Extended self-similar scaling law of multi-scale eddy structure in wall turbulence

The longitudinal fluctuating velocity of a turbulent boundary layer was measured in a water channel at a moderate Reynolds number. The extended self-similar scaling law of structure function proposed by Benzi was verified. The longitudinal fluctuating velocity, in the turbulent boundary layer was decomposed into many multi-scale eddy structures by wavelet transform. The extended self-similar scaling law of structure function for each scale eddy velocity was investigated. The conclusions are I) The statistical properties of turbulence could be self-similar not only at high Reynolds number, but also at moderate and low Reynolds number, and they could be characterized by the same set of scaling exponents xi (1)(n) = n/3 and xi (2)(n) = n/3 of the fully developed regime. 2) The range of scales where the extended self-similarity valid is much larger than the inertial range and extends far deep into the dissipation range,vith the same set of scaling exponents. 3) The extended selfsimilarity is applicable not only for homogeneous turbulence, but also for shear turbulence such as turbulent boundary layers.

Potential energy model for turbulent entrainment across density interface in a linearly stratified fluid

A potential energy model is developed for turbulent entrainment in the absence of mean shear in a linearly stratified fluid. The relation between the entrainment distance D and the time t and the relation between dimensionless entrainment rate E and the local Richardson number are obtained. An experiment is made for examination. The experimental results are in good agreement with the model, in which the dimensionless entrainment distance D is given by DBAR = A(i)(SBAR)-1/4(fBAR)1/2(tBAR)1/8, where A(i) is the proportional coefficient, S is the dimensionless stroke, fBAR is the dimensionless frequency of the grid oscillation, tBAR the dimensionless time.

双掺杂LiNbO3：Fe：Ru晶体的全息读出特性

为了解决读出过程中全息数据的擦除问题，研究了新型双掺杂LiNbOa：Fe：Ru晶体的全息读出特性。分析了双中心和单中心记录方案光栅的读出特性，并联立双中心物质方程和耦合波方程进行了模拟计算。结果表明，双中心记录所得到的饱和全息的读出时间常数远低于LiNbO2：Fe：Mn晶体的读出时间常数；单色光记录可以实现有效的全息，且其读出时间常数远大于记录时间常数，表现为准态非挥发读出。分析表明，这可能由于Ru的能级比Mn更靠近Fe，更易被红光激发，从而使得双中心记录所得饱和光栅的存贮持久性降低；单色光记录中红光能够

荧光俘获效应对掺铒氧化物玻璃光谱性质的影响

测试了不同掺杂浓度和样品厚度下掺铒磷酸盐和碲酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱、荧光光谱和荧光寿命，计算了Er^3＋离子在1．53μm处的吸收截面（σa）、发射截面（σe）、自发辐射跃迁概率（Arad）、辐射跃迁寿命（τrad）、以及辐射跃迁量子效率（η）等光谱参数．讨论了荧光俘获效应对掺铒磷酸盐和碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质及光谱参数的影响．结果表明即使在铒离子低掺杂浓度（0．1mol％Er2O3）下，荧光俘获效应也普遍存在于掺铒玻璃材料中，使得荧光寿命（τt）和荧光半高宽（FWHM）随样品的厚度和铒离子掺杂浓度增加而增大，导致

Yb∶Y3Al5O12晶体晶格振动光谱的研究

采用提拉法生长Y3Al5O12(YAG)晶体和Yb3+掺杂原子数分数分别为5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%和100%的Yb∶Y3Al5O12(Yb∶YAG)晶体。系统表征和分析了Yb3+掺杂浓度对拉曼光谱的影响。随着Yb3+掺杂浓度的增加,晶体的振动模式没有明显的变化,晶体结构没有改变;在370 cm-1和785 cm-1附近,振动吸收峰的半峰全宽逐渐增大。分析得出,Yb3+掺杂浓度对晶体的晶格、对称性、荧光寿命均有影响,从而可能影响到晶体的光谱和激光性能。

基于生态系统服务理论的草地可持续利用评价

草地退化不仅仅是今天中国才发生的事情。历史上曾经发生“黑尘暴”的美国North Dakota州，现在仍然有62.7％土地被用作耕作，林地所占面积仅仅占1％。私有制和种植业较畜牧业的高的利润率，是该州种植业比重高于畜牧业的重要原因。草原保护项目（CRP）得到了美国政府财政的大力支持， 在North Dakota州采用了以草地恢复为主的措施。美国发达的教育体系带来的高流动率，使得North Dakota州自30年代后居住人口稳定在60－70万成为可能，从而避免了我国出现的草原地区不断增加的人口压力。由此可见：草地作为重要的自然资源，不可能完全保护起来;没有其他配套措施，私有制可能会带来新一轮垦殖;草地畜牧业仍然是畜牧业的重要组成部分，畜牧业发展需要结合种植业尤其需要与饲料生产相结合。 依据生态系统服务的理念，首次发展了生态系统服务指数（ESI），试图通过对生态系统服务功能的综合考虑，提出科学的适宜放牧率的评价方法。本文利用美国北达科他州立大学中部草原研究站17年长期放牧试验数据，选取植物多样性Shannon-Wiener指数、地上净初级生产力、土壤表层含水量和单位面积家畜增重等四个指标，通过对不同指标分别赋予不同的权重，计算不同管理目标下ESI及其稳定性，并对单目标管理与多目标管理进行了比较研究。结果表明，对于北美混合普列里(Prairie)草地，围封不利用或建立自然保护区，虽然生态系统比较稳定，但既不能有效的提高植物多样性、初级生产力和土壤水分含量等生态功能，又没有畜产品产出;而在重牧或极重牧处理下虽然获得了较大的畜产品生产，但导致了草地生态系统的退化和较大的系统不稳定性。因此，这两种管理方式在实践中都是不可取的。应用生态系统服务指数综合考虑，认为应该权衡各项生态功能和生产功能，此时轻牧或中牧是最适宜的。因此，ESI的建立避免了单项指标的评价偏差，使得适宜放牧率的确定更加合理。 利用前面构建的多目标权重评价体系，结合内蒙古草原生态系统定位站放牧试验样地的数据，探讨了锡林郭勒盟定位站附近的适宜放牧率为2.67羊/ha，低于单目标条件下的每公顷绵羊4羊/ha。同时在经济学和生态系统系统服务理论的基础上，依据谢高地等人（2001年）的研究，并提出了环境税和生态补偿的标准，分别是每公顷15元和90元。

