efficiencies of this system were higher than those of most traditional oxidation ponds or ordinary macrophyte ponds. The mutagenic effect and numbers of bacteria and viruses declined significantly during the process of purification. After the wastewater flowed through the upgrading zone, the concentrations of pollutants and algae evidently decreased. Plant harvesting did not yield dramatic effects on reductions of the main pollutants, though it did significantly affect the biomass productivity of the macrophytes. The effluent from this system could be utilized in irrigation and aquaculture. Some aquatic products were harvested from this system and some biomass was utilized for food, fertilizer, fodder and some other uses. The wastewater was reclaimed for various purposes.

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The solution of non-volatile solutes can be concentrated to saturation by membrane distillation. If the solute is easy to crystalize, the membrane distillation-crystallization phenomenon will appear during the membrane distillation of saturated solutions. It is possible that crystalline products are separated from concentrated solutions by a membrane process. In this work the PVDF capillary membrane, which was improved on hydrophobicity by using LiCl instead of a water-soluble polymer as an additive, has been used for treating the waste water of taurine. The crystalline product has been obtained from the waste water by the membrane distillation-crystallization technique. The results have shown good prospects for a membrane distillation application for treatment of industrial waste water.

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于2010-11-23批量导入

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In this paper, we have reported a facile method for the synthesis of ordered magnetic core-manganese oxide shell nanostructures. The process included two steps. First, manganese ferrite nanoparticles were obtained through a solvothermal method. Then, the manganese ferrite nanoparticles were mixed directly with KMnO4 solution without any additional modified procedures of the magnetic cores. It has been found that Mn element in the core can react with KMnO4 to form manganese oxide which acts as a seed for the in-situ growth of manganese oxide shells. This is significant for the controllable fabrication of symmetrical ordered manganese oxide shell structures. The shell thickness can be easily controlled through the reaction time. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have been employed to characterize the products at different reaction time.

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Measurement of iron and manganese is very important in evaluating the quality of natural waters. We have constructed an automated Fe(II), total dissolved iron(TDI), Mn(II), and total dissolved manganese(TDM) analysis system for the quality control of underground drinking water by reverse flow injection analysis and chemiluminescence detection(rFIA-CL), The method is based on the measurement of the metal-catalyzed light emission from luminol oxidation by potassium periodate. The typical signal is a narrow peak, in which the height is proportional to light emitted and hence to the concentration of metal ions. The detection limits were 3 x 10(-6) mu g ml(-1) for Fe(II) and the linear range extents up to 1.0 x 10(-4) and 5 x 10(-6) mu g ml(-1) for Mn(II) cover a linear range to 1.0 x 10(-4) mu g ml(-1). This method was used for automated in-situ monitoring of total dissolved iron and total dissolved in underground water during water treatment. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower (MST) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCl, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement procedures presented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.

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Taihu Lake is the third largest fresh water lake in China. With the fast economic development, abundant industrial and agricultural waste water has been discharged into Taihu Lake, causing the eutrophication of the water quality, which greatly affected the water utility. In the past decades, the treatment of Taihu Lake has witnessed limited success. Therefore, it is practically and theoretically significant to study the eutrophication of Taihu Lake. This research has focused on the issue of water quality including the characteristics of spatial and temporal distributions, and the rules of nutrient diffusion in the Taihu lake area. Based on the monitoring data, the basis distribution characteristics of water quality in Taihu Lake are analyzed. Comparing Taihu Lake with other Lakes shows that one important reason for Taihu eutrophication is the long period of water retention. A transporting and diffusing model of Taihu nutrient is developed by combining with the hydrodynamics model. Using the model, the concentration field of the total phosphorus (TP) and the influence of wind-driven current are numerically investigated, which leads to the conclusion that the flow field has a great influence on the spatial and temporal distributions of TP in Taihu Lake. Furthermore, the effect for improving the water quality by the project of water diversion from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake was analyzed by simulation. The results demonstrate that short-term water diversion cannot improve the water quality of the heavily-polluted Meiliang Bay and the western bank areas of Taihu Lake.

