Analysis of high wheat yields in Northwest China

Grain yields of over 14 Mg ha(-1) were reported in 1978 for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Northwest China. Understanding the circumstances under which this record yield was achieved may be useful in defining the key factors that lead to high grain yields and in determining the limits to wheat yield. A relatively simple, mechanistic model was used in an effort to simulate the record yield. The model was used as a framework in which various crop traits could be adjusted to match the observed crop growth. The weather that was characterized by cool temperatures and high levels of solar radiation, proved to be especially important in allowing a full-season crop to achieve record yields. Variables defining plant development in the model also had to be set to describe the high yielding cultivar grown in China. Leaf development was defined by the length of a phyllochron, which was set equal to 78 TU (thermal units, base temperature equal to 0 degrees C) based on independent data. The description of grain fill had to be defined to match simulation results with the observations. Two variables, length of the grain-fill period and the grain growth rate, were set in response to the unique traits of this cultivar and the low temperatures during grain development. These simulations led to important suggestions for examining the interaction between cool temperature regimes and developmental traits of wheat cultivars. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

保水剂对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

对辽西半干旱区褐土农田施用几种保水剂的效果进行了室内模拟和田间试验研究.观测了保水剂包衣和沟施对春小麦出苗、土壤水分含量及产量的影响，对使用保水剂的适宜浓度、效果、经济效益进行了评价，并对保水剂促进出苗的机理和田间保水机制进行了探讨.结果表明，保水剂包衣能够加快种子吸水过程，促进春小麦萌发出苗，出苗期提前1～2天，出苗率提高6.5%～11.5%，增产7.5%～12.7%，投入产出比为1：7.保水剂包衣的适宜浓度为1%，浓度过大（≥5%），保水剂层过厚，会影响种子呼吸和水分通过，不利于出苗，出苗率和产量分别提高5%和10%以上.保水剂沟施，可提高土壤持水能力，0～30cm的土壤水分含量，提高了1个百分点.保水剂沟施处理，水分利用效率可提高0.7～2.0kg·mm<'-1>·hm<'-2>，提高幅度为6.7%～18.5%.研究发现，保水剂田间保水效果，与土壤含水量有关，土壤水分低于毛管断裂含水量时，保水剂对蒸发速率影响很小.

丘陵半干旱区春小麦耗水特征与水分高效利用

该文利用Penman-Monteith公式和田间灌溉试验，对丘陵半干旱区春小麦的需水耗水特征进行了计算分析，并利用旱棚和田间试验、数理统计和系统分析等方法，对冬灌和涌流灌溉的节水效果、喷灌制度和喷灌水量分布、水肥耦合互馈作用、有限水量的最优分配等进行了综合研究.通过模拟寻优得出了春小麦不同产量水平下的水肥管理优化方案.以Jensen模型为基础，利用动态规划确定了不同初始土壤含水量和可利用灌溉水量下的最优分配决策.

丘陵半干旱区春小不知所云水肥耦合效应

采用312-D最优饱和设计，在丘陵半干旱区开展了连续4年的田间试验，深入地研究了春小麦水肥祸合效应。水肥单因子对产量和水分利用效率（WUE）有显著影响，大小顺序为：水＞磷＞氮，其中三个因子对产量的提高均是正效应，而对WUE的提高，氮、磷施用量是正效应，过量灌溉是负效应；两因子间祸合作用的强弱顺序为：氮与水祸合＞氮与磷祸合＞磷与水祸合，其中氮与磷祸合，以及氮与水祸合对提高产量和认心E均表现为极显著相互促进作用，而磷与水祸合表现为不显著的相互替代作用。水肥祸合通过提高气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、叶表面相对湿度（RH）、叶内水浓度（Hi）和降低胞间COZ浓度（Ci），来提高叶片光合速率（Pn）。氮素营养缺乏引起叶片“光合午休”现象的发生，增加施氮量可以避免“光合午休”现象的发生。籽粒产量与灌浆期叶片Pn呈正相关。水肥单因子对叶片Pn影响的大小顺序是：氮＞磷＞水；因子间藕合作用强弱顺序为：氮与水棍合＞磷与水祸合＞氮与磷祸合。水肥优化管理是提高产量、叶片Pn及WUE的重要途径。中等用量的氮、磷、水藕合可以达到高产、高效，获得较高的WUE和叶片Pn，实现节水高产高效与较高叶片Pn的统一，为春小麦科学灌溉施肥提供了理论依据。

