克隆整合对植物竞争力和群落结构的影响

某些克隆植物通过克隆整合能够很好的适应逆境或快速扩张。基于克隆整合，研究克隆植物的抗逆性、入侵性及其对群落结构的影响在很多方面值得深入。本文主要应用实验生态学的方法，分别在野外或温室以沙鞭、空心莲子草和羊柴为主要研究对象，研究克隆整合对处于逆境生长条件下克隆植物生长的影响;克隆整合对入侵植物竞争力和被入侵植物群落组成的影响;克隆整合对沙地群落结构和初级生产力的影响，探讨克隆植物对风蚀和水淹的适应机制、入侵克隆植物的入侵机制以及对群落组成和结构的影响机制。主要结论如下： 1. 沙鞭分株的叶片数目和生物量跟沙鞭根状茎的埋藏深度高度正相关，当根状茎被暴露在空气中时，上面所依附的分株要么死亡，要么长势很弱。每样方内沙鞭的分株数目、叶片数目和总生物量随风蚀强度的增加而降低。在对照和短期风蚀中，根状茎连接并不影响上述指标，但是在长期风蚀下，根状茎连接的作用会增强。根状茎连接能够减轻风蚀对沙鞭的负面影响，这很有可能是因为遭受风蚀胁迫的分株从那些没有遭受风蚀侵害的分株那里获得了水分和光合产物的资助。本研究首次证实了保持根状茎连接有助于提高干旱区植物抵御风蚀的能力。 2. 水淹会降低空心莲子草先端分株的生长;克隆整合显著增强了空心莲子草先端分株的生长和繁殖，但降低了基端分株的生长和繁殖。最终，克隆整合并不影响整体空心莲子草克隆片段的生长表现，这预示当空心莲子草从陆地生境向水生生境扩散时，克隆整合对其总体没有净收益。我们认为空心莲子草在由陆地扩张到水域时，可能拥有一种“双刃剑”机制：当处于水生生境中的先端分株得到处于陆生生境中的基端分株的资源支持时，先端分株能够增强自身生长;当因外界扰动导致二者间相连匍匐茎断裂后，陆生生境中的基端分株能够快速增强自身的匍匐茎和分株生长。这种机制可能使得空心莲子草很好的适应高度干扰或高度异质生境，从而增强了其入侵性。 3. 竞争显著降低了空心莲子草先端分株的光系统II中的最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)和生长（生物量、分株数目、叶片数目、总匍匐茎长度和总叶面积），但并不影响高羊茅的生物量。匍匐茎连接显著增强了空心莲子草先端分株的最大量子产额和生长。然而，这种连接效应在竞争时的作用要比非竞争时的作用小的多，而且匍匐茎连接并没有改变空心莲子草的相对邻体效应。与非竞争环境相反，在竞争条件下匍匐茎连接会降低空心莲子草对根系的生物量投资。克隆整合可能对提高空心莲子草的竞争力帮助不大，但是对其开拓空旷领地却非常重要。这些结果预示空心莲子草的入侵性可能和其克隆整合作用有密切关系。 4. 克隆整合显著增强了空心莲子草在群落中的扩张能力，但并没有提高其抑制整体群落物种的能力。相比低密度播种群落，生长在高密度播种群落中的空心莲子草长势明显要弱，高密度播种群落具有更强的抵御入侵的能力。在低密度播种群落中，相比切断群落内外空心莲子草相连匍匐茎，如果保持其连接，优势物种的地上生物量会降低而次优势物种的地上生物量会增加，进而群落的丰富度会得到提高。实验结果预示克隆整合能够增强入侵物种在建植群落中的扩张速度，并能够修饰其在群落结构上的影响，改变群落中单个物种的生长表现。 5. 克隆整合显著增强了羊柴在沙地植物群落中的分株数目，但并没有提高其地上生物量。羊柴分株数目的变化受不同处理因素的影响，在加氮的处理中分株数目为最大，切断处理中为最小。在群落主要组成物种中，克隆整合显著影响了烛台虫实的地上生物量，而其它主要物种的地上生物量则不受处理因素影响。克隆整合并没有影响沙地群落的物种多样性，但会显著影响沙地群落的初级生产力，尤其是添加氮肥以后。

淹水及淹水后出水对皇冠草光合特性和光抑制的影响

通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光等方法，研究了淹水胁迫条件下及胁迫解除后皇冠草不同功能叶片的光合特性及光抑制的变化。结果表明： （1）在淹水阶段，与对照相比，气生叶（全淹组淹水前形成的功能叶）在水淹条件下叶片大小和气孔没有明显变化；但是沉水叶（全淹组淹水后新生的功能叶）的叶面积明显增加，气孔变小，上表皮气孔密度增加，下表皮气孔密度减小。 （2）水淹导致气生叶碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素含量下降。沉水叶在发育过程中碳同化能力、光化学效率和叶绿素逐渐升高。 （3）出水后，在自然强光下气生叶和沉水叶的相对含水量和最大光化学效率Fv/Fm急剧且大幅度下降，发生明显的光抑制；而在弱光下Fv/Fm无明显下降。 （4）出水后离体叶片在水分充足的条件下，在强光下照射6h后气生叶和水生叶均发生严重光抑制，且在弱光下页不能恢复。 因此，我们认为淹水条件下，叶片上表皮气孔密度的增加使其蒸腾速率提高；水生叶较强的碳同化能力和增加的叶面积是确保其植株水下生存的关键；强光使水生叶出水后发生光抑制和反应中心失活，导度和蒸腾速率提高导致的叶片水分丧失则加剧了这一过程，这两者共同作用导致了自然条件下水生叶的出水死亡。