肝素钠粗品工业化高效生产工艺的探讨

文从原料的选用、工艺的综合应用和后产品的处理等方面对肝素钠粗品的生产进行了探讨。 结果显示，二次盐解可提高收率16．5％，二次吸附提高19．3％，三次洗脱增加13．o％，4℃沉淀和冷冻干 燥分别减少活性损失1．4％和1．O％，在沉淀剂YNB 99一l和NazS03的保护下，后产品肝素钠的酸化处理 收率可达98％。

云南矮马和普通马的比较细胞遗传学观察

云南矮马和普通马的比较细胞遗传学观察中科院昆明动物研究所细胞与分子进化开放研究实验室刘爱华，林世英云南省畜牧兽医科学研究所解德文分布于云南、四川、广西、贵州等省（区）有关矮马的生理生化指标和近缘分布、生态特征以及细胞遗传学等资料已有报道。本实验采用细...

微量营养物质对毛纺废水生物处理效果的影响

研究了Mg、Mo、Zn、维生素B1以及烟酸等微量营养物质对活性污泥降解CODCr活性的 影响,同时,对微量营养物质作用前后处理系统微生物群落结构进行了比较研究。试验结果表明:毛 纺废水缺乏生物处理系统所需足够的微量营养物质;不同种类和浓度的微量营养物质对活性污泥降 解CODCr活性的影响效果也不相同,Mg、Mo、Zn、雏生素B1和烟酸的最佳浓度分别为5 mg／L, 2 mg／L,1 mg／L,1 mg／L和1 mg／L;其最佳促进效果可使CODCr降解速率分别达到对照系统的 180％、140％、130％,

Actinomycetes and earthy-musty odorous compounds in brackish fishponds in Tianjin, China

The presence of the odorous compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin, as well as causative microorganisms in brackish intensive cultivation fishponds in Tianjin, China that had a severe earthy-musty odor were evaluated. The results revealed that MIB was the primary odorous compound present in the Tianjin fishponds, with a concentration ranging from 0.53-5302.7 ng.L-1. Furthermore, the concentration of MIB was found to be closely correlated with the gross biomass of actinomycetes in the water, which ranged from 10.67-1528.24 x 10(6) cfu.ml(-1). Therefore, the sequences of the 16 SrRNA and morphological characteristics of the actinomycetes in the brackish fishponds were investigated. The results revealed that the actinomycetes in the brackish fishponds included 9 species of common and dominant actinomycetes belonging to 4 genera. Of these genera, Streptomyces were the dominant species, and Streptomyces, Nocardioides and Micromonospora were the most common species in the fishponds evaluated. Next, the ability of each of the isolated Streptomyces to produce MIB was measured under laboratory culture conditions. Streptomyces Sp2 was found to have a strong ability to produce MIB, which indicates that this strain may be the primary source of the earthy-musty odor reported in brackish intensive cultivation fishponds in Tianjin, China.

A face detection algorithm based on high dimensional space geometry

In this paper, a face detection algorithm which is based on high dimensional space geometry has been proposed. Then after the simulation experiment of Euclidean Distance and the introduced algorithm, it was theoretically analyzed and discussed that the proposed algorithm has apparently advantage over the Euclidean Distance. Furthermore, in our experiments in color images, the proposed algorithm even gives more surprises.

A Smart Frequency Presetting Technique for Fast Lock-in LC-PLL Frequency Synthesizer

This paper proposes a smart frequency presetting technique for fast lock-in LC-PLL frequency synthesizer. The technique accurately presets the frequency of VCO with small initial frequency error and greatly reduces the lock-in time. It can automatically compensate preset frequency variation with process and temperature. A 2.4GHz synthesizer with 1MHz reference input was implemented in 0.35 mu m CMOS process. The chip core area is 0.4mm(2). Output frequency of VCO ranges from 2390 to 2600MHz. The measured results show that the typical lock-in time is 3 mu s. The phase noise is -112dBc/Hz at 600KHz offset from center frequency. The test chip consumes current of 22mA that includes the consumption of the I/O buffers.

面向XML文档的细粒度强制访问控制模型

XML文档存放的信息需要受到访问控制策略的保护.现有的一些面向XML文档的访问控制模型都是基于自主访问控制策略或基于角色的访问控制.高安全等级系统需要强制访问控制来保证系统内信息的安全.首先扩展了XML文档模型使其包含标签信息,并给出了扩展后的文档模型需要满足的规则.然后通过讨论XML文档上的4种操作,描述了面向XML文档的细粒度强制访问控制模型的详细内容.该模型基于XML模式技术,它的控制粒度可以达到文档中的元素或者属性.最后讨论了该模型的体系结构和一些实现机制。