19 resultados para rape victims

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Microcystins are naturally occurring hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by some toxic freshwater cyanobacterial species. In this study, crude extract of toxic cyanobacterial blooms from Dianchi Lake in southwestern China was used to determine the effects of microcystins on rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 0.024, 0.12, 0.6 and 3 mug MC-LR/ml). Investigations showed that exposure to microcystins inhibited the growth and development of both rice and rape seedlings, however, microcystins had more powerful inhibition effect on rape than rice in germination percentage of seeds and seedling height. Microcystins significantly inhibited the elongation of primary roots of rape and rice seedlings. Determination of the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase demonstrated that microcystin stress was manifested as an oxidative stress. Using ELISA, microcystins were examined from the extract of exposed rape and rice seedlings, indicating that consumption of edible plants exposed to microcystins via irrigation route may have health risks. Significantly different levels of recovered microcystins between exposed rice and rape seedlings Suggested that there might be different tolerant mechanisms toward microcystins. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A simple and sensitive method for evaluating the chemical compositions of protein amino acids, including cystine (Cys)(2) and tryptophane (Try) has been developed, based on the use of a sensitive labeling reagent 2-(11H-benzo[alpha]-carbazol-11-yl) ethyl chloroformate (BCEC-Cl) along with fluorescence detection. The chromophore of the 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-ethyl chloroformate (BCEOC-Cl) molecule was replaced with the 2-(11H-benzo[alpha]-carbazol-11-yl) ethyl functional group, yielding the sensitive fluorescence molecule BCEC-Cl. The new reagent BCEC-Cl could then be substituted for labeling reagents commonly used in amino acid derivatization. The BCEC-amino acid derivatives exhibited very high detection sensitivities, particularly in the cases of (Cys)(2) and Try, which cannot be determined using traditional labeling reagents such as 9-fluorenyl methylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) and ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). The fluorescence detection intensities for the BCEC derivatives were compared to those obtained when using FMOC-Cl and BCEOC-Cl as labeling reagents. The ratios I (BCEC)/I (BCEOC) = 1.17-3.57, I (BCEC)/I (FMOC) = 1.13-8.21, and UVBCEC/UVBCEOC = 1.67-4.90 (where I is the fluorescence intensity and UV is the ultraviolet absorbance). Derivative separation was optimized on a Hypersil BDS C-18 column. The detection limits calculated from 1.0 pmol injections, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, ranged from 7.2 fmol for Try to 8.4 fmol for (Cys)(2). Excellent linear responses were observed, with coefficients of > 0.9994. When coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, the method established here allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitative analysis of trace levels of amino acids including (Cys)(2) and Try from bee-collected pollen (bee pollen) samples.

