Identification of an additional two-cysteine containing type I interferon in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss provides evidence of a major gene duplication event within this gene family in teleosts

Multiple type I interferons (IFNs) have recently been identified in salmonids, containing two or four conserved cysteines. In this work, a novel two-cysteine containing (2C) IFN gene was identified in rainbow trout. This novel trout IFN gene (termed IFN5) formed a phylogenetic group that is distinct from the other three salmonid IFN groups sequenced to date and had a close evolutionary relationship with IFNs from advanced fish species. Our data demonstrate that two subgroups are apparent within each of the 2C and 4C type I IFNs, an evolutionary outcome possibly due to two rounds of genome duplication events that have occurred within teleosts. We have examined gene expression of the trout 2C type I IFN in cultured cells following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, phytohaemagglutinin, polyI:C or recombinant IFN, or after transfection with polyI:C. The kinetics of gene expression was also studied after viral infection. Analysis of the regulatory elements in the IFN promoter region predicted several binding sites for key transcription factors that potentially play an important role in mediating IFN5 gene expression.

Two modes of dipole events in tropical Indian Ocean

By analyzing the distributions of subsurface temperature and the surface wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, two major modes of the IOD and their formation mechanisms are revealed. (1) The subsurface temperature anomaly (STA) in the tropical Indian Ocean during the IOD events can be described as a "<" -shaped and west-east-oriented dipole pattern; in the east side of the "<" pattern, a notable tongue-like STA extends westward along the equator in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean; while in the west side of the "<" pattern, the STA has opposite sign with two centers (the southern one is stronger than the northern one in intensity) being of rough symmetry about the equator in the tropical mid-western Indian Ocean. (2) The IOD events are composed of two modes, which have similar spatial pattern but different temporal variabilities due to the large scale air-sea interactions within two independent systems. The first mode of the IOD event originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Pacific-Indian Ocean and coexists with ENSO. The second mode originates from the air-sea interaction on a scale of the tropical Indian Ocean and is closely associated with changes in the position and intensity of the Mascarene high pressure. The strong IOD event occurs when the two modes are in phase, and the IOD event weakens or disappears when the two modes are out of phase. Besides, the IOD events are normally strong when either of the two modes is strong. (3) The IOD event is caused by the abnormal wind stress forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean, which results in vertical transports, leading to the upwelling and pileup of seawater. This is the main dynamic processes resulting in the STA. When the anomalous easterly exists over the equatorial Indian Ocean, the cold waters upwell in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean while the warm waters pileup in the tropical western Indian Ocean, hence the thermocline in the tropical Indian Ocean is shallowed in the east and deepened in the west. The off-equator component due to the Coriolis force in the equatorial area causes the upwelling of cold waters and the shallowing of the equatorial India Ocean thermocline. On the other hand, the anomalous anticyclonic circulations and their curl fields located on both sides of the equator, cause the pileup of warm waters in the central area of their curl fields and the deepening of the equatorial Indian Ocean thermocline off the equator. The above three factors lead to the occurrence of positive phase IOD events. When anomalous westerly dominates over the tropical Indian Ocean, the dynamic processes are reversed, and the negative-phase IOD event occurs.

大车前（Plantago major L. "Giant Turkish."）体外优化再生体系的建立及Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因SeNHX1 和TtNHX1 的功能鉴定

大车前（Plantago major L. "Giant Turkish."）不仅有很高的药用价值，在生态学研究方面也是重要模式植物。大车前的组织培养工作，目前报道很少。对其组织培养体系的建立，为筛选大车前耐盐突变体和基因转化建立高效的体外再生系统和实验平台体系。通过愈伤组织诱导和直接不定芽再生途径， 建立了大车前（Plantago major L. "Giant Turkish."）的快速高效再生系统。叶片外植体在含有1.0 mg/L NAA的MS培养基中培养3周后，形成愈伤组织，愈伤组织在含4.0 mg/L 6-BA的MS培养基中成功再生，得到完整植株。种子外植体在含0.2 mg/L IAA和1.0 mg/L TDZ的MS培养基中培养4周后产生大量的丛生芽，对9株再生植株进行RAPD检测表明，部分植株在DNA水平上发生了变异。 植物抵御盐胁迫的一个重要机制是在液泡中积累Na+，从而使细胞质内Na+保持在较低水平，并且降低细胞渗透势。Na+运输到液泡是由液泡Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白完成的。本实验室已从盐生植物盐角草（Salicornia europaea）和番杏（Tetragonia tetragonioides）中分别克隆得到SeNHX1和TtNHX1基因。本文研究了SeNHX1和TtNHX1基因在酵母突变体里的作用。TtNHX1和SeNHX1蛋白在缺陷型酵母菌株里的表达能够提高这些菌株对NaCl、LiCl和潮霉素的抗性，提高到与野生型相当的抗性水平。说明TtNHX1和SeNHX1有着与酵母ScNHX1相似的细胞定位和作用机制，是ScNHX1的功能类似蛋白。