11 resultados para primary visual cortex

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Human visual function declines with age. Much of this decline is mediated by changes in the central visual pathways. In this study we compared the spatial and temporal sensitivities of striate cortical cells in young and old paralysed macaque monkeys. Ext

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1 初级视觉皮层功能,GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化 本章首先对衰老过程中神经形态学和神经电生理学上的研究进行了综述,然后报道了作者的博士学位论文研究工作。实验采用神经电生理的手段,探讨初级视觉皮层(primary visual cortex;V1)功能,以及GABA(gamma-aminobutyric acid)系统功能在衰老过程中的变化。 实验1和2均采用单细胞记录技术,检测了中年猴V1细胞的方位选择性、方向选择性、自发放和最大反应,并与年轻和老年猴进行对比;比较了年轻和老年猴V1细胞的感受野外周抑制能力。在实验3中,我们记录了年轻和中年大鼠在给予GABA直接或间接的激动剂,戊巴比妥钠或氯胺酮{通过拮抗NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate)受体}后,其皮层的EEG(electroencephalogram)活动,并分析与年龄相关的差异。结果如下: 实验1:中年猴V1细胞的方向选择性和自发放介于年轻猴和老年猴之间,而方位选择性和最大反应与年龄之间没有相关性。 实验2:感受野外周区的最优刺激明显降低了年轻和老年猴具有高方位选择性细胞的比例。同时,年轻猴所有细胞,以及老年猴高方位选择性细胞具有较高的最大抑制比,与它们相比,老年猴无明显方位偏好细胞的最大抑制比显著降低; 实验3:戊巴比妥钠注射后,在年轻和中年大鼠上,alpha (8-12 Hz) 和beta (12-20 Hz) 频段EEG功率增加,theta (4-8 Hz) 功率减少,这些变化在中年大鼠上较为明显。氯胺酮注射后,中年大鼠theta功率比年轻大鼠具有更大幅度的降低。 我们的结果表明,视觉皮层功能的下调在衰老早期就已发生,其机制可能与抑制系统功能普遍降低有关. 2 奖赏机制,极低频磁场的生物学效应研究 本章首先对自然奖赏和药物成瘾机制、极低频磁场生物学效应,以及极低频磁场对奖赏系统的影响进行了综述,然后报道了作者的博士论文研究工作。实验目的是探讨大鼠眶额叶皮质(orbitofrontal cortex;OFC)活动与食物奖赏刺激的相关性,以及极低频磁场对小鼠空间认知能力的影响。 实验1采用EEG记录技术,检测了大鼠OFC在食物奖赏和渴求过程中EEG各频段的功率变化。在实验2中,使用了一种探索型Y-迷宫实验范式,它仅依赖于啮齿类动物天生的探索欲望,避免了奖赏效应的干扰,利用此新型迷宫,我们检测了25和50 Hz磁场对小鼠空间识别记忆能力的影响。其结果如下: 实验1:大鼠OFC的delta频段(2-4 Hz)EEG活动与食物刺激显著相关,其相对功率在食物渴求时下降,在食物奖赏时升高。 实验2:与短时照射相比,长时的50 Hz磁场照射降低了小鼠对新异臂的探索能力,而25和50 Hz磁场暴露都不影响小鼠的活动力。 本研究表明,食物奖赏与OFC的delta频段EEG活动密切相关,而我们以前发现,大鼠和猴OFC的gamma(20-100 Hz)活动与吗啡成瘾相关,提示了OFC在自然奖赏和药物成瘾中具有不同的作用;另外,本实验首次证明,极低频磁场损害了小鼠不依赖于奖赏系统的空间认知能力,而我们先前发现,极低频磁场可以强化吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏好,从而说明极低频磁场对吗啡成瘾具有独特的生物学效应。

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1.老年猴视皮层神经元对图形对比度的反应及潜伏期特征: 在正常衰老过程中人类的视觉功能受到严重影响,例如空间和时间对比度敏感性下降以及信息处理时间的延长。虽然部分视觉功能的退化与眼睛的光学系统老化有关,但是它并不能解释所有视觉功能的下降。此外,我们以前的研究和别人的研究结果都表明衰老过程中视觉中枢系统功能的改变可能是视觉功能下降的主要原因。因此,利用单位放电记录技术(single-unit recording technique),我们比较了年轻猕猴和老年猕猴的初级视觉皮层(primary visual cortex,又称V1)神经元对比度反应之间的差异,以及V1和内侧颞叶(medial temporal cortex,MT)视觉区神经元反应潜伏期及其变异性之间的差异。结果显示,与年轻猴相比,老年猴V1区神经元对比度敏感性降低,同时伴随着神经元活动信噪比下降;老年猴V1区和MT区神经元反应潜伏期及其变异性显著增加。然而,两个年龄组MT区神经元平均潜伏期之间差异小于V1区神经元平均潜伏期之间的差异,说明MT区神经元能够自我调整老化带来的影响。另外,两个年龄组V1区神经元潜伏期和变异性都具有正相关关系,但是MT区神经元则没有这种相关性。这些结果表明,在老化过程中皮层神经元的对比度和潜伏期反应特性发生了改变。我们推测这种改变可能与视觉皮层内抑制系统功能的降低有关,但是具体的分子机制和神经环路还不清楚。总之,本实验的研究结果为更好的理解老年人在视觉信息处理中时间和空间对比度敏感性及处理速度下降提供了新线索。2.极低频磁场对脑功能的影响及眶额叶认知功能的研究: 实验目的:(1)研究极低频磁场(20 Hz, 14 mT)照射对长期吗啡处理引起的大鼠背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2密度降低的影响;(2)小鼠青春期长期极低频磁场(50 Hz, 2 mT)照射对空间学习记忆的影响;(3)初步探讨了眶额叶在大鼠新异性探索行为中的作用。实验1,我们用免疫组化的方法检测了大鼠背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2受体密度的变化。结果显示,在长期吗啡处理后戒断早期背侧海马神经元多巴胺D2受体密度相对于对照组减少,磁场和吗啡共同作用会强化这种适应,但是这种变化很快恢复正常。这些结果表明长期吗啡处理会引起海马多巴胺系统产生适应;磁场强化了长期吗啡处理对背侧海马多巴胺系统的影响,这为我们先前发现磁场照射延缓了大鼠条件位置偏好消退的研究结果提供了一个内在神经基础。实验2,我们分别用Y-迷宫(two-trial Y-maze)和Morris水迷宫两种行为装置研究了青春期早期磁场暴露对小鼠短时空间识别记忆和长时空间参考记忆的影响。结果显示,磁场暴露并没有影响小鼠Y-迷宫作业,但是提高了水迷宫任务的学习以及记忆保持。这些结果表明磁场对空间记忆的影响是任务依赖性的。实验3,我们用旷场和Y-迷宫两种行为装置研究了眶额叶电损伤对大鼠新异性探索行为的影响。结果显示,眶额叶受损并没有影响大鼠的神经运动能力,但是降低了大鼠在旷场中的行走距离和直立次数以及降低了在Y-迷宫新异臂中的探索时间和穿梭次数。这些结果表明,眶额叶的完整性对大鼠探索新异环境行为是必要的,这可能与眶额叶参与记忆或行为决策功能有关。

