Cloning of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) histone H3 promoter and the activity analysis in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)

Rainbow trout historic H3 (RH3) promoter was cloned via high fidelity PCR. The cloned RH3 promoter was inserted into a promoter-lacked vector pEGFP-1, resulting in an expression vector pRH3FGFP-1. The linearized pRH3EGFP-1 was microinjected into fertilized eggs of rare minnows and the sequential embryogenetic processes were monitored under a fluorescent microscope. Strong green fluorescence was ubiquitously observed at as early as the gastrula stage and then in various tissues at the fry stage. The results indicate that RH3 promoter, as a piscine promoter, could serve in producing transgenic Cyprinoid such as rare minnow. Promoter activity of RH3, CMV and common carp beta-actin (CA) were compared in rare minnow by the expression of respective recombinant EGFP vectors. The expression of pCMVEGFP occurred earlier than the following one, pRH3EGFP-1, and then pCAEGFP during the embryogenesis of the transgenics. Their expression activities demonstrated that the CMV promoter is the strongest one, followed by the CA and then the RH3.

Identification and molecular evolution of cow CENP-A gene family

The centromere protein A (CENP-A), a histone H3-like protein, provides an essential role for chromosomal segregation during mitosis and meiosis. In this study we identified ten new CENP-A-like genes (excluding the original CENP-A gene) in cow by searching

Genomic organization, nucleotide sequence analysis of the core histone genes cluster in Chlamys farreri and molecular evolution assessment of the H2A and H2B

This work represents the nucleotide sequence of the core histone gene cluster from scallop Chlamys farreri. The tandemly repeated unit of 5671 bp containing a copy of the four core histone genes H4, H2B, H2A and H3 was amplified and identified by the techniques of homology cloning and genomic DNA walking. All the histone genes in the cluster had the structures in their 3' flanking region which related to the evolution of histone gene expression patterns throughout the cell cycle, including two different termination signals, the hairpin structure and at least one AATAAA polyadenylation signal. In their 5' region, the transcription initiation sites with a conserved sequence of 5'-PyATTCPu-3' known as the CAP site were present in all genes except to H2B, generally 37-45 bp upstream of the start code. Canonical TATA and CAAT boxes were identified only in certain histone genes. In the case of the promoters of H2B and H2A genes, there was a 5'-GATCC-3' element, which had been found to be essential to start transcription at the appropriate site. After this element, in the promoter of H2B, there was another sequence, 5'-GGATCGAAACGTTC-3', which was similar to the consensus sequence of 5'-GGAATAAACGTATTC-3' corresponding to the H2B-specific promoter element. The presence of enhancer sequences (5'-TGATATATG-3') was identified from the H4 and H3 genes, matching perfectly with the consensus sequence defined for histone genes. There were several slightly more complex repetitive DNA in the intergene regions. The presence of the series of conserved sequences and reiterated sequences was consistent with the view that mollusc histone gene cluster arose by duplicating of an ancestral precursor histone gene, the birth-and-death evolution model with strong purifying selection enabled the histone cluster less variation and more conserved function. Meanwhile, the H2A and the H2B were demonstrated to be potential good marks for phylogenetic analysis. All the results will be contributed to the characterization of repeating histone gene families in molluscs.

Phylogenetic relationships of Drosophila melanogaster species group deduced from spacer regions of histone gene H2A-H2B

Nucleotide sequences of the spacer region of the histone gene H2A-H2B from 36 species of Drosophila melanogaster species group were determined. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods by u

Histone H2A Has a Novel Variant in Fish Oocytes

Histone variants and their modification have significant roles in many cellular processes. In this study, we identified and characterized the histone H2A variant h2af1o in fish and revealed its oocyte-specific expression pattern during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Moreover, posttranslational modification of H2af1o was observed that results from phosphorylation during oocyte maturation. To understand the binding dynamics of the novel core histone variant H2af1o in nucleosomes, we cloned ubiquitous gibel carp h2afx as a conventional histone control and investigated the dynamic exchange difference in chromatin by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. H2af1o has significantly higher mobility in nucleosomes than ubiquitous H2afx. Compared with ubiquitous H2afx, H2af1o has a tightly binding C-terminal and a weakly binding N-terminal. These data indicate that fish oocytes have a novel H2A variant that destabilizes nucleosomes by protruding its N-terminal tail and stabilizes core particles by contracting its C-terminal tail. Our findings suggest that H2af1o may have intrinsic ability to modify chromatin properties during fish oogenesis, oocyte maturation, and early cleavage.

