油藏渗流与应力耦合分析

基于岩石力学与渗流力学理论，考虑到油藏中多相渗流的特点以及渗流与应力的耦合效应，建立了油藏多相渗流与应力耦合分析模型，研究了渗流与应力的耦合规律，给出了实现耦合分析的方法与步骤，最后通过算例检验了耦合分析的有效性和实用价值。

The Stability of a Vertical Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Under Its Own Weight

It has been reported recently that single carbon nanotubes were attached to AFM tips to act as nanotweezers. In order to investigate its stability, a vertical single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) under its own weight is studied in this paper. The lower end of the carbon nanotube is clamped. Firstly the governing dimensionless numbers are derived by dimensional analysis. Then the theoretical analysis based on an elastic column model is carried out. Two ratios, I.e., the ratio of half wall thickness to radius (t=R) and the ratio of gravity to elastic resilience ($\rho$gR=E), and their influences on the ratio of critical length to radius are discussed. It is found that the relationship between the critical ratio of altitude to radius and ratio of half thickness to radius is approximately linear. As the dimensionless number $\rho$gR=E increases, the compressive force per unit length (weight) becomes larger, thus critical ratio of altitude to radius must become smaller to maintain stability. At last the critical length of SWCNT is calculated. The results of this paper will be helpful for the stability design of nanotweezers-like nanostructures.

近圆弧位形的约束无力场

<正> 太阳磁场在大气中常常被描述为无力场,无力场的理论模型常常考虑成延伸至无穷远,或者人为地截止至有限的区域。事实上,太阳大气中的磁场往往被约束在有限的空间,通过一间断面与大气交接。

砂土地基中吸力式沉箱的极限沉贯深度分析

吸力式沉箱是广泛应用于离岸结构物中的新型基础形式,贯入分析方法的研究是很重要的课题.分析了砂性土地基吸力贯入过程中的渗流状况,得出了筒内壁的压降比率与贯入深径比的关系公式,分析评估了抽吸作用对筒内壁压降比率的影响,提出了砂土地基中吸力贯入阻力和地基极限吸力的简便计算方法,给出了砂土地基中极限贯入深径比的计算公式,分析了各种砂土地基中的吸力贯入极限深径比.不计简体自重和抽吸效应影响时,这一比值介于2.1～2.5之间.

Quantitative measurement of domain inversion in RuO2 : LiNbO3 crystal by digital holographic interferometry

We quantitatively study the domain inversion in a RuO2:LiNbO3 crystal wafer by the digital holographic interferometry. The crystal wafer is placed into one arm of a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer to record a series of holograms. Making use of the angular spectrum backward propagation algorithm, we reconstruct the optical wave field in the crystal plane. The extracted phase difference from the reconstructed optical wave field is a well linear function of the applied external voltage. We deduce that the linear electro-optic coefficient of the detected RuO2:LiNbO3 crystal sample is 9.1x10(-12) m/V. An unexpected phase contrast at the antiparallel domain wall is observed and the influence of the applied external voltage on it is studied in detail. Also the built-in internal field is quantitatively measured as 0.72 kV/mm. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Design and analysis of a kind of large flattened mode optical fibre

In this paper, a refractive index pro. le design enabling us to obtain a. at modal field around the fibre centre is investigated. The theoretical approach for designing such multilayer large flattened mode (LFM) optical fibres is presented. A comparison is made between the properties of a three-layer LFM structure and a standard step-index pro. le with the same core size. The obtained results indicate that the effective area of the LFM fibre is about twice as large as that of the standard step-index fibre, but the LFM fibre has less effective ability to filter out the higher order modes than the standard step-index fibre with the same bending radius.

Photoinduced effects in amorphous Ge-Se films

With light illumination from an Ar ion laser, the photoinduced changes in vacuum evaporated amorphous GeSe2 films; were investigated with the X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmitting electron microscope (TEM) and transmittance spectra analysis. It was observed that the optical transmittance edges of films shifted to shorter wavelength according to annealing and light illumination and the shift in well-annealed films could be recovered by annealing at 200 degrees C for 1 h in Ar air. The magnitude of shift increased with the increase of the intensity of illumination light and the illumination time. By sides, photoinduced crystallization was also observed in the exposed regions of GeSe2 films and more of it was observed with stronger intensity of illumination light.

