小麦Ta-JA1基因功能的初步分析

茉莉酸是植物信号传递以及诱导植物产生防御反应的关键诱导激素之一，广泛存在于高等植物中，并在植物病虫害防御的信号传导通路中起着重要的作用。茉莉酸可以诱导植物抗性基因表达，产生茉莉酸调节蛋白来抵御病虫害。在禾本科的大麦中发现了一个分子量在32kDa茉莉酸调节蛋白家族（JPR-32），但其功能一直没有深入的研究。 木菠萝素是从桂木属木菠萝的种子中分离的一种可以和半乳糖或甘露糖特异结合的凝集素。近来的研究表明，植物的凝集素具有多种功能，主要有：可作为储存蛋白，对储存物质进行包装、运输;作为植物细胞的有丝分裂因子，参与细胞壁的延伸;生长调节及运输碳水化合物;具有酶的功能;参与豆科植物感染结瘤;协同其它防御蛋白参与植物防御反应。植物凝集素的功能复杂各异，对木菠萝素的功能研究更是相对较少。 本文在小麦中克隆出的cDNA（本文命名为Ta-JA1基因），该基因cDNA全长1158bp，编码304个氨基酸，分子量32.7kDa，与JPR-32蛋白质家族的基因序列具有很高的同源性。从蛋白结构分析中显示，Ta-JA1基因有两个典型的功能结构域：N末端的茉莉酸诱导的防御反应结构域和C末端的木菠萝素相关结构域。为我们研究这个新的蛋白家族的功能提供了一个典型的模式蛋白。本文即从Ta-JA1基因出发来研究这一类蛋白的相关功能。在此，我们构建了Ta-JA1基因的pBI121表达载体，并通过农杆菌介导叶圆片法转化烟草，成功获得转基因植株。通过硫酸铵盐析法获得了植物Ta-JA1蛋白粗提品，效率在0.01%左右。使用蛋白粗提物进行凝血效应分析，转基因植株的蛋白粗样品可以凝集新鲜的兔血，说明Ta-JA1蛋白具有植物凝集素的基本性质。选取烟草上典型的三类病原体：烟草花叶病毒，烟草黑胫病菌和烟草野火病菌。分别对转基因烟草进行侵染，并观察统计其抗病性，发现转基因烟草对烟草花叶病毒和烟草黑胫病具有显著的抗性，对烟草野火病也具有一定的抑制作用。通过与野生型烟草在抗盐，抗旱，抗虫和生长发育等方面的统计比较与分析，可以看出，基因烟草在抗逆性上也有了显著的提高，虽然Ta-JA1的过量表达没有影响转基因烟草的整体生长进程，开花期和结实情况与对照烟草相比也无明显变化，但是转基因烟草的种子在萌发时间上有了显著提高，一定数量上还表现出愈合的花冠筒上出现不同程度开裂，花冠筒上有附生舌状花瓣，及带有花瓣状颜色的花萼等异常花表型。

Numerical Simulation of Transient Thermal Field and Residual Stress in Laser Melting Process

以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景,应用空间弹塑性有限单元和高精度数值算法同时考虑材料组织性能的变化模拟工件的温度场及残余应力,研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场及残余应力数值模拟,同时考虑相变潜热及相变塑性的影响,用算例验证了模型的正确性,给出了不同时刻温度场分布及残余应力分布。

Structure and residual stress in gamma-LiAlO2, layer fabricated by vapor transport equilibration on (0001)sapphire

gamma-LiAlO2 layers with a highly preferred (1 0 0) orientation were prepared by vapor transport equilibration (VTE) technique on (0 0 0 1) sapphire substrate. Microststructure of the gamma-LiAlO2 layers was studied by XRD and SEM. In the temperature range from 750 to 1100 degrees C, the residual stress in the gamma-LiAlO2 layers varied from tensile to compressive with the increase of VTE temperature, and the critical point of the change between tensile and compressive stress is around 975 degrees C. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Induction of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to waterborne hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sub-lethal toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in fish. Adult Chinese rare minnows as in vivo models were exposed to waterborne HBCDD from 1 to 500 mu g/l for 14, 28 and 42 days. Hepatic CYP1A1 (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD) and CYP2B1 (pentaoxyresorufin-O-depentylase, PROD) activities were measured. At the same time, molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress were also assayed in the brain, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS), DNA damage and protein carbonyl, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content. DNA damage was evaluated using the Comet assay on erythrocytes. Besides, the content of HBCDD in whole fish was determined after 42 days exposure. The results show that HBCDD could induce EROD and PROD at 500 mu g/l after 28 days exposure, and at 100 to 500 mu g/l after 42 days exposure (P < 0.05), respectively. ROS formation in fish brain was observed to be increased in both time- and dose-dependent manner due to HBCDD exposure. The significant increases in TBARS and protein carbonyl contents occurred in fish brain after 28 and 42 days exposure (P < 0.05). Significant DNA damage in erythrocytes by Comet assay was also found in the 100-500 mu g/l exposure groups (P < 0.05) after 42 days exposure. Moreover, significant depletion in brain GSH content occurred in all treated groups (P < 0.05) and apparent inhibition in SOD activity in brain was observed in the groups of 10-500 mu g/l concentrations during 42 days exposure. The results demonstrate that increasing duration of HBCDD exposure induced EROD and PROD activities, caused excess ROS formation, finally resulted in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA and decreased antioxidant capacities in fish. Chemical analysis of HBCDD in whole fish showed accumulation up to 654 mu g/g wet weight. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of plankton communities in Lake Donghu, China, as revealed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and its relation to biotic and abiotic factors

The 16S and 18S rRNA genes of planktonic organisms derived from five stations with nutrient gradients in Lake Donghu, China, were studied by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, and the relationships between the genetic diversity of the plankton community and biotic/abiotic factors are discussed. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), NH4-N and As were found to be significantly related (P < 0.05) to morphological composition of the plankton community. Both chemical and morphological analyses suggested that temporal heterogeneity was comparatively higher than spatial heterogeneity in Lake Donghu. Although the morphological composition was not identical to the DGGE fingerprints in characterizing habitat similarity, the two strongest eutrophic stations (I and II) were always initially grouped into one cluster. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that the factors strongly correlated with the first two ordination axes were seasonally different. The concentrations of TN and TP and the densities of rotifers and crustaceans were generally the main factors related to the DGGE patterns of the plankton communities. The study suggested that genetic diversity as depicted by metagenomic techniques (such as PCR-DGGE fingerprinting) is a promising tool for ecological study of plankton communities and that such techniques are likely to play an increasingly important role in assessing the environmental conditions of aquatic habitats.

pkn22 (alr2502) encoding a putative Ser/Thr kinase in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 is induced by both iron starvation and oxidative stress and regulates the expression of isiA

In cyanobacteria, the isiA gene is required for cell adaptation to oxidative damage caused by the absence of iron. We show here that a putative Ser/Thr kinase gene, pkn22 (alr2052), is activated by iron deficiency and oxidative damage in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. A pkn22 insertion mutant is unable to grow when iron is limiting. pkn22 regulates the expression of isiA (encoding CP43') but not of isiB (encoding flavodoxin) and psbC (CP43). Fluorescence measurement at 77 K reveals the absence of the typical signature of CP43' associated with photosystem I in the mutant under iron-limiting conditions. We propose that Pkn22 is required for the function of isiA/CP43' and constitutes a regulatory element necessary for stress response. (C) 2003 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.