4 resultados para Wisconsin. Legislature

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Specimens of the calanoid copepod, Leptodiaptomus minutus, collected in June 1994 in oligotrophic: north temperate Crystal Lake, were infested with the stalked ciliate Epistylis lacustris. E. lacustris was highly specific to L. minutus and no other coexisting zooplankters were infested. Excluding nauplii, nearly 70% of copepods carried 1-20 ciliates, although the maximum load was as high as 250 ciliates. A lower percentage of nauplii were infested by the ciliate; those that were infested had a lower ciliate load than other copepod stages. Infestation by ciliates had no significant influence on the average egg number of female copepods. In a field experiment, higher copepod densities in enclosures resulted in a significantly higher infestation rate, but the ciliate load per individual copepod did not differ significantly among treatments.

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聚-β-羟基链烷酸(PHA)是许多微生物作为碳源、能源的一类贮藏性聚酯,具有广泛的应用价值。该聚酯可被微生物完全降解且有与塑料相似的性质,因而研究并提高PHA在植物中的合成为解决环境污染提供了新的解决途径。 聚-β-羟基于酸酯(PHB)是研究的最早、研究的最清楚的一种PHA。用聚合酶链式反应扩增并克隆了真养产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes eutrophus)中合成PHB的一个关键酶——3-酮硫裂解酶基因phbA。DNA序列分析表明所克隆的基因与国外报道序列同源性很高,只有一个碱基对的区别。为了检测该基因的功能及导肽的定位效率,构建了带有导肽基因的组成型表达载体,由根癌农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38)得到转基因植株。蛋白质电泳结果表明导肽可以将外源蛋白定位于质体,phbA基因能翻译成相应大小的蛋白。酶活性分析证实了转基因烟草中phbA编码的3-酮硫裂解酶可以催化乙酰-CoA合成乙酰乙酰-CoA。 将携有导肽序列的phbC(编码PHB合酶)和phbB(编码乙酰乙酰-CoA还原酶)连入pBIB-HYG得到组成型表达载体pZCB,用冻融法转入根癌农杆菌,介导转化烟草。烟草为已获得的具有卡那霉素抗性整合并表达phbA的转基因烟草。通过二次转化将携有潮霉素抗性的phbB基因和phbC基因导入已整合phbA的烟草,各基因均由质体导肽控制,最后得到整合PHB合成的三个酶基因的转基因烟草。转基因烟草经PCR、PCR-Southern检测,初步确定整合phbB和phbC烟草植株。以气相色谱初步分析,转基因烟草中PHB的含量可达鲜重的0.233%。 结果表明phbB和phbC基因可以在真核表达系统中编码相应的蛋白。通过色素分析、荧光动力学等手段分析了PHB在叶绿体中的累积对其功能的影响。 为了提高底物乙酰-CoA的供应能力及减少惰性聚酯对植物体的伤害,分离了种子特异性启动子和质体导肽序列,利用忆经克隆的合成PHB的三个关键酶基因,通过一系列DNA重组,分别构建了含有种子特异性启动子的嵌合phbC、phbB的二价表达载体pSCB及嵌合phbC、phbA、phbB的三价表达载体pSCAB,并由导肽将基因表达产物定位于质体。经根癌农杆菌介导转化油菜(Brassica napus L.) H165,获得转基因油菜植株,并进行了PCR、Southern blot及RT-PCR-DNA杂交等分检测。结果表明,三基因已经分别整合到相应的转基因油菜中,并已在转录水平表达。同时转化了油菜不育系、恢复系和保持系,获得批量转化株,并移入温室栽培。

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二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶 (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) 是催化三脂酰甘油(TAG)合成的最后也是最关键步骤的酶。TAG是真核细胞中最重要的能量存储形式。在植物中,TAG主要在种子、花粉和许多物种的果实中积累。然而,DGAT1基因的转录本也存在于植物的其它器官中,这些器官包括根、茎、叶、花瓣、花粉囊、未成熟的角果、幼苗以及正在发芽的种子等。迄今为止,许多针对DGAT1基因的研究都集中于DGAT1基因的表达在对种子油脂的积累以及对种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成所起的作用上。在本研究中,我们通过构建烟草DGAT1基因带有内含子的发卡RNA(hpRNA)结构,使之在转基因烟草植株中表达双链RNA(dsRNA),利用RNAi原理达到使烟草内源DGAT1基因沉默的目的。转基因沉默烟草植株的获得将会为更好地研究DGAT1基因的功能奠定基础。本实验不仅研究分析了DGAT1基因的抑制对烟草种子油脂积累的影响,还对表现出沉默性状的转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量以及DGAT1的转录水平等进行了研究分析。此外,通过对转基因烟草不同株系种子中的主要贮藏物质——油脂、蛋白质和糖的含量测定,初步揭示出在烟草种子中三者生物合成代谢之间存在的相关性。主要研究结果如下: 采用烟草DGAT1基因的第615~1293碱基之间679bp的片段构建了能表达发卡RNA(hpRNA)结构的表达载体,并转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)Wisconsin 38。Northern杂交分析发现,与野生型对照烟草(WT)相比,在沉默植株的花和发育状态种子中DGAT1基因的转录水平有很大降低,这表明该发卡结构能够高效率地引起烟草DGAT1基因的沉默。此外,在对Sil1至Sil12共12株转基因烟草进行油脂含量分析的结果表明,其中有8株表现出油脂降低的性状,转基因沉默效率达到67%。这表明:利用RNAi的方法可对目标基因进行特异降解来研究基因的功能,因此是一个在研究基因的表达功能上十分有效的方法,而且已成为植物基因工程的有力工具。 为了研究DGAT1基因的沉默对转基因植株不同器官的影响,本实验分析了转基因植株Sil7的不同器官中TAG的含量和脂肪酸组成,并采用RT-PCR方法对野生型对照和转基因植株中DGAT1基因的转录水平进行了比较分析。研究发现,转基因植株不同器官中DGAT1基因转录水平的降低与各器官中TAG含量的减少呈正相关。由此看来,植物中DGAT1的表达水平与植物的各个器官内TAG的含量之间存在着一定的对应关系。此外,在转基因植株Sil7不同器官中依然能够产生TAG,这说明或者DGAT1酶活性丧失而由其它的酶(如DGAT2和PDAT)参与TAG的合成,或者DGAT1酶活性只是部分地受到影响。本实验还对Sil7的根、茎、叶、花瓣和种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成进行了分析,结果发现,与烟草野生型对照相比,在Sil7的这些器官中,除种子中TAG的脂肪酸组成无明显变化外,其余器官中TAG的18:3/18:2脂肪酸比例均有明显升高。 对其中8株转基因烟草种子进行油脂含量分析发现,在转基因烟草中由于DGAT1基因的沉默引起种子中TAG含量的减少,从而引起了种子平均千粒重的下降。而在TAG含量和种子平均千粒重下降的同时,种子中其它贮藏物质-蛋白质和糖类的含量却增加了。该实验结果表明:在烟草种子中TAG的生物合成与蛋白质和糖类物质的合成之间存在着负的相关性。

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Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as "the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton", yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from -0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal.