Inductive expression and characterization analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus pigment epithelium-derived factor in a virally infected cell line

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is acknowledged to be a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, with antiangiogenesis, and neuroprotective and immumoregulatory function, mainly in the tissues of nervous system. Here, A PEDF gene homolog, Paralichthys olivaceus PEDF (PoPEDF), was isolated from flounder embryonic cells (FEC) treated with UV-inactivated Grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV) and subsequently identified as a differentially expressed gene. The full length of PoPEDF cDNA is 1803 bp with an open reading frame of 1212 bp encoding a 403-amino-acid protein. This deduced protein contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a glycosylation site, a consensus serpin motif, and a 34-mer and a 44-mer fragment, all of which are very conserved in the PEDF family. PoPEDF gene exhibits a conserved exon-intron arrangement with 8 exons and 7 introns. This conserved evolutionary relationship was further confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis, where fish PEDFs and mammalian members formed a well-supported clade. Constitutive expression of PoPEDF was widely detected in many tissues. In response to UV-inactivated GCHV or poly(I:C), PEDF mRNA was upregulated in FEC cells with time. This is the first report on the transcriptional induction of PEDF in virally infected cells. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Homologous feeder cells support undifferentiated growth and pluripotency in monkey embryonic stem cells

In the present study, five homologous feeder cell lines were developed for the culture and maintenance of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (rESCs). Monkey ear skin fibroblasts (MESFs), monkey oviductal fibroblasts (MOFs), monkey follicular granulosa fibroblast-like (MFG) cells, monkey follicular granulosa epithelium-like (MFGE) cells, and clonally derived fibroblasts from MESF (CMESFs) were established and compared with the ability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to support rESC growth. MESF, MOF, MFG, and CMESF cells, but not MFGE cells, were as good as or better than MEFs in supporting undifferentiated growth while maintaining the differentiation potential of the rESCs. In an effort to understand the unique properties of supportive feeder cells, expression levels for a number of candidate genes were examined. MOF, MESF, and MEF cells highly expressed leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, transforming growth factor PI, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and WNT3A, whereas WNT2, WNT4, and WNT5A were downregulated, compared with MFGE cells. Additionally, all monkey feeder cell lines expressed Dkk1 and LRP6, antagonists of the WNT signaling pathway, but not WNT1, WNT8B, or Dkk2. rESCs grown on homologous feeders maintained normal karyotypes, displayed the characteristics of ESCs, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, the cell surface markers stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, tumor-related antigen (TRA)-1-60, and TRA-1-81, and formed cystic embryoid bodies in vitro that included differentiated cells representing the three major germ layers. These results indicate that the four homologous feeder cell lines can be used to support the undifferentiated growth and maintenance of pluripotency in rESCs.

D77, one benzoic acid derivative, functions as a novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the interaction between integrase and cellular LEDGF/p75

Integration of viral-DNA into host chromosome mediated by the viral protein HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential step in the HIV-1 life cycle. In this process, Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is discovered to function as a cellular co-fa

HORMONAL-REGULATION OF TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR AND PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1 IN CULTURED MONKEY SERTOLI CELLS

Sertoli cells play a central role in the control and maintenance of spermatogenesis. Isolated Sertoli cells of mouse and rat testes have been shown to secrete plasminogen activator (PA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in culture. In this study, we have investigated the hormonal regulation of PA and PAI-1 activities in cultured monkey Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells (5x10(5) cells/well) isolated from infant rhesus monkey testes were preincubated at 35 degrees C for 16 h in 24-well plates precoated with poly(D-lysine) (5 mu g/cm(2)) in 0.5 mi McCoy's 5a medium containing 5% of fetal calf serum and further incubated for 48 h in 0.5 mi serum-free medium with or without various hormones or other compounds, PA as well as PAI-1 activities in the conditioned media were assayed by fibrin overlay and reverse fibrin autography techniques respectively. The Sertoli cells in vitro secreted only tissue-type PA (tPA), no detectable amount of urokinase-type PA (uPA) could be observed, Monkey Sertoli cells were also capable of secreting PAI-1, Immunocytochemical studies indicated that both tPA and PAI-1 positive staining localized in the Sertoli cells, spermatids and residual bodies of the seminiferous epithelium; Northern blot analysis further confirmed the presence of both tPA and PAI-1 mRNA in monkey Sertoli cells. Addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives or cAMP-generating agents and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or phorbol ester (PMA) to the cell culture significantly increased tPA activity. PAI-1 activity in the culture was also enhanced by these reagents except 8-bromo-dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (MIX) which greatly stimulated tPA activity, whereas decreased PAI-1 activity, implying that neutralization of PAI-1 activity by tile high level of tPA in the conditioned media may occur. These data suggest that increased intracellular signals which activate protein kinase A (PKA), or protein kinase C (PKC) can modulate Sertoli cell tPA and PAI-1 activities, The concomitant induction of PA and PAI-1 by the same reagents in the Sertoli cells may reflect a finely tuned regulatory mechanism in which PAI-1 could limit the excession of the proteolysis.

Localization and distribution of tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators and their inhibitors type 1 and 2 in human and rhesus monkey fetal membranes

Fetal membranes consist of 10 distinct layers including components of amnion, chorion and decidua, the latter being of maternal origin. They form mechanically integrated sheets capable of retaining amniotic fluid and play an essential role in protecting fetal growth and development in the pregnant uterus. The extracellular matrix, substrate for plasminogen activators (PAs), is an important supportive framework of the fetal membranes. :Fetal membranes from women with preterm premature rupture of membranes may differ in their protease activity compared with normal membranes. To identify the presence of PAs and their inhibitors (PAI) and their possible role in the process of fetal membrane rupture, this study in investigated the distribution and localization of both protein and mRNA for tissue (t) and urokinase (u) PA and their inhibitors type 1 (PAI-1) and type 2 (PAI-2) in amniochorion of human and rhesus monkey using conventional and. confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the distribution and localization of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-I and PAI-2 were similar in the fetal membranes of human and rhesus monkey; no obvious species difference was observed. Evidence of tPA mRNA was detected in amniotic epithelium, trophoblast cells and nearly all cells of the decidual layer. Strong expression of uPA mRNA was noted in the decidual cells which increased in intensity as the abscission point was approached. Weak staining in chorion laeve trophoblast was also detected. In situ hybridization experiments showed PAI-1 mRNA to be concentrated mainly in the decidual cells, some of which were interposed into the maternal-facing edge of the chorion laeve. Maximal labelling of the decidua occurred towards the zone of abscission. Weak expression of PAI-1 mRNA nas also noted in some cells of the chorion laeve. The distribution of PAI-2 mRNA in amniochorion was also concentrated in the cells of the decidual layer, maximum expression of the mRNA was in the level of abscission. No detectable amount of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 was found in the fibroblast, reticular and spongy layers. Distribution of the proteins of tPA, uPA and PAI-1 in the fetal membranes of these two species was consistent with the distribution of their mRNA. Anti-PAI-2 immunofluorescence was found to be strongly concentrated in the amniotic epithelium, but PAI-2 mRNA was negative in this layer, suggesting that the epithelium-associated PAI-2 is not of epithelial origin. These findings suggest that a local fibrinolysis in fetal membranes generated by precisely balanced expression of PAs and their inhibitors via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms may play an essential role in fetal membrane development, maturation and in membrane rupture. Following an analysis of the distribution and synthesis of activators and inhibitors it was found that they may play a role in abscission during the third stage of labour. (C) 1998 W. B. Saunders Company Ltd.

Effects of testosterone undecanoate as a male contraceptive candidate on rat immunological features

Testosterone undecanoate (TU) is under phase III clinical trial as a hormonal male contraceptive in China. Sex hormones can modulate the immune system. Female hormonal contraceptives may affect SIV/HIV-1 transmission. To evaluate the safety of TU and to understand whether long-term use of TU for a male contraceptive affects users' immunological features, adult male rats were treated for a 32-week TU-treated phase at the dose of 20 mg TU/kg body weight and a 24-week recovery phase. The reproductive and immunological parameters of 4-6 rats in each subgroup were examined at the stated time point. The mean sperm count and viability in the treated rats were significantly suppressed (p < 0.01). In the TU-treated group: the mean blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts; the proliferation indexes of T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen; and, of B cells from spleen, as well as the mean counts of blood T, NK, and B cells decreased in comparison with those of control group. These decreases were not significant (p > 0.01). Similarly, the mean serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels and complement activity in TU-treated rats were lower than those in control group (p > 0.01), and the changes in the antibody levels of the examined genital secretions were not significant (p > 0.01). The changes in the thickness of urethra epithelium, and in secretory component (SC) expression in genitals were not observed in the treated group. These results demonstrated that long-term supraphysiological TU injection did not obviously affect the examined rat immunological parameters.

In vitro anti-HIV and -HSV activity and safety of sodium rutin sulfate as a microbicide candidate

Sodium rutin sulfate (SRS) is a sulfated rutin modified from the natural flavonol glycoside rutin. Here, we investigated its in vitro anti-HIV and -HSV activities and its cytotoxic profile. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of SRS against HIV-1 X4 virus IIIB, HIV-1 R5 isolates Ada-M and Ba-L were 2.3 +/- 0.2, 4.5 +/- 2.0 and 8.5 +/- 3.8 mu M with a selectivity index (SI) of 563, 575 and 329, respectively. Its IC50 against primary R5 HIV-1 isolate from Yunnan province in China was 13.1 +/- 5.5 mu M, with a Sl of 197. In contrast, unsulfated rutin had no activity against any of the HIV-1 isolates tested. Further study indicated that SRS blocked viral entry and virus-cell fusion likely through interacting with the HIV- I envelope glycoprotein. SRS also demonstrated some activity against human herpes simplex virus (HSV) with an IC50 of 88.3 +/- 0.1 mu M and a Sl of 30. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of SRS was >3.0 mM, as determined in human genital ME 180, HeLa and primary human foreskin fibroblast cells. Minimum inhibitory concentration of SRS for vaginal lactobacilli was >3.0 mM. These results collectively indicate that SRS represents a novel candidate for anti-HIV-1/HSV microbicide development. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Predominant expression and cellular distribution of fish Agr2 in renal collecting system

Anterior gradient 2 (Agr2) genes encode secretory proteins, and play significant roles in anterior-posterior patterning and tumor metastasis. Agr2 transcripts were shown to display quite diverse tissue distribution in different species, and little was known about the cellular localization of Agr2 proteins. In this study, we identified an Agr2 homologue from gibe[ carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), and revealed the expression patterns and cellular localization during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. The full-length cDNA of CagAgr2 is 803 nucleotides (nt) with an open reading frame of 510 nt encoding 169 amino acids. The Agr2 C-terminus matches to the class I PDZ-interacting motif, suggesting that it might be a PDZ-binding protein. During embryogenesis, CagAgr2 was found to be transcribed in the mucus-secreting hatching gland from tailbud stage and later in the pharynx region, swim bladder and pronephric duct as revealed by RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. In the adult fish, its transcription was predominantly confined to the kidney, and lower transcription levels were also found in the intestine, ovary and gills. To further localize the Agr2 protein, the anti-CagAgr2 polyclonal antibody was produced and used for immunofluorescence observation. In agreement with mRNA expression data, the Agr2 protein was localized in the pronephric duct of 3dph larvae. In adult fish, Agr2 protein expression is confined to the renal collecting system with asymmetric distribution along the apical-basolateral axis. The data provided suggestive evidence that fish Agr2 might be involved in differentiation and secretory functions of kidney epithelium. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins trigger human corneal epithelial innate response through toll-like receptor-2

Bacterial lipoproteins (LP) are a family of cell wall components found in a wide variety of bacteria. In this study, we characterized the response of HUCL, a telomerase-immortalized human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) line, to LP isolated from Staphylococcus (S) aureus. S. aureus LP (saLP) prepared by Triton X-114 extraction stimulated the activation of NF-kappa B, JNK, and P38 signaling pathways in HUCL cells. The extracts failed to stimulate NF-kappa B activation in HUCL cells after lipoprotein lipase treatment and in cell lines expressing TLR4 or TLR9, but not TLR2, indicating lipoprotein nature of the extracts. saLP induced the up-regulation of a variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1). antimicrobial molecules (hBD-2, LL-37, and iNOS), and homeostasis genes (Mn-SOD) at both the mRNA level and protein level. Similar inflammatory response to saLP was also observed in primarily cultured HCECs using the production of IL-6 as readout. Moreover, TLR2 neutralizing antibody blocked the saLP-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and hBD2 in HUCL cells. Our findings suggest that saLP activates TLR2 and triggers innate immune response in the cornea to S. aureus infection via production of proinflammatory cytokines and defense molecules. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Androgen receptor targets NFKB and TSPI to suppress prostate tumor growth in vivo

The androgen role in the maintenance of prostate epithelium is subject to conflicting opinions. While androgen ablation drives the regression of normal and cancerous prostate, testosterone may cause both proliferation and apoptosis. Several investigators note decreased proliferation and stronger response to chemotherapy of the prostate cancer cells stably expressing androgen receptor (AR), however no mechanistic explanation was offered. In this paper we demonstrate in vivo anti-tumor effect of the AR on prostate cancer growth and identify its molecular mediators. We analyzed the effect of AR on the tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. Unexpectedly, the AR-expressing cells formed tumors in male mice at a much lower rate than the AR-negative controls. Moreover, the AR-expressing tumors showed decreased vascularity and massive apoptosis. AR expression lowered the angiogenic potential of cancer cells, by increasing secretion of an anti-angiogenic protein, thrombospondin-1. AR activation caused a decrease in RelA, a subunit of the pro-survival transcription factor NF kappa B, reduced its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. This, in turn, diminished the expression of its anti-apoptotic targets, Bcl-2 and IL-6. Increased apoptosis within AR-expressing tumors was likely due to the NF kappa B suppression, since it was restricted to the cells lacking nuclear (active) NF kappa B. Thus we for the first time identified combined decrease of NF kappa B and increased TSP1 as molecular events underlying the AR anti-tumor activity in vivo. Our data indicate that intermittent androgen ablation is preferable to continuous withdrawal, a standard treatment for early-stage prostate cancer. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cultured gill epithelial cells from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a new in vitro assay for toxicants

A culture gill epithelium from seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was developed for testing PAHs and dioxin-like contaminants in seawater. The epithelia consists two to three layers of epithelial cells incorporating both pavement cells and mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs). Polarity and a stable transepithelial resistance (TER) were maintained. and closely resembled those in fish gills in vivo. The tightness (integrity) of the epithelia remained unchanged upon exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB#126), while a concentration-dependent response of EROD activity in the epithelia was induced within 18-24 h when the apical side was exposed to these toxicants. The 24 h EC50 of EROD activity was 2.77 x 10(-7) M for PCB#126, 1.85 x 10(-7) M for B[a]P and 7.38 x 10(-10) M for TCDD. showing: that the preparation was not only sensitive to PAHs and dioxin-like compounds, but also able to produce inductive potency of AhR agonists that generally agreed with those derived from other established in vitro and in vivo systems. The results suggest, that the cultured gill epithelia from seawater-adapted tilapia may serve as a simple. rapid and cost-effective tool for assessing exposure and potential effects of toxicants in marine waters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of subretinal implant materials on the viability, apoptosis and barrier function of cultured RPE cells

Background: Subretinal microphotodiode array (MPDA) is a type of visual prosthesis used for the implantation in the subretinal space of patients with progressive photoreceptor cell loss. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of materials for MPDA on the viability, apoptosis and barrier function of cultured pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.Methods: Primary culture of pig RPE cells was performed and 24 pig eyes were used to start RPE culture. The third passage of the cultures was plated on different materials for MPDA and MPDAs. The tetrazolium dye-reduction assay (MTT) was used to determine RPE cell viability. Flow cytometry was measured to indicate the apoptosis rates of RPE cells on different materials. RPE cells were also cultured on microporous filters, and the transepithelial resistance and permeability of the experimental molecule were measured to determine the barrier function.Results: The data from all the methods indicated no significant difference between the materials groups and the control group, and the materials tested showed good biocompatibility.Conclusions: The materials for MPDA used in the present study had no direct toxicity to the RPE cells and did not release harmful soluble factors that affected the barrier function of RPE in vitro.