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造纸行业是造成我国水环境有机污染物的重要污染源之一,其水污染的特点是小厂多、草浆多、工艺落后、污染扩散面广、造成废 水排放量大,每年排放的废水量约39亿立方米,占全国工业废水排放量的1/6,其中有机污染物(以BOD5计)160万吨左右,约占全 国工业废水中有机污染物总量的1/4。尤以占全国制浆造纸行业90%以上的碱法草浆造纸厂的蒸煮黑液量大面广,除含有机物外,还 含有木质素、残碱、硫化物、氯化物等污染物,属于PH值高、色度深、难于治理的高浓度有机废水,对水体污染特别严重,各地要 求治理呼声很高,急待研究并尽快找出各种有效的治理途径。对于碱法草浆蒸煮,黑液高浓度废水的治理,有各种方法,根据国内 的研究进展和我们已有试验工作表明,最经济有效,具有实用价值,在生产上可获得成功是厌氧处理法。近10多年来,国外关于高 效厌氧处理技术研究进展迅速,并出现了多种多样的工艺设备,如高效厌氧生物反应器,并在实用化方面取得了很大成绩,建立了 生产性装置,达到了高负荷运行,效果良好。本试验是根据我们已有研究基础,针对我国国情,对小型制浆造纸厂水污染防治除了 开发碱回收及各种综合利用技术外,要特别加强废水(废液)实用技术研究的指导思想,本试验采用改进型的上流式厌氧污泥床反应 器,设计了两种试验方案,通过试验结果如下。1. 试验方案I—碱法草浆黑液酸化和厌氧发酵I号UASB反应器动态模型试验结果表 明:(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器USAB内装有填料(陶粒)和三相分离器,具有保持高浓度生物量和防止污泥流失的特点 ,污泥浓度Vs 可达30%以上,因而具有高效、节能、产能、滞留期短的优点,当进水CODcr在7500-10000mg/l,HRT由7天缩短到3天 ,有机容积负荷在1.22gCODcr/l·d-3.43gCODcr/l·d时,CODcr平均去除率可达55%-45.5%,最高CODcr去除率可达60.2-63.5%, BOD5去除率可达75.9-83.2%,沼气容积产气率可达0.29-0.67l/l·d,每克CODcr转化为沼气产率达0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d,CH4含量 65.8-75.5%。厌氧发酵出水再用化学法进行后处理脱除难降解的木质素,CODcr总去除率达80%以上。(2). 动态试验结果表明:采 用酸化—厌氧发酵处理黑液工艺合理,技术路线可行。2. 试验方案II—黑液用化学法(Hcl)去除木质素进行厌氧发酵,II号UASB反 应器动态模型试验结果表明:(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器UASB(内有软填料),当进水CODcr7000-13000mg/l左右,HRT 由6天缩短到1天,有机负荷由0.98gCODcr/l·d增加到11gCODcr/l·d时,COD平均去除率均可稳定在70-77%,BOD5去除率为87.3- 93.1%,沼气容积产气率0.21-2.6l/l·d,每克CODcr转化为沼气产率为0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d,高的可达0.53l/gCODcr·d,转化 率较高,CH4含量63-70%。(2). 试验证明碱法草浆黑液物化预处理—厌氧发酵处理的技术路线也是可行的,工艺合理、效果较好。 在有条件的工厂可采用。3.厌氧发酵阶段几大类群微生物计数表明:(1). 当发酵工艺和运行处于相对稳定状态时,微生物群体的 组成也达到相对的稳定,各类微生物之间保持动态平衡关系。当产乙酸菌的数量为107-108个/ml时,产甲烷菌的数量为105-106 个/ml,当产乙酸菌数量为106-107个/ml时,产甲烷菌的数量为103-105个/ml。(2).稳态运行条件下,黑液预处理为甲烷发酵创造 了有利的生态环境,获得了较好的处理效果和较高的COD转化为沼气的产率0.39-0.48l/g·CODcr·d,反应器中形成较为稳定而数 量较下水污泥中高1-2个数量级的厌氧发酵微生物区系组成。这一结果为黑液厌氧发酵提供了微生物理论依据。Paper industry is one of the important pollution source of water environment in our country. Its character of water pollution is many small factories, much grass pulp, disadvantageous technique, large preading area of pullution. Its effluent makes up 1/6 of whole country's industry wastwater. Its organic pollutant accounts 1/4 of whole country's. Alkaline grass paper pulp effluent with pollutants such as ligoin, remaining alkali sulfide, chloride besides organic material, is a kind of high concentrate organic wastewater which has high PH walug, dark colour and is difficult in treatment. There is urgent require to find ways to treat the wastewater. There are different ways to treat alkaline paper grass pulp effluent. According to the research advances and our experiment work, the most economical and useful way is anaerobic degradation which was advanced quick in last ten years. In the control of waste water of small pulp paper mill, the study of wastewater utilization technology should be emphasized, besides alkaline retrieving and different kinds of comprehensive utilization technology. Our experiment used modified UASB(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor). Two kinds of plan were disgned. The results are lined below. 1. The first experiment plant-aciding black pulp effluent and methanogenic digestion. The dynamic model experiment results of I-UASB reactor showed: (1)The mesophilic(35℃±1℃)high effect UASB reactor having haydite and threee state seperation in it had the character of keeping high bioimass concentration and preventing losss of sludge. It had advantages of high effect, energe saving, energe prodcing and short HRT(Hydroulic retention time). When the influent COD was 7500-10000mg, HRT was shortened from 7 days to 3days, organic loading rate was 1.22g-3.43COD/l· d, the average COD removal efficiency was 55%-45%. The highest COD efficiency was 60.2-63.5%, BOD removal of 75.9 -83.4% was achieved. Biogass production rate were up to 0.29-0.67l/l·d. Biogass converted efficiency from every gram of COD could reach 0.39-0.48l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 65.0-75.5%. Chemical method was used to deplate lignin in anaerobic digestion effluent. Total COD removal efficiency could be more than 80%. (2)Using aciding annaerobic digestion to treat the black effluent was reseanable in technique and technology. 2. The second experiment plan-anaerobic digestion was used after the chemical method was used to deplate lignin in the black effluent. The result of dynamic experiment of II-UASB reactor showed: (1)High effect mesophilic (35℃±1℃)UASB reactor having soft slaffing in was used. When influent COD was about 7000-13000mg/l, HRT was shortened from 6 days to 1 day and organic loading rate was increased from 0.90 to 11g COD /l·d, average COD removal efficiency remained stable on 70-77%. BOD, removal efficiency was between 87.3-93.1%. Biogass production rate was 0.2-2.6l/l ·d .Biogass converted efficiency from a gram of COD was 0.39-0.481/gCOD·d with the high value of 0.53l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 63-70%. (2)The way that using physical, chemical Pre-treatment-anaerobic digestion to treat alkaline black effluent is feasible and can be used in some factories when the condition exists. 3. Counting of several class of microoganisms in anaerobic digestion stage showed: (1)As the disgestion was in stable motion, the compositon of microorganic colony could get relative stable. Dynamic balance was remaining among different kinds of microorganism such as methanogenic bacteria, Acidogenic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria. (2)Under stable motion, the pre-treatment of black effluent produced favourable eco-enviroment for methanegenic digestion. Good treatment effect and high biogass convertent efficiency from COD(0.39-0.48l/g·COD· d)were gotten. Some stable and high quantity(10-100times more than sewage sludge)microorganism colony were formed in the reactor. This result provided theoretical basis for anaerobic digestion of black effluent.