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植物与昆虫的互作关系是个长期进化的过程,虫害给农业生产带来巨大损失。本研究以甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)为例,研究了不同环境条件和遗传背景下外源基因的表达与效用,同时利用蛋白质组技术,研究了虫害损伤模拟条件下植物可能存在的内源抗性机制。甘蓝型油菜中转入了人工合成的Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫基因,能使植物产生抗虫蛋白抵御虫害。我们在湖北湖南两个实验点进行了大田实验,按植株生长发育的4个不同时期从转基因植株的叶片上采样,研究抗虫蛋白在植物体内的表达动态。植株顶部第三片展开叶的Bt毒蛋白浓度在结荚期前随植物生长而不断增加,而在结荚期出现或增或减的现象。采样叶片的可溶性总蛋白浓度含量一直呈增加的趋势,直到结荚以后出现含量的明显降低。同时,收集了转基因油菜与湘油15号在田间自然杂交形成的杂交后代种子用于栽培,用GFP仪检测杂交后代的绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein),并用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)检测并确认带有转基因的杂交植株。为了检测带有转基因的杂交后代油菜中Bt毒蛋白的杀虫效率,用对Bt毒蛋白敏感的试虫品系——初孵棉铃虫幼虫(Helicoverpa armigera)进行杀虫活性检测实验。结果表明,携带Bt基因的杂交湘油及其转基因亲本对试虫的体重增长量均产生了负面影响,可以推断在调查取样的植株生长发育阶段,转基因杂交后代与其转基因亲本植株的杀虫效率没有显著差异。转基因植物及其杂交后代中抗虫蛋白的持续表达及田间带有转基因的自播植物的出现会使害虫产生耐受抗性的潜在可能性增加。 相对于人为增加的抗虫基因,植物在长期对抗昆虫的过程中也进化形成了自我防御机制,能够产生特异的抗性蛋白来应对昆虫的取食。本研究用机械损伤模拟害虫取食,对比了油菜受到物理损伤前后可溶性总蛋白的含量变化并试图通过蛋白质组学技术来检测可能发生变化的蛋白质。Bradford定量测定发现,同一植株同一叶片损伤前后可溶性总蛋白含量差异显著,损伤后蛋白表达量显著增高。蛋白质组双向凝胶电泳及其差异分析显示,损伤前后有8个蛋白质点发生明显的上调或下调。选择其中2个差异蛋白点经过MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定,它们分别是Rubisco小亚基前体以及果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶和粪卟啉-3-氧化酶的混合物,这些蛋白质在其他植物的抗逆研究中也有报道,它们可能在油菜叶片应答机械损伤过程中对维持植物的生理功能也有重要作用。

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转基因植物与野生亲缘种间的基因流动是目前生物安全的研究热点。甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus 以下简称油菜)及其亲缘种是基因流研究中的模式植物体系,油菜的亲缘种之一野芥菜(B. juncea)在中国分布广泛,是常见的农田杂草。本文以转基因抗虫油菜和野芥菜为研究材料,分别用综合适合度(基于生长和生殖)和适合度(仅基于种子产量)的指标来评估其杂交种在模拟农田情况下的适合度,揭示转基因在自然环境中的命运,以期为中国的油菜基因流的管理和控制提供参考。主要结果如下: 由于杂种优势和亲本效应的影响,转基因杂交种在不同的种植季节的生长与长势较好的亲本相近。因而转基因杂交种的综合适合度介于双亲之间,或与表现较好的亲本相似。因结实较差,从种子产量上来看,转基因杂交种的适合度较低。杂交种的后代因母本效应保留了一定的休眠特性,这有助于杂交种在种子库中持续存在。野芥菜和杂交种秋播时在冬季覆大棚条件下的适合度较高,在全球变暖的情况下,野芥菜和杂交种有可能在原先较冷不适宜的地区生长,从而促进转基因的散布。 杂交实验表明,转基因花粉与野芥菜的亲和性略高于非转基因花粉,但不显著;在两种花粉发生竞争时,转基因花粉的亲和性显著较高。混合花粉授粉的结实率高于单种花粉的结实率。可见在转基因花粉在授粉阶段不存在适合度代价。同时两季秋播田间实验表明,转基因油菜与非转基因油菜的适合度没有明显差异,即在植株的生长结实阶段,当没有竞争和虫害选择压力时,转基因没有适合度代价。也证明转基因散布的潜在可能性较大。此外,转基因杂交种的开花量很大,而回交实验中转基因杂交种花粉的育性高于胚珠的育性。转基因有可能通过持续的回交逃逸。 油菜的种子较大,野菜芥的种子较小,转基因油菜与野芥菜的杂交种基本都是小种子,其种子直径低于双亲。种子大小影响了发芽率、出苗率和营养生长期。小种子出苗率和发芽率较低,营养生长期较长。在没有竞争的条件下,春播实验中,种子大小对植物的适合度及综合适合度没有影响。秋播实验中种子大小对除转基因油菜外的所有植物基因型的综合适合度有显著影响。但对于依据种子产量计算的适合度指标来说,种子大小仅对野芥菜有影响,而对其它基因型影响不大。竞争扩大了种子大小之间生长表现的差异。竞争条件下,不同种子级别间的生长变异系数大于无竞争的情况。 总之,转基因花粉较强的竞争能力和其与野芥菜的亲和性使转基因杂交种的产生成为可能。来自母本的休眠特性有助于杂种种子在种子库中存在并在条件适宜时萌发、开花,有助于转基因的进一步扩散。转基因杂交种具有较高的综合适合度,虽然结实率很低,但其开花量比较大,可能会产生大量可育的花粉,在与野生亲本的持续回交过程中,转基因有可能逃逸。同时,转基因杂交种的种子级别偏小有可能会加剧这种逃逸。

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Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly reported cyanotoxins in eutrophic freshwaters. In 1996, human intoxications by MCs caused deaths of 76 patients at Caruaru dialysis centers in Brazil. So far, there have been no direct evidences of MC occurrence in human tissue in consequence of exposure to MC. In this study, we improved cleanup procedures for detecting MCs in serum sample using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry, and confirmed for the first time the presence of MCs in serum samples (average 0.39 ng/ml, which amounts to ca. 1/87 of the concentrations found in tissue samples of the Caruaru victims) of fishermen at