非洲爪蟾早期胚胎发育中PEDF和PEDF-R的功能以及vestigial-like家族表达图式的研究

PEDF 蛋白（Pigment epithelium-derived factor）又名“色素上皮源因子”或 “色素上皮衍生因子”，为一个多功能性分泌糖蛋白，前人研究表明PEDF 蛋白 具有神经保护性、免疫调节、抑制新生血管生成以及抑制肿瘤恶化等多种功能。 PEDF-R 是PEDF 的受体， 属于PNPLA2 （ Patatin-like phopholipase domain-containing 2 family）蛋白家族的一个新成员，PEDF 蛋白与其结合后会激 活PEDF-R 的磷脂酶A2 活性。本研究中，我们描述了非洲爪蟾PEDF 和PEDF-R 基因的表达图式及其在胚胎发育中的可能功能。RT-PCR 结果显示PEDF 是非母 源性表达，而PEDF-R 则是母源性表达的。原位杂交实验表明它们均在神经系统 中特异表达，但PEDF-R 的表达区域更加广泛，在鳃弓、眼泡和耳泡中也有表达。 通过mRNA 过表达和Morpholino(MO)阻断蛋白合成等手段发现，PEDF 功能获 得和功能缺失后胚胎几乎不受影响。然而PEDF-R 过表达后胚胎向注射一侧弯 曲，TUNEL 凋亡检测实验发现这些胚胎在注射一侧发生了凋亡。这两个基因神 经表达的特异性表明它们可能在早期神经发育中有重要功能。TUNEL 结果暗示 着PEDF-R 可能是一个与凋亡信号通路相关的受体。PEDF 功能获得和缺失并未 导致胚胎明显的表型，这表明PEDF 在非洲爪蟾中可能还存在其他的受体来行使 与PEDF-R 不同功能的途径。 果蝇的vestigial 基因编码一个转录辅助因子，在果蝇中只有一个成员，即 vestigial(vg)基因。在脊椎动物中有四个vestigial 同源基因，即vestigial-like 1,2,3,4_(vgl-1,2,3,4)。Vestigial 蛋白能作为辅助因子与果蝇中的Scalloped(Sd)蛋白 或者哺乳动物中的TEF 蛋白结合成复合体，通过Sd/TEF 蛋白的TEA/ATTS 结构 域与DNA 结合，从而调节下游基因的转录。本研究中，我们克隆了非洲爪蟾 vestigial-like 家族的四个成员，并对其在爪蟾胚胎发育过程中的表达进行研究。 RT-PCR 显示vgl-2 和vgl-3 是合子型表达的，vgl-1、vgl-4 则是母源性表达。原位 杂交显示：vgl-1 主要在神经管背部、耳泡和眼泡中表达；vgl-2 则是在肌肉、第 一二鳃弓、脊索中特异表达；vgl-3 神经胚时期在后脑有强的表达信号，从神经 胚后期到尾芽期后脑部位的表达几乎消失了，而在胚胎的头部以及神经管中开始 有微弱的表达；vgl-4 的表达较广泛，在神经管、眼泡、耳泡、肌肉以及脊索中 均有表达。在爪蟾中这四个成员的表达图式各不相同，提示它们有可能与其行使 组织特异性基因调控的功能相关，上述结果将有助于对vestigial-like 家族基因在 胚胎发育中的功能研究。