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Boron removal is a critical issue in the production of drinking water and of ultra-pure water in the electronics industry. Boron rejection in a RO process is typically in the range of 40-60%. The objective of this study was to distinguish the factor contributing to enhanced boron rejection in reclamation of a spent rinse stream from a plating operation. The effects of different known components used in the feed on boron removal were investigated in the laboratory. The results indicated that glycolic acid and antifoulants could not individually enhance boron rejection in a RO process. A high boron rejection of 95% was achieved as the concentration of iron in the feed was 10 times higher than that of boron, which might be due to formation of a complex between iron oxide and boron. The finding was confirmed in a pilot study.

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In this paper, an AC plasma arc reactorwithworkinggasofhydrogen is applied to destruct chemicalagents. The temperature attains 6000℃ in the arc area and over 2000℃ in the other space of the crucible. The Arsenic (As) contained chemical agent -Adams (DM) used in the experiment, was added into the plasmareactorwith the additives: Fe, CaO, and SiO_2, etc. Pyrolysis and destructionofchemicalagents occurs very quickly in the high-temperature reactor. Gaseous hydrogen was injected into the reactor to form a reductive environment, to reduce the formation of As_2O_3 etc. In the bottom of the crucible, the solid residues of toxicant and additives were melted and formed as vitrified slag. The off-gas was treated by a wet scrubber. The amounts of arsenic distributed in the off-gas, vitrified slag, waste water and solids (soot) were measured. The result shows DM is completely destructed in the plasmareactor. The Arsenic content in the off-gas, vitrified slag, waste water and soot are 0.052 mg/l, 3.0%, 10.44 mg/l, and 5.1% respectively, which will be disposed as the pollutant matters. The results show that the plasma technology is an environmentally friendly technology to destruct chemicals.