On the radiation and diffraction of linear water waves by an infinitely long rectangular structure submerged in oblique seas

The radiation and diffraction of linear water waves by an infinitely long rectangular structure submerged in oblique seas of finite depth is investigated. The analytical expressions for the radiated and diffracted potentials are derived as infinite series by use of the method of separation of variables. The unknown coefficients in the series are determined by the eigenfunction expansion matching method. The expressions for wave forces, hydrodynamic coefficients and reflection and transmission coefficients are given and verified by the boundary element method. Using the present analytical solution, the hydrodynamic influences of the angle of incidence, the submergence, the width and the thickness of the structure on the wave forces, hydrodynamic coefficients, and reflection and transmission coefficients are discussed in detail.

Palaeoenvironmental changes from pollen record in deep sea core PC-1 from northern Okinawa Trough, East China Sea during the past 24 ka

A pollen record of core PC-1 from the northern Okinawa Trough, East China Sea (ECS), provides information on vegetation and climate changes since 24 cal. kaBP. A total of 103 samples were palynologically analyzed at 8 cm intervals with a time resolution of 230 a. Four pollen zones are recognized: zone I (812-715 cm, 24.2-21.1 cal. kaBP), zone II (715-451 cm, 21.1-15.2 cal. kaBP), zone III (451-251 cm, 15.2-10.8 cal. kaBP), zone IV (251-0 cm, 10.8-0.3 cal. kaBP), corresponding to Late MIS 3, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), deglaciation and Holocene, respectively. The LGM is characterized by the dominance of herbs, mainly Artemisia, and high pollen influx, implying an open vegetation on the exposed continental shelf and a cool and dry climate. The deglaciation is a climate warming stage with Pinus percentage increased and Artemisia percentage decreased and a rapid sea-level rise. The Holocene is characterized by predominance of tree pollen with rapid increase in Castanea-Castanopsis indicating the development of mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and a warm, humid climate. Low pollen influx during the Holocene probably implies submergence of the continental shelf and retreat of the pollen source area. The vegetation indicated by pollen assemblage found in this upper zone is consistent with the present vegetation found in Kyushu, Japan. Originating from the humid mountain area of North Luzon of the Philippines, Tasmania and New Zealand, Phyllocladus with sporadic occurrence throughout PC-1 core probably suggests the influence of Palaeo-Kuroshio Current or intense summer monsoon. The observed changes in Pinus and Herbs percentage indicate fluctuations of the sea level, and high Pinus percentage corresponds to high sea level. Spectrum analysis of the pollen percentage record reveals many millennial-scale periodicities, such as periodicities of 6.8, 3.85 2.2, 1.6 ka.

Paleoenvironmental change in the middle Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation: Evidence from the sedimentation rate and planktonic foraminiferal record

Well-dated, high-resolution records of planktonic foraminifera and oxygen isotopes from two sediment cores, A7 and E017, in the middle Okinawa Trough reveal strong and rapid millennial-scale climate changes since similar to 18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.). Sedimentation rate shows a sudden drop at similar to 11.2 cal. kyr B.P. due to a rapid rise of sea level after the Younger Dryas (YD) and consequently submergence of the large continental shelf on the East China Sea (ECS) and the retreat of the estuary providing sediment to the basin. During the last deglaciation, the relative abundance of warm and cold species of planktonic foraminifera fluctuates strongly, consistent with the timing of sea surface temperature (SST) variations determined from Mg/Ca measurements of planktonic foraminifera from one of the two cores. These fluctuations are coeval with climate variation recorded in the Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic sediments, namely Heinrich event 1 (H1), Bolling-Allerod (B/A) and YD events. At about 9.4 kyr B.P., a sudden change in the relative abundance of shallow to deep planktonic species probably indicates a sudden strengthening of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, which was synchronous with a rapid sea-level rise at 9.5-9.2 kyr B.P. in the ECS, Yellow Sea (YS) and South China Sea (SCS). The abundance of planktonic foraminiferal species, together with Mg/Ca based SST, exhibits millennial-scale oscillations during the Holocene, with 7 cold events (at about 1.7, 2.3-4.6, 6.2, 7.3, 8.2, 9.6, 10.6 cal. kyr BP) superimposed on a Holocene warming trend. This Holocene trend, together with centennial-scale SST variations superimposed on the last deglacial trend, suggests that both high and low latitude influences affected the climatology of the Okinawa Trough. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

微型ROV控制装置及控制方法

介绍了一种基于嵌入式ARM9技术的微型ROV的控制装置及控制方法。该装置可以同时进行两通道串行通讯,实现微型ROV的视频信号、潜水深度、艏向角度、纵倾角度、横摇角度、电子舱温度等数据的采集和与上位机的通讯传输;该装置可以采集16路模拟量信号和12路数字量信号,输出4路模拟量信号和12路TTL电平信号,实现推进器、水下灯、水下摄像机、云台等ROV功能器件的驱动。该装置具有通讯能力强、集成度高、功耗低等特点,可以满足微型ROV所有的常用功能要求。