非洲爪蟾早期胚胎发育中PEDF和PEDF-R的功能以及vestigial-like家族表达图式的研究

PEDF 蛋白（Pigment epithelium-derived factor）又名“色素上皮源因子”或 “色素上皮衍生因子”，为一个多功能性分泌糖蛋白，前人研究表明PEDF 蛋白 具有神经保护性、免疫调节、抑制新生血管生成以及抑制肿瘤恶化等多种功能。 PEDF-R 是PEDF 的受体， 属于PNPLA2 （ Patatin-like phopholipase domain-containing 2 family）蛋白家族的一个新成员，PEDF 蛋白与其结合后会激 活PEDF-R 的磷脂酶A2 活性。本研究中，我们描述了非洲爪蟾PEDF 和PEDF-R 基因的表达图式及其在胚胎发育中的可能功能。RT-PCR 结果显示PEDF 是非母 源性表达，而PEDF-R 则是母源性表达的。原位杂交实验表明它们均在神经系统 中特异表达，但PEDF-R 的表达区域更加广泛，在鳃弓、眼泡和耳泡中也有表达。 通过mRNA 过表达和Morpholino(MO)阻断蛋白合成等手段发现，PEDF 功能获 得和功能缺失后胚胎几乎不受影响。然而PEDF-R 过表达后胚胎向注射一侧弯 曲，TUNEL 凋亡检测实验发现这些胚胎在注射一侧发生了凋亡。这两个基因神 经表达的特异性表明它们可能在早期神经发育中有重要功能。TUNEL 结果暗示 着PEDF-R 可能是一个与凋亡信号通路相关的受体。PEDF 功能获得和缺失并未 导致胚胎明显的表型，这表明PEDF 在非洲爪蟾中可能还存在其他的受体来行使 与PEDF-R 不同功能的途径。 果蝇的vestigial 基因编码一个转录辅助因子，在果蝇中只有一个成员，即 vestigial(vg)基因。在脊椎动物中有四个vestigial 同源基因，即vestigial-like 非洲爪蟾早期胚胎发育中PEDF 和PEDF-R 的功能以及vestigial-like 家族表达图式的研究 2 1,2,3,4_(vgl-1,2,3,4)。Vestigial 蛋白能作为辅助因子与果蝇中的Scalloped(Sd)蛋白 或者哺乳动物中的TEF 蛋白结合成复合体，通过Sd/TEF 蛋白的TEA/ATTS 结构 域与DNA 结合，从而调节下游基因的转录。本研究中，我们克隆了非洲爪蟾 vestigial-like 家族的四个成员，并对其在爪蟾胚胎发育过程中的表达进行研究。 RT-PCR 显示vgl-2 和vgl-3 是合子型表达的，vgl-1、vgl-4 则是母源性表达。原位 杂交显示：vgl-1 主要在神经管背部、耳泡和眼泡中表达；vgl-2 则是在肌肉、第 一二鳃弓、脊索中特异表达；vgl-3 神经胚时期在后脑有强的表达信号，从神经 胚后期到尾芽期后脑部位的表达几乎消失了，而在胚胎的头部以及神经管中开始 有微弱的表达；vgl-4 的表达较广泛，在神经管、眼泡、耳泡、肌肉以及脊索中 均有表达。在爪蟾中这四个成员的表达图式各不相同，提示它们有可能与其行使 组织特异性基因调控的功能相关，上述结果将有助于对vestigial-like 家族基因在 胚胎发育中的功能研究。