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Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and tractography allows investigating functional anatomy of the human brain with high precision. Here we demonstrate that working memory (WM) processing of tactile temporal information is facilitated by delivering a single TMS pulse to the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) during memory maintenance. Facilitation was obtained only with a TMS pulse applied to a location of the MFG with anatomical connectivity to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). TMS improved tactile WM also when distractive tactile stimuli interfered with memory maintenance. Moreover, TMS to the same MFG site attenuated somatosensory evoked responses (SEPs). The results suggest that the TMS-induced memory improvement is explained by increased top-down suppression of interfering sensory processing in S1 via the MFG-S1 link. These results demonstrate an anatomical and functional network that is involved in maintenance of tactile temporal WM. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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As a species of internal representation, how is mental imagery organized in the brain? There are two issues related to this question: the time course and the nature of mental imagery. On the nature of mental imagery, today's imagery debate is influenced by two opposing theories: (1) Pylyshyn’s propositional theory and (2) Kosslyn’s depictive representation theory. Behavioural studies indicated that imagery encodes properties of the physical world, such as the spacial and size information of the visual world. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological data indicated that sensory cortex; especially the primary sensory cortex, is involved in imagery. In visual modality, neuroimaging data further indicated that during visual imagery, spatial information is mapped in the primary visual, providing strong evidences for depictive theory. In the auditory modality, behavioural studies also indicated that auditory imagery represents loudness and pitch of sound; this kind of neuroimaging evidence, however, is absent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time course of auditory imagery processing, and to provide the neuroimaging evidence that imaginal auditory representations encode loudness and pitch information, using the ERP method and a cue-imagery (S1)-S2 paradigm. The results revealed that imagery effects started with an enhancement of the P2, probably indexing the top-down allocation of attention to the imagery task; and continued into a more positive-going late positive potentials (LPC), probably reflecting the formation of auditory imagery. The amplitude of this LPC was inversely related to the pitch of the imagined sound, but directly related to the loudness of the imagined sound, which were consistent with auditory perception related N1 component, providing evidences that auditory imagery encodes pitch and loudness information. When the S2 showed difference in pitch of loudness from the previously imagined S1, the behavioral performance were significantly worse and accordingly a conflict related N2 was elicited; and the high conflict elicited greater N2 amplitude than low conflict condition, providing further evidences that imagery is analog of perception and can encode pitch and loudness information. The present study suggests that imagery starts with an mechanism of top-down allocation of attention to the imagery task; and continuing into the step of imagery formation during which the physical features of the imagined stimulus can be encoded, providing supports to Kosslyn’s depictive representation theory.

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Dopamine (DA) D-1 receptor compounds were examined in monkeys for effects on the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex and on the fine motor abilities of the primary motor cortex. The D-1 antagonist, SCH23390, the partial D-1 agonist, SKF38393, and the full D-1 agonist, dihydrexidine, were characterized in young control monkeys, and in aged monkeys with naturally occurring catecholamine depletion. In addition, SKF38393 was tested in young monkeys experimentally depleted of catecholamines with chronic reserpine treatment. Injections of SCH23390 significantly impaired the memory performance of young control monkeys, but did not impair aged monkeys with presumed catecholamine depletion. Conversely, the partial agonist, SKF38393, improved the depleted monkeys (aged or reserpine-treated) but did not improve young control animals. The full agonist, dihydrexidine, did improve memory performance in young control monkeys, as well as in a subset of aged monkeys. Consistent with D, receptor mechanisms, agonist-induced improvements were blocked by SCH23390. Drug effects on memory performance occurred independently of effects on fine motor performance. These results underscore the importance of DA D-1 mechanisms in cognitive function, and provide functional evidence of DA system degeneration in aged monkeys. Finally, high doses of D-1 agonists impaired memory performance in aged monkeys, suggesting that excessive D-1 stimulation may be deleterious to cognitive function.

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According to the research results reported in the past decades, it is well acknowledged that face recognition is not a trivial task. With the development of electronic devices, we are gradually revealing the secret of object recognition in the primate's visual cortex. Therefore, it is time to reconsider face recognition by using biologically inspired features. In this paper, we represent face images by utilizing the C1 units, which correspond to complex cells in the visual cortex, and pool over S1 units by using a maximum operation to reserve only the maximum response of each local area of S1 units. The new representation is termed C1 Face. Because C1 Face is naturally a third-order tensor (or a three dimensional array), we propose three-way discriminative locality alignment (TWDLA), an extension of the discriminative locality alignment, which is a top-level discriminate manifold learning-based subspace learning algorithm. TWDLA has the following advantages: (1) it takes third-order tensors as input directly so the structure information can be well preserved; (2) it models the local geometry over every modality of the input tensors so the spatial relations of input tensors within a class can be preserved; (3) it maximizes the margin between a tensor and tensors from other classes over each modality so it performs well for recognition tasks and (4) it has no under sampling problem. Extensive experiments on YALE and FERET datasets show (1) the proposed C1Face representation can better represent face images than raw pixels and (2) TWDLA can duly preserve both the local geometry and the discriminative information over every modality for recognition.