大赖草总DNA转化小麦引起的HMW-GS基因变化及大赖草HMW-GS基因的克隆

应用花粉管通道技术将新疆大赖草总DNA导入小麦，用高重序列分析方法，已为大赖草总DNA转入小麦提供了初步的分子证据。在转 化后代中选育出稳定遗传的大穗变异株系，分析表明，这些转化株中蛋白质含量明显增高(13%-17%)。对基因供体新疆大赖草、受 体春麦761、转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)进行了SDS-PAGE分析，发现这些转化株中HMW-GS发生了很大变化，并在此基础 上，用来自小麦基因组的四对特异引物，以PCR方法扩增供体、受体以及转化株的1Ax、1Bx、1Dx及1Ay、1By、1Dy型HMW-GS全基因 ，比较他们扩增产物的差异，结果表明，受体与转化株在HMW-GS基因1Ax、1Bx位点上的扩增产物差异不大，在HMW-GS基因位点1Dx 和y型基因上的扩增产物有较大差异，说明了受体在基因位点1Dx、1Ay、1By和1Dy上可能发生了多位点插入，可能由于这些基因位 点上的插入引起了转化株的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的变化，这就再一次为大赖草总DNA导入提供了直接的分子证据。虽然大 赖草总DNA导入提高了小麦蛋白质的含量，改变了HMW-GS的组成，部分改变了品质评分，但我们感到这些转化株在品质改良方面仍 有很大余地，如何更好地利用新疆大赖草蛋白质的优良特性及避免总DNA导入给转化株带来的不良性状，一个大赖草HMW-GS基因正 被分离及克隆，并准备将其利用于未来的品质育种当中。Total DNA of Leymus racemosus had been transformed into wheat through pollen tube pathway. Analysis of the repeated gene sequence had provided an elementary proof. Some variant cultivars with big ear were screened from their offsprings, and their protein content increased greatly from 13% (receptor)to 17%(transformed). The result from SDS-PAGE analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits(HMW- GS) respectively in donor(Xinjiang Leymus racemosus), receptor(spring wheat cultivar 761)and transformed wheats, showed the HMW-GS composition changed in the transformed plants. On the basis of the research, Four special pairs primers from wheat(T.aestivum L.) genome were used to amplify complete coding regions of HMW-GS genes on 1Ax、1Bx 、1Dx and 1Ay、1By、1Dy loci of donor、receptor and the big ear transformed cultivars. By comparing amplified PCR products. Faint differences were found among receptor and transformed cultivar's 1Ax、1Bx PCR amplifed products and apparent differences on those of 1Dx、y-typePCR product. We gueseed that there may be some DNA inserts in 1Dx 、1By、1Dy loci resulted in the changes of the HMW-GS among transformed cultivars. This provides second direct molecular witness to the exogenous DNA introduction. Even though the transformed plants have higher protein content, changed HMW-GS composition, partially improved process quality, there still leave much work to improve quality. In order to make full use of the excellent property of Leymus racemosus protein and avoid the disadvantages introducced by total DNA transformation, a HMW-GS gene of Leymus racemosus was being isolated and cloned.

不同类型作物对干湿交替环境的反应

通过对干湿交替环境下春小麦、马铃薯、大豆和玉米等作物的产量、水分利用效率及光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度等生理变化的研究表明 :( 1 )春小麦和马铃薯在干湿交替环境下可获得与充分供水相当的产量而它们的水分利用效率却显著提高 ,大豆减产幅度较大 ,玉米减产严重 ,其水分利用效率显著低于全湿处理 ;( 2 )浇水后各作物的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都有所增加 ,但不同作物增加的幅度不同 ,就是同一作物各指标的增幅也不同 ;( 3)干湿交替环境下同化物的运输模式有利于春小麦籽粒的充实和马铃薯块茎的膨大 ,而不利于玉米产量的形成 ;( 4 )产量不仅决定于营养生长阶段 ,更主要决定于生殖生长阶段。此外 ,还就干湿交替过程中若干生理变化和经济产量形成机制作了初步探讨。

小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应

利用模拟土柱研究了不同水分和氮素营养条件下春小麦根系的生理生态反应。结果表明 ,适量施氮 (尿素 60 0kg/hm2 )增加了总根重和深层土壤中的根重 ,改善了根系的水分关系 ,提高了细胞膜的稳定性 ,因而有助于提高小麦的抗旱性 ;过量施氮 (尿素 150 0kg/hm2 )增加上层根重对抗旱性的意义并不大。严重水分胁迫下 ,过量施氮导致根细胞膜伤害率明显增加 ,根系水分关系恶化 ,根系保水能力下降 ,使小麦抗旱性降低