Lake Chaohu. Daily intake by the fishermen was estimated to be in the range of 2.2-3.9 mu g MC-LReq, whereas the provisional World Health Organization tolerable daily intake (TDI) for daily lifetime exposure is 0.04 mu g/kg or 2-3 mu g per person. Moreover, statistical analysis showed closer positive relationships between MC serum concentrations and concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase than between the MC concentrations and other biochemical indicators. Thus, the data raise the question whether extended exposure in the range of the TDI or up to a factor of 10 above it may already lead to indication of liver damage. The results also demonstrate a risk of health effects from chronic exposure to MCs at least for populations with high levels of exposure, like these fishermen.

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小麦条锈病(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)是世界性小麦病害,可导致受害小麦减产30%以上,甚至绝收。小麦条锈病在我国西南、华北麦区危害严重,四川麦区是小麦条锈病发病最重的地区之一,每年因条锈病流行造成小麦产量损失巨大。利用抗条锈病品种是控制该病害最安全、经济的有效途径,因此挖掘利用抗病新基因,开展抗病遗传基础研究是当前育种工作中面临的重要任务。 偏凸山羊草(Aegilops ventricosa,DDMvMv,2n=28)是一年生草本植物,起源于地中海西部沿岸地区,具有对小麦白粉病、锈病等高抗或免疫、耐盐、抗寒、蛋白质含量高等优良性状,是小麦遗传育种很好的种质资源。本研究以高抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系(Moisson 6Mv/6B)为材料,对其含有的带条锈病抗性基因的偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体在四川小麦背景中的传递情况、与小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系所具有的白粉病抗性的聚合以及对Moisson 6Mv/6B进行电离辐射诱变筛选抗条锈病的小麦—偏凸山羊草易位系三个方面进行了研究。取得的主要研究结果如下: 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高感条锈病的四川地区普通小麦品种绵阳26、绵阳93-124和SW3243的杂种F1与其普通小麦亲本分别作为父、母本回交,通过对其BC1和F2的结实率、根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体的观察以及对条锈病抗性的鉴定,发现含6Mv染色体的F1植株作母本时的回交结实率(83.10%)普遍高于含6Mv染色体的F1植株作父本(48.61%),结实率与普通小麦基因型密切相关(χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99(df=2));6Mv染色体在三种四川小麦中通过雌、雄配子传递的传递方式与其传递率间没有显著相关性,其传递率与普通小麦基因型呈显著相关性(χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99(df=2))。 2. Moisson 6Mv/6B与高抗白粉病的小麦—簇毛麦双端体附加系Pana(2n=42+2t)正反杂交,希望在聚合两者抗性的同时观察不同受体背景下的抗性反应。对Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana正反杂交的结实率、杂交后代的农艺性状进行观察,并对杂交后代进行基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)分析及条锈病和白粉病的抗性鉴定。结果表明Moisson 6Mv/6B作母本时杂交结实率(80.56%)高于Pana作母本时(58.33%),结实率与杂交方式间紧密相关(χ2=4.96>χ20.05=3.84(df=1));Moisson 6Mv/6B和Pana杂交后代株高比最高亲本高约10cm,成熟期也较两亲本提前两个星期左右;正反杂交后代中具有偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的植株具有条锈病抗性,具有簇毛麦端体的植株具有白粉病抗性,同时筛选到4株含有偏凸山羊草和簇毛麦遗传物质并对条锈病和白粉病兼抗的材料,证明来自偏凸山羊草6Mv染色体的条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦端体的白粉病抗性已经聚合在一起,且没有产生相互抑制的作用,暗示通过这两个抗性基因的聚合是完全能获得兼抗条锈病和白粉病的小麦新种质。 3. 对Moisson 6Mv/6B在减数分裂时期的成株进行总剂量为6Gy、辐射频率为120rad/min的60Co-γ射线辐射,对辐射植株自交后代进行农艺性状及根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体形态观察和条锈病抗性鉴定。结果为辐射植株自交结实率为2.22%,根尖细胞有丝分裂中期的染色体存在明显碎片,辐射自交后代植株对条锈病具有成株期抗性。 小麦—偏凸山羊草6Mv/6B代换系对条锈病抗性稳定,是培育条锈病抗性品种的良好供体。本研究证明在四川小麦背景中要利用该品种抗性,在结实数满足需要时,可将其作父本,亦可作母本,但关键是要选择好一个优良的受体基因型;同时其条锈病抗性与来自簇毛麦的白粉病抗性没有相互抑制作用,可将两者抗性有效聚合用于小麦育种中。 Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici) is a worldwide disease of wheat, and could lead to victims of 30 percent or even total destruction of wheat production. Wheat stripe rust harms badly in China's southwest and North China. Sichuan province is one of the regions damaged by wheat stripe rust heavily. The use of resistant varieties is the most secure and economical way to control the wheat stripe rust. Therefore, it is essential to identify new disease-resistant genes and genetically research of disease resistance. Aegilops ventricosa (DDMvMv, 2n = 28) is an annual herbaceous plant, originating in the coastal areas of the western Mediterranean, with good characters such as resistance of wheat powdery, rust, salt, cold and high protein content. It is a good germplasm resource. In this study, the wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line Moisson 6Mv/6B (highly resistant to the wheat stripe rust) was used to study on the transmission of chromosome 6Mv of Aegilops ventricosa in different genetic background of Sichuan wheat varieties, hybridization with wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew) and screening of wheat- Aegilops ventricosa translocation line by exposuring Moisson 6Mv/6B under ionizing radiation. The main results are as following: 1. Moisson 6Mv/6B was crossed with Sichuan wheat varieties mianyang26, mianyang93-124 and SW3243 (highly susceptible to stripe rust), respectively. Their F1 hybrids were further backcrossed as male and female to corresponding wheat varieties. The seed-setting rate, chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells, and resistance to stripe rust of the subsequent BC1 and F2 plants were investigated. The average seed-setting rate of backcross via 6Mv as female donor (83.10%) was higher than that of backcross via 6Mv as male donor (48.61%), suggesting that the seed-setting rate was associated with the wheat genotypes(χ2=34.15>>χ20.05=5.99(df=2)). In all analyzed populations, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were not correlated with the ways of 6Mv through male or through female. However, transmission frequencies of chromosome 6Mv were significantly correlated with Sichuan wheat genotypes(χ2=6.42>χ20.05=5.99(df=2)). 2. To aggregating the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew, as well as research on the resistance reactions in different genetic background, Moisson 6Mv/6B was reciprocally hybrided with the wheat- Haynaldia villosa ditelosomic addition line Pana (highly resistant to the powdery mildew). The seed-setting rate, agronomic characters, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) of hybrid progenies,and resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew were investigated. The results showed that the seed-setting rate of hybridization via Moisson 6Mv/6B as female donor (80.56%) was significant higher than that via Pana as female donor (58.33%). The seed-setting rate was associated with the hybrid methods (χ2 = 4.96> χ20.05 = 3.84 (df = 1)). The plant height of hybrid progenies was about 10 cm higher than Pana, the parent with maximum height. And the maturity of hybrid progenies was about two weeks earlier than that of the parents. In the hybrid progenies, the plants with the 6Mv chromosome have the resistance to stripe rust and the plants with the telosome from Haynaldia villosa have the resistance to powdery mildew. It was found that four plants with both the 6Mv chromosome and the telosome from Haynaldia villosa were resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew. It indicated that the resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew aggregated, and no mutual inhibition was found. It implied that the aggregation of the two resistance genes was able to provide the new wheat germplasm with the resistances to stripe rust and powdery mildew. 