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一、 药物滥用是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病。药物滥用将导致药物成瘾(addiction),其主要表现有药物依赖、药物耐受、药物敏感化以及药物停用后的戒断症状(withdraw symptom)。药物成瘾的核心特征是强迫性觅药和用药行为。药物成瘾会导致药物滥用者认知功能的损伤和认知偏差,并会造成滥用者情绪异常。药物成瘾是一个复杂的生物学过程,有着及其复杂的机理。对药物成瘾机制的解释有很多种,主要认为成瘾过程是一种学习记忆过程,学习记忆的机制在药物成瘾过程中起到了非常重要的作用。首先,学习记忆和药物成瘾过程都受到了相似的神经营养因子以及神经递质系统的调控,例如:它们都受cAMP,CREB等调控因子的调控。其次,研究发现与成瘾相关的线索,如用药有关的人物、地点或暗示等,在药物戒断很长时间后都会恢复吸毒者的用药行为。并且,当把与成瘾相关的线索呈现给毒品戒断中的人时,这些人会出现心率、呼吸加快,血压升高等现象,甚至表现出明显的渴求行为。药物对学习记忆的影响是复杂的,虽然重复使用药物会导致药物成瘾,并且这个过程需要学习记忆机制的参与,但同时使用吗啡却会对其他类型的学习记忆(如:恐惧性学习记忆、一次性被动回避学习记忆和水迷宫空间学习记忆)造成破坏。学习前给予吗啡可以剂量及状态依赖地破坏被动回避试验以及空间辨别试验的记忆获取过程。学习过程结束后立即给予吗啡可以破坏一次性被动回避试验、主动回避试验和恐惧条件化试验的记忆巩固过程。测试前给予吗啡可以破坏空间辨别试验的记忆提取过程。本研究的目的在于更进一步地了解使用吗啡导致吗啡成瘾以及使用吗啡导致学习记忆的各个阶段受损的机制。为此我们采用了药理学以及多种行为学的方法,1、用PTZ诱发的癫痫持续状态干扰吗啡成瘾的学习记忆过程,进一步比较了吗啡成瘾的学习记忆与其他学习记忆,例如:空间学习记忆以及食物奖赏学习记忆的机制有何异同;2、研究了β-肾上腺素系统与阿片系统在空间记忆巩固过程中的相互作用;3、我们还研究了NMDA受体的激动剂和拮抗剂在吗啡破坏空间记忆提取过程中的作用。研究结果发现: 1.戊四唑诱发的癫痫持续状态,对吗啡建立的条件化位置偏好没有任何影响,动物仍然对阳性箱(吗啡匹配箱)表现出明显的偏好。但是癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,并且还破坏了水迷宫和Y迷宫检测的空间记忆。癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,原因不是由于其影响了动物的食欲。此外,癫痫持续状态也没有持续地破坏动物的活动能力,因此,对动物活动量的影响也不是造成其他学习记忆破坏的原因。这些结果说明,吗啡成瘾的学习记忆和普通的学习记忆在机制上可能存在不同之处。为了说明这个问题,我们还需要进行其他更深入的研究。 2、训练后立即单独注射吗啡(0.25和2.5 mg/kg)或心得安(2,10和20 mg/kg)都不会破坏动物Y-迷宫空间记忆的巩固过程,动物仍然能识别新异环境,并在里面停留较长时间。但是,训练后同时注射吗啡和心得安却可以破坏动物空间记忆的巩固过程。并且,较高剂量的吗啡(2.5 mg/kg)加上较高剂量的心得安(10和20 mg/kg)对记忆的破坏更严重,实验组动物在新异环境停留的时间显著低于对照组。这说明阿片系统和去甲肾上腺素系统在破坏记忆巩固的过程中可能有协同作用。 3、记忆提取前30分钟注射吗啡(1和10 mg/kg)可以剂量依赖地破坏Y-迷宫空间记忆的提取。单独注射NMDA受体的激动剂NMDA(1,2和4 mg/kg)对动物的空间记忆提取没有影响,但是,单独注射NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801(0.05,0.1和0.2 mg/kg)剂量依赖地破坏了空间记忆的提取。同时注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)和NMDA(2 mg/kg)可以阻断吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。相反,共同注射吗啡(1 mg/kg)和MK-801(0.05 mg/kg)可以加重吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。这说明谷氨酸系统可以干扰吗啡对记忆提取过程的影响。 二、衰老严重地影响了人们的视觉功能,然而眼睛光学系统的老年性改变并不能完全解释清楚这种视觉功能衰退。一般认为是神经系统的退化导致了这种老年性功能降低。但是,研究显示视网膜(retina)和外膝体(dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, dLGN)在衰老的过程中神经元的数量和体积以及神经元的功能特性,如对比度敏感性、空间分辨率等,都没有明显的变化,因此,人们推测老化导致的神经系统的变化发生在更高级的视觉皮层。过去几年的研究发现老年动物视觉皮层细胞发生了一系列反应特性的改变,如:老年动物皮层细胞的方向选择性和方位选择性降低以及细胞反应的潜伏期延长。这些细胞水平的变化被认为是老年性视觉功能衰退的神经机制。为了更全面地了解衰老过程对视觉皮层的影响以及细胞反应改变与整体功能降低之间的关系,本研究采用活体动物细胞外单位记录的方法,比较了青年和老年猕猴初级视觉皮层细胞时间反应特性和空间反应特性的差异。研究结果发现:老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的时间频率和空间频率敏感性明显比年轻动物降低。表现为老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的最优时间和空间频率、空间分辨率(spatial resolution, SR)和较高时间截至频率(high temporal frequency cut-off, TF50)都显著低于年轻动物初级视觉皮层细胞,同时伴随着这些功能的降低,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的自发放增加,对视觉刺激的反应增加,但是信噪比却显著降低。这些结果表明,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的功能在老化过程中都普遍降低。这可能是导致老年人视觉功能降低的原因。

