The effects of CpG-C oligodeoxynucleotides on innate immune responses in Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can stimulate the immune system, and therefore are widely used as a therapeutic vaccination and immune adjuvant in human. In the present study, CpG-C, a combination of A- and B-class ODN, was injected into Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g crab-1), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, activities of total intracellular phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme-like activities, the mRNA transcripts of EsproPO, EsCrustin and EsALF were assayed to evaluate its modulating effects on the immune system of crab. The ROS levels in all treated and control groups were significantly increased from 6 to 24 h, except that ROS in 0.1 mu g CpG-C-treated crabs was comparable to that of the blank at 6 h. The PO activity was significantly enhanced and EsproPO transcripts were down-regulated (P < 0.01) at 6 