光聚物材料中布喇格偏移的动态分析

对光致聚合全息存储材料光化学反应过程和引起布喇格偏移的因素进行了分析，通过理论推导，得到了曝光时间与布喇格偏移量的关系．实验曲线表明，材料的布喇格偏移先是随着曝光量的增加而增加，最后达到饱和值．实验的结果与理论分析进行比较，两者符合较好，说明对于布喇格偏移随时间变化动态过程的分析比较合理．

Upconversion properties of TM3+/Yb3+ codoped fluorophosphate glasses with low phonon density of states

Fluorophosphate glasses codoped with Tm3+ and Yb3+ were prepared and their thermal stability, phonon states, and upconversion properties were studied. It is found that the increment of phosphate content is good for the thermal stability but increases the phonon density of states. However, the phonon density of states of these fluorophosphate glasses is very low due to the low phosphate content in their composition. The upconversion luminescence spectra were measured under excitation of 970 nm laser diode, and the intense blue (476 nm) and near infrared (794 nm) emission were simultaneous obtained at room temperature. The sensitizing mechanisms of Yb3+ to Tm3+ for blue and red emission contain both sequential and cooperative sensitization. The near infrared emission is a two-photon upconversion process. These researches suggest that when the phosphate content in the composition is low enough, fluorophosphate glass can be suitable host material of Tm3+ codoped with Yb3+ for blue and near infrared upconversion luminescence. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Characterization of LaF3 coatings prepared at different temperatures and rates

LaF3 thin films were prepared by thermal boat evaporation at different substrate temperatures and various deposition rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Lambda 900 spectrophotometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to study crystal structure, transmittance and chemical composition of the coatings, respectively. Laser-induce damage threshold (LIDT) was determined by a tripled Nd:YAG laser system with a pulse width of 8 ns. It is found that the crystal structure became more perfect and the refractive index increased gradually with the temperature rising. The LIDT was comparatively high at high temperature. In the other hand, the crystallization status also became better and the refractive index increased when the deposition rate enhanced at a low level. If the rate was super rapid, the crystallization worsened instead and the refractive index would lessen greatly. On the whole, the LIDT decreased with increasing rate. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

兰科槽舌兰属的系统学研究

槽舌兰属为兰科树兰亚科万代兰族指甲兰亚族植物，大部分种类为中国特有种，部分种类分布到越南、泰国、缅甸等国家和地区。长期以来，本属植物由于与近缘属间的界线模糊不清，而属内性状变异大，是兰科植物系统学研究的疑难属之一。本文通过对槽舌兰属及部分近缘属植物的形态地理学、细胞学、传粉生物学、分子系统学等研究，重新界定了槽舌兰属，确认该属植物的种类，提出一个新的属下分类系统，讨论了槽舌兰属属内和近缘属间的系统学关系，同时对槽舌兰属高山组植物的演化进行了探讨。 1．槽舌兰属及近缘属形态学性状 　　我们通过标本研究和野外观察，对槽舌兰属和近缘属植物的形态学性状及其变异式样进行了详细比较分析，重新评价各性状的分类学价值，认为蕊喙、蕊柱翅、花粉块类型等对于槽舌兰属与近缘属的划分具有重要意义;胼胝体类型、粘盘柄形状、距的类型、唇瓣中裂片边缘状况等对属下分类具有重要的意义;而中裂片、侧裂片和距的形态对槽舌兰属的种的划分具有重要的意义。传统上作为划分种依据的胼胝体的数目、花序上花的数目、茎的长短等在种内变异较大，不宜用作种划分的依据。 2. 槽舌兰属植物核型研究 　　我们报道了8种槽舌兰属植物的体细胞的染色体数目，其中6种为首次报道，并对其中7个种的核型进行初步分析。目前已进行研究的槽舌兰属植物的染色体数为2n=38，体细胞分裂中期的染色体长小于2 um, 染色体类型以中部和近中部着丝粒染色体为主，部分染色体成点状。槽舌兰属不同染色体数目相等、染色体形态和大小相似，从一个方面反映了槽舌兰属植物是一个单系类群。 3. 滇西槽舌兰（Holcoglossum rupestre）的传粉生物学研究 　　我们选择滇西槽舌兰的进行传粉生物学研究以探讨本属植物系统学和进化，发现滇西槽舌兰的传粉系统为兰科植物中少见的甲虫专化传粉系统，而且滇西槽舌兰的传粉系统处于一种不稳定的状态。弯腿金龟（Hybovalus bioculatus）是滇西槽舌兰唯一的传粉者，以两个不同的部位携带花粉团，即前腿和臀部，并存在着两种不同的传粉机制。滇西槽舌兰这种不稳定的传粉系统似乎表明该系统可能正处于转变阶段。繁殖系统的实验表明自然状况下滇西槽舌兰结实率由传粉率决定，而自然状况下低的结实率可能由两方面的原因导致：很低的传粉效率和有效的防止自花传粉机制。 4. 槽舌兰属植物的分子系统学研究 　　我们对9种槽舌兰属植物和2种万代兰属植物的叶绿体基因组trnL-F序列进行了测定，并从基因库下载了14种万代兰族植物和2种用作外类群的美洲附生兰亚科植物的trnL-F序列。测序结果发现槽舌兰属的trnL-F序列存在着很大的差异：H. lingulatum的trnL-F存在大片段的缺失，而H. kimballianum的trnL-F存在许多小片段的插入。分子系统学分析表明槽舌兰属为一单系类群，支持将Vanda subulifolia和V. amesiana转置入槽舌兰属中，强烈支持由H. sinicum、H. flavescens、H. rupestre和 H. weixiense构成槽舌兰属属内分支。 5．槽舌兰属的分类学修订 　　在广泛查阅国内外馆藏标本和开展多次野外调查的基础上，并结合细胞学和分子系统学研究结果，我们重新界定了槽舌兰属。该属植物的主要特征：茎短;叶肉质，细长半圆柱形，部分种叶略扁而成“V”形，其近轴面具一纵槽，先端渐尖，不裂;总状花序侧生，花疏生;花苞片比花梗和子房短;侧萼片或多或少呈镰形;花瓣通常具爪，与中萼片相似;唇瓣3裂;侧裂片直立;中裂片较大，基部常有附属物;蕊柱粗短，具翅，无蕊柱足或具很短的足;蕊喙2裂;花粉团蜡质，2个，球形，具裂隙。确定槽舌兰属目前包括11种（包括2个新种）：H. subulifolium、H. amesianum、H. kimballianum、H. lingulatum、H. omeiense、H. quasipinifolium、H. sinicum、H. rupestre、H. flavescens、H. wangii和H. weixiense。 H. tangii和Vanda saprophytica被分别处理为H. lingulatum与H. kimballianum的异名，而H. tsii的分类学地位尚有待进一步研究。同时在我们研究的基础上，提出槽舌兰属一个新属下的分类系统： 槽舌兰属 Holcoglossum 　　短距亚属 Holcoglossum subgen. Amesianum 　　H. subulifolium，H. amesianum; 槽舌兰亚属Holcoglossum subgen. Holcoglossum 　槽舌兰组Holcoglossum sect. Holcoglossum 　　H. kimballianum，H. lingulatum，H. wangii，H. omeiense，H. quasipinfolium; 高山组Holcoglossum sect. Sinicum 　H. sinicum，H. rupestre，H. flavescens，H. weixiense。 6．槽舌兰属属内和近缘属间系统学关系探讨 　　通过广泛的形态地理研究并结合传粉生物学和分子系统学研究结果，我们对槽舌兰属属内和属间关系进行的探讨。槽舌兰属短距亚属与万代兰属和指甲兰属比较接近，是槽舌兰属中比较原始的类群; 槽舌兰组植物的分布中心介于短距亚属和高山组分布中心之间，而该组植物的许多性状也表现出过渡性质。在‘Aerides-Vanda alliance’中，我们认为钻喙兰属和万代兰属是该类群中比较原始的属，而鸟舌兰属（Ascocentrum）可能是介于指甲兰属和举喙兰属（Seidenfadenia）之间，支持传统的观点认为Papilionanthe位于Vanda和Aerides之间但更接近于Aerides，但同时我们认为举喙兰属可能是‘Aerides-Vanda alliance’中最为特化的类群。 7． 高山组所属物种形成探讨 　　槽舌兰属高山组的四个种均为中国特有植物，主要分布云南西北部地区，其中H. weixiense、 H. rupestre、H. sinicum3个种只局限分布在云南的西北部地区。尽管高山组各个种比较相似，但形态上已经分化，生境也不同而且存在着对应关系。细胞学实验结果发现槽舌兰属高山组的四种植物均为二倍体（2n=38），与槽舌兰属的其他种类一致，这表明该组植物在横断山区的分化时染色体的数目并没有变化，高山组植物的三种横断地区特有植物可能为裂生特有。高山组4个种的1300bp的trnL-F总共只有10个碱基的差异，在trnL-F分支图中，高山组分支作为单系类群得到强有力的支持（BP=94%）。高山组植物trnL-F序列微小的差别反映了该组植物可能是在近期通过快速物种形成进行分化的。这些资料说明槽舌兰属高山组植物是近期通过适应辐射进行分化以适应不同生境，而且可能是生境和传粉系统共同驱动下形成的。