氮磷营养对小麦水分关系的影响

比较研究了氮磷营养对春小麦水分关系影响的差异。结果表明 ,土壤干旱情况下 ,氮磷营养虽然皆增强了春小麦的渗透调节能力 ,但由于氮磷营养对作物地上地下部生长的不同进促作用而对作物的水分状况产生了完全相反的影响。氮营养增强了作物对干旱的敏感性 ,使其水势和相对含水量大幅度下降 ,蒸腾失水减少 ,自由水含量增加而束缚水含量减少 ,并使膜稳定性降低 ;而磷营养则明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,增大了气孔导度 ,降低了其对干旱的敏感性 ,增加了束缚水含量 ,并使膜稳定性增强

宁南旱地作物降水生产潜力及其适度开发研究

1997～ 1999年在宁南半干旱偏旱区国家宁南 (海原 )旱农试区设置了旱地糜子与春小麦降水生产潜力及其适度开发试验 ,采用肥力梯度法研究有限降水条件下旱地糜子与春小麦的最大产量与适宜开发度。研究结果表明 ,宁南半干旱偏旱区旱地糜子 3年 (3种降水年型 )平均降水生产潜力为 176 0 .5 kg/ hm2 ,水分利用效率 WU E为0 .6 47kg/ m3 ,潜力适宜开发度为 90 % ,适宜施肥量为氮 90 kg/ hm2、磷 45 kg/ hm2 ;宁南旱地春小麦 3年 (1998～1999年 ,有冬灌 )平均水分生产潜力和 WU E分别为 2 5 5 4.0 kg/ hm2 和 0 .90 3kg/ m3 ,1997年纯旱地降水生产潜力和 WUE分别为 115 8.0 kg/ hm2 和 0 .6 90 kg/ m3 ,潜力适宜开发度为 85 % ,适宜施肥量为氮 6 0 kg/ hm2 、磷 30 kg/hm2 。

Spatio-temporal changes in annual accumulated temperature in China and the effects on cropping systems, 1980s to 2000

Change in thermal conditions can substantially affect crop growth, cropping systems, agricultural production and land use. In the present study, we used annual accumulated temperatures > 10 degrees C (AAT10) as an indicator to investigate the spatio-temporal changes in thermal conditions across China from the late 1980s to 2000, with a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 km. We also investigated the effects of the spatio-temporal changes on cultivated land use and cropping systems. We found that AAT10 has increased on a national scale since the late 1980s, Particularly, 3.16 x 10(5) km(2) of land moved from the spring wheat zone (AAT10: 1600 to 3400 degrees C) to the winter wheat zone (AAT10: 3400 to 4500 degrees C). Changes in thermal conditions had large influences on cultivated land area and cropping systems. The areas of cultivated land have increased in regions with increasing AAT10, and the cropping rotation index has increased since the late 1980s. Single cropping was replaced by 3 crops in 2 years in many regions, and areas of winter wheat cultivation were shifted northward in some areas, such as in the eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and in western Liaoning and Jilin Provinces.

Low Spring Constant Regulates P-Selectin-Psgl-1 Bond Rupture

Forced dissociation of selectin-ligand bonds is crucial to such biological processes as leukocyte recruitment, thrombosis formation, and tumor metastasis. Although the bond rupture has been well known at high loading rate r(f) (>= 10(2) pN/s), defined as the product of spring constant k and retract velocity v, how the low r(f) (< 10(2) pN/s) or the low k regulates the bond dissociation remains unclear. Here an optical trap assay was used to quantify the bond rupture at r(f) <= 20 pN/s with low k (similar to 10(-3)-10(-2) pN/nm) when P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) were respectively coupled onto two glass microbeads. Our data indicated that the bond rupture force f retained the similar values when r(f) increased up to 20 pN/s. It was also found that f varied with different combinations of k and v even at the same r(f). The most probable force, f

Superelastic And Spring Properties Of Si3N4 Microcoils

Silicon nitride with helical structure was prepared on a large scale by CVD. On the microscale, these coiled Si3N4 ceramics still possess superelasticity and can recover their original shapes after cyclic loadings without noticeable deformations. These results suggest helical microcoils could have potential in microdevices for MEMS, motors, electromagnets, generators, and related equipment.