树突状细胞体外分化成熟的时程、mi/mRNA 表达谱分析和共生菌影响的研究

树突状细胞（dendritic cells, DC）作为机体天然免疫和获得性免疫反应的桥梁和枢纽，发挥着重要的启动和调控作用。随着体外诱导方法的建立和生物学技术的进步，有关DC 的基础生物学研究得到了快速的发展，在诱导方法、个体发生及基因表达和调控等方面，涌现出很多新的、未解的关键问题。同时，随着对粘膜免疫机理研究的深入，DC 在粘膜生态环境中的功能和影响，渐已成为免疫学研究前沿领域中的热点和要点。在本研究中，为了确定DC 体外分化成熟的最短时程，同时为了研究DC 分化成熟相关的基因表达调控，我们建立了快速的DC 体外诱导方法，分析了体外快速诱导 DC 的mi/mRNA 表达谱。此外，在原始分离的女性生殖道共生乳酸杆菌的基础上，以THP-1作为DC 前体细胞的细胞系模型，开展了女性生殖道共生乳酸杆菌刺激活化 THP-1 的研究，希望能够为乳酸杆菌作为生殖道粘膜免疫疫苗的应用提供理论基础。首先，采用外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC）来源的CD14+细胞为DC 前体，经过GM-CSF 和IL-4 的刺激，1-6 天后得到未成熟DC （immature dendritic cells, iDC），并经成熟因子（TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 与PGE2）诱导 1-2 天后，获得成熟DC（mature dendritic cells, mDC）。经过比较和分析，明确了完全分化和成熟各2 天，即“2+2”，为DC 诱导分化的最佳和最短时程，从而证实和建立了DC 体外快速诱导的体系和方法。该方法获得的iDC 与mDC，具有与传统的“6+2” 方法获得的DC 相同的形态与表型，而且，利用该方法获得的DC 总数高于“1+1”， “1+2”与“6+2”的方法，为DC 的生物学研究提供了基础数据。我们进而采用芯片技术，对体外快速分化成熟的DC 进行了mi/mRNA 表达谱分析，确定了DC 不同分化发育阶段特征性的mi/mRNA 表达差异。结果发现，与CD14+ 单核细胞即DC 前体相比，iDC 与mDC 之间具有更加相近的mi/mRNA 表达方式。 miRNA 表达谱分析则表明，不同的miRNA 表达与DC 的不同分化和发育阶段相关。而且，位于同一基因簇内的miRNA，呈现协同表达的情况。特别值得注意的是，本研究发现了在DC 的某些发育阶段特异表达的miRNA，它们在DC 发育过程中的功能，还未得到诠释，它们在DC 某些分化阶段的特异表达，提示了DC 各分化阶段的相关性与特异性。结合mRNA 表达谱分析，我们发现miRNA 的表达与其目的基因的表达在mRNA 水平呈现负相关的特性。同时，免疫相关mRNA 与miRNA 在DC 体外不同发育阶段的表达亦呈现差异，其中，miRNA（如hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-146, hsa-miR-106a 与hsa-miR-20a 等）与mRNA（如ALM1 等）参与了特定的与免疫相关的GO（Gene Ontology）与通路（Pathway），提示这些miRNA 与mRNA 可能通过不同的方式调节控制着DC 的体外诱导过程。在有关粘膜生态环境中DC 的分化、成熟及其功能影响的研究中，我们首先通过各种乳酸杆菌鉴定方法的综合应用，确定了6 种原始分离的女性生殖道主要共生乳酸杆菌：发酵乳酸杆菌（L.Fermentum）、约氏乳酸杆菌（L.Johnsonni）、卷曲乳酸杆菌（L.Crispatus）、革氏乳酸杆菌（L.Gasseri）、詹氏乳酸杆菌（L.Jensenii）与德氏乳酸杆菌（L.Delbrueckii ）。其中，德氏乳酸杆菌（L.Delbrueckii）和发酵乳酸杆菌（L.Fermentum）具有较高的产H2O2 的能力。在此基础上，我们在与THP-1 的共同培养体系中，将乳酸杆菌对DC 前体的作用和影响进行了比较和研究。结果发现，L.Crispatus 在分离的各原始菌株中，具有最强的刺激THP-1 活化的能力，而且，在相同刺激比例下，L.Crispatus 活菌具有比死菌更强的免疫刺激能力，表现为明显上调THP-1 细胞表面标志CD40、CD80、CD86、 CD1a、CCR6 与CD324 的表达水平，同时可诱导活化THP-1 上调表达Th1 型细胞因子。通过FITC-Dextran 吞噬实验，我们发现，经过L.Crispatus 刺激的THP-1 细胞，其吞噬外来抗原的能力明显下降，但尚未检测到经过活化的THP-1 细胞刺激T 细胞增殖的能力。通过流式细胞术分析的方法，我们检测了TLR1、TLR2、TLR4 与TLR6 在不同的刺激分化阶段的表达水平，结果表明，THP-1 主要通过TLR2 与TLR6 识别女性生殖道L.Crispatus。综上所述，本研究首先通过对DC 体外分化成熟的最短时程的分析，确立了快速诱导DC 的最佳方法，进而利用芯片技术，研究了快速诱导DC 的mi/mRNA 表达谱，揭示了DC 体外分化发育过程中可能的调控途径，为进一步研究DC 的基础生物学提供了恰当的模型和具有指向性的线索。同时，通过与DC 前体THP-1 的共同培养体系，证实了生殖道共生乳酸杆菌的免疫调节作用，为以乳酸杆菌为载体的生殖道粘膜免疫疫苗的研究和应用提供了实验依据