Room-temperature photonic crystal laser in H3 cavity on InGaAsP/InP slab

We fabricate and investigate two-dimensional photonic crystal H3 microcavities in an InGaAsP slab. The lasing action at room temperature is observed. The lasering threshold is 7mW under the pulsed pump of 0.75% duty cycle. The Q factor and the lasing mode characteristics are simulated by three-dimensional finite difference time domain method. The simulation result matches well with the experiment.

Effect of acetylation on the properties of corn starch

Acetylated corn starches with different degrees of substitution (DS 0.85, DS 1.78, DS 2.89) were synthesized by the reaction of corn starch with acetic anhydride in the presence of acetic acid under varying reaction temperatures. The product was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, H-1 NMR, X-ray diffraction and contact angle measurement. Acid-base titration and H-1 NMR methods were employed to determine the degree of substitution of product. FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed that the characteristic absorption intensities of esterified starch increased with increase in the degree of substitution, and the characterized peak of hydroxyl group almost disappeared in the spectrum of DS 2.89 acetylated starch. The detailed chemical microstructure of native starch and acetylated starch was confirmed by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and C-13-(1) H-1 COSY spectra.

GAS-PHASE ACETYLATION OF C-60 AND C-70 BY ION/MOLECULE REACTIONS

Gas phase reactions of C-60 and C-70 with the ion system of acetone under chemical ionization conditions have been studied. C-60 and C-70 can react with acetyl and oxonium ions, which come from self-chemical ionization of acetone, to form adduct ions. In addition, C-60 and C-70 can accept protons to produce protonated ions. C-70 is more active in the above reactions than C-60 because of its stronger gas-phase basicity. A sigma-bond between C-60 and an acyl carbon atom can be formed to produce stable acetylated C-60 ions. The above results may be relevant to the acetylation reactions of C-60 in the condensed phase.

Preliminary study on a potential antibacterial peptide derived from histone H2A in hemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri

Histone H2A is reported to participate in host defense response through producing novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from its N-terminus in vertebrates and invertebrates, while the AMPs derived from H2A have not to our knowledge been reported in mollusca. In the present study, gene cloning, mRNA expression of H2A from scallop Chlamys farreri, and the recombinant expression of its N-terminus were conducted to investigate whether a similar mechanism exists in mollusca. The full-length DNA of H2A was identified by the techniques of homology cloning and genomic DNA walking, The full-length DNA of the scallop H2A was 696 bp long, including a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 90 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 228 bp with a stem-loop structure and a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA, and an open reading frame of 375 bp encoding a polypeptide of 125 amino acids. The mRNA expression of H2A in the hemocytes of scallop challenged by microbe was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of H2A was not upregulated after stimulation, suggesting that H2A did not participate in immunity response directly. The DNA fragment of 117 bp encoding 39 amino acids corresponding to the N-terminus of scallop H2A, which was homologous to buforin I in vertebrates, was cloned into Pichia pastoris GS115. The transformants (His(+) Mut(+)) containing multi-copy gene insertion were selected with increasing concentration of antibiotic G418. The peptide of 39 amino acids was expressed by induction of 0.5% methanol. The recombinant product exerted antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (G(+)) and Gram-negative (G(-)) bacteria. The antibacterial activity toward G(+) bacteria was 2.5 times more than that against G(-) bacteria. The results elucidated that N-terminus of H2A was a potential AMP and provided a promising candidate for a new antibiotic screening. However, whether H2A is really involved in scallop immune response mechanisms needs to be further investigated. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

栉孔扇贝核心组蛋白的基因结构及H2A抗菌活性的研究

栉孔扇贝是我国传统的海水养殖品种，但自1997 年以来，养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡，不但造成了巨大的经济损失，而且严重影响了该产业的健康发展。目前，虽然针对扇贝养殖环境、病原以及养殖技术等方面开展了大量的研究工作，提出了许多防病治病的措施，并取得了一定的成效。但由于引起养殖扇贝病害的病原和发病原因的多样性，大量使用抗菌素和农药后造成病原微生物抗药性的提高以及对环境造成的严重破坏，贝类养殖业要摆脱病害的困扰，必须开辟新的疾病防治途径。 从扇贝自身的免疫防御因子入手，筛选和克隆参与免疫防御的功能基因，尤其是一些新颖的具有抗菌活性的分子，对于深入探讨扇贝的免疫防御机制，指导扇贝的遗传改良和抗病品系的培育具有重要的意义；另一方面，可对抗菌效应物实现重组表达，开发新型的病害预防治疗制剂，取代目前普遍使用的抗生素和化学药物。抗菌效应物是机体在免疫应答过程中产生的多肽类物质，对侵入生物体内的细菌、病毒具有很强的免疫杀灭作用，对抗菌效应物的研究有助于深入了解机体先天性免疫防御的机制。 本研究在同源克隆策略的基础上，从利用构建的Genome Walking 文库中克隆到了栉孔扇贝核心组蛋白群的全长序列，该串联重复序列全长5671bp，包括各一个拷贝的组蛋白H4, H2B, H2A 和 H3。所有的核心组蛋白在3’侧翼序列均具有与其在细胞周期进化模式相关的特征结构，即两个不同的终止信号：发卡结构和至少一个多聚腺苷酸信号序列（AATAAA）。在5’区域的起始密码子上游37–45 bp处的保守的CAP位点（5’-PyCATTCPu-3’）存在于除H2B外的每一个基因中；规则的TATA 和CAAT元件也在核心组蛋白群中的个别的基因中找到。在H2B 和H2A基因的启动子区域，对于定位转录起始位点非常重要的元件（5’-GATCC-3’）也相对保守； 在H2B启动子区域存在着与其特征序列（5’-GGAATAAACGTATTC-3’）相似性很高的序列结构5’-GGATCGAAACGTTC-3’。增强子序列只发现存在于H4 和 H3基因中，其序列结构与组蛋白增强子序列(5’-TGATATATG-3’)基本匹配。在组蛋白基因群中存在着一些保守的序列和重复结构表明组蛋白基因的进化是采取“生与死的进化模 式”并伴随着强的纯化选择压力，使得该基因群变异较少以保持其基本功能。同时，利用18S rRNA做参照，探讨了H2A 和H2B作为分子系统进化分析的潜在分子标记，表明组蛋白H2A 和H2B可以作为分子系统进化分析得候选分子，它们在区分近缘种的分辨率上表现出了更高的灵敏度。该研究结果为进一步定性软体动物组蛋白重复单位提供了基础。 在脊椎动物中，组蛋白H2A通过特异性剪切其N末端产生新颖的抗菌肽的形式来参与宿主的免疫应答反应，在软体动物中是否存在同样的机制还未有研究报道。本研究利用上述克隆的H2A基因研究了其在病原胁迫下的表达变化规律并对其N末端39aa进行了重组表达和抗菌活性分析，以期为开发和利用软体动物的新颖的抗菌肽提供理论依据。半定量RT-PCR发现血细胞中H2A 的mRNA 在微生物感染前后的表达量没有任何显著的变化，表明H2A本身并不直接参与对病原的清除过程或者说病原微生物并不能诱导H2A的表达。因此，我们推测该基因可能象脊椎动物一样以前体形式存在，经剪切后参与宿主的免疫应答过程，为此我们研究了H2A的N末端的抗菌活性。通过将与脊椎动物buforin I同源的H2A的N末端39aa克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K实现了该基因N末端的重组表达。抑菌实验表明，重组产物具有广谱的抗菌活性，其对供试的革兰氏阳性菌藤黄微球菌表现出显著的抗菌活性，而对革兰氏阴性菌（鳗弧菌、亮弧菌）的抑菌活性则相对较弱；此外，重组产物对毕赤酵母GS115也表现出一定的杀菌活性，证明其具有抗真菌活性。上述研究结果证明组蛋白H2A的N末端是一种潜在的抗菌肽，但该抗菌肽是否参与机体的免疫应答过程需要进一步的深入研究。