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This research is focused on the contribution of area 7 to the short-term visual spatial memory. Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained in the direct delayed response task in which 5 delay intervals were used in each session. When each monkey reached the criterion of 90% correct responses in 5 successive sessions, two monkeys underwent a surgery while the other one received a sham operation as a control. In the first stage of the surgery, bilateral areas 7a, 7b and 7ip of the parietal cortex of two monkeys were precisely lesioned. After 7 days of recuperation, the monkeys were required to do the same task. The average percentage of correct responses in the lesioned animals decreased from 94.7% to 89.3% and 93.3% to 82.0% respectively (no significance, P > 0.05, n = 2). In addition, the monkeys' complex movements were mildly impaired. The lesioned monkeys were found to have difficulty picking up food from the wells. In the second stage, bilateral area 7m was lesioned. In the 5 postoperative sessions, the average percentage of correct responses in one monkey, with a relatively precise 7m lesion, decreased from 94.7% to 92.2% (no significance, P > 0.05), while the other monkey, with widely spread necrosis of lateral parietal cortex, showed an. obvious decline in performance, but still over the chance level. After 240 trials this monkey reattained the normal criterion. The results of this research suggest that the lesions of area 7 of the parietal cortex did not significantly affect the short-term visual spatial memory, which has been shown to be sensitive to lesions of the prefrontal cortex; they also support the notion of dissociation of spatial functions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices.

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Cerebral prefrontal function is one of the important aspects in neurobiology. Based on the experimental results of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavioral sciences, and the principles of cybernetics and information theory after constructed a simple model simulating prefrontal control function, this paper simulated the behavior of Macaca mulatta completing delayed tasks both before and after its cerebral prefrontal cortex being damaged. The results indicated that there is an obvious difference in the capacity of completing delayed response tasks for the normal monkeys and those of prefrontal cortex cut away. The results are agreement with experiments. The authors suggest that the factors of affecting complete delayed response tasks might be in information keeping and extracting of memory including information storing, keeping and extracting procedures rather than in information storing process.

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Monkeys with lesions of areas 9 and 46 performed three variants of the spatial delayed response (SDR) task. There were no impairments in allocentric spatial memory in which geometrical relationships between environmental cues were used to identify spatial location; thus, memory of a 3D environmental map is intact. In contrast, there were severe impairments in egocentric spatial memory guided by visual or tactile cues that monkeys can relate to their viewing perspective during testing. These results strongly suggest that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex selectively mediates spatial memory tasks that are solved by referencing the location of targets to the body's orientation. (C) 2003 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.