3. Moisson 6Mv/6B was irradiated with 60Co-γ rays of 6Gy (120rad/min) during meiosis. The agronomic characters and chromosomes confirmation in the mitotic metaphase of root tip cells,as well as resistance to stripe rust were investigated. The seed-setting rate of irradiated plants was only 2.22%. The chromosomes in mitotic metaphase had clear fragments. The resistance to stripe rust of progeny of irradiated plants was the adult-plant resistance. The wheat- Aegilops ventricosa 6Mv/6B substitution line is a good stripe rust resistance donor for its stabile resistance. Our study demonstrated that the key for use the resistance is to choose a good receptor. There is no difference between Moisson 6Mv/6B be the female and be the male if the seed number meets the requirement. At the same time, the stripe rust resistance of Moisson 6Mv/6B did not have the mutual inhibition with the powdery mildew resistance from Haynaldia villosa. It is able to aggregate the two resistances for wheat breeding.

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The purpose of this paper is to prepare for an easy and reliable biodosimeter protocol for radiation accidents involving high-linear energy transfer (LET) exposure. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated using carbon ions (LET: 34.6 keV mu m(-1)), and the chromosome aberrations induced were analyzed using both a conventional colcemid block method and a calyculin A induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) method. At a lower dose range (0-4 Gy), the measured dicentric (dics) and centric ring chromosomes (cRings) provided reasonable dose information. At higher doses (8 Gy), however, the frequency of dics and cRings was not suitable for dose estimation. Instead, we found that the number of Giemsa-stained drug-induced G2 prematurely condensed chromosomes (G2-PCC) can be used for dose estimation, since the total chromosome number (including fragments) was linearly correlated with radiation dose (r = 0.99). The ratio of the longest and the shortest chromosome length of the drug-induced G2-PCCs increased with radiation dose in a linear-quadratic manner (r = 0.96), which indicates that this ratio can also be used to estimate radiation doses. Obviously, it is easier to establish the dose response curve using the PCC technique than using the conventional metaphase chromosome method. It is assumed that combining the ratio of the longest and the shortest chromosome length with analysis of the total chromosome number might be a valuable tool for rapid and precise dose estimation for victims of radiation accidents.

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通过对不同水分处理下油菜不同叶位叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的测定表明,油菜主茎叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率随叶位的降低而降低;干旱胁迫下油菜水分利用效率显著提高,光合速率变化不明显,但上部、下部叶间光合速率差异大。充分供水时叶片的蒸腾速率提高,水分利用效率则降低,从上到下叶片水分利用效率、光合速率降低不剧烈,而蒸腾速率表现为上部和下部叶高,而中部叶低。据测定,干旱处理下油菜单株生物量为37.45g,充分供水时为38.76g,干旱导致油菜生物量降低;水分胁迫能提高作物水分利用效率;在充分供水条件下叶片蒸腾速率较高,这可能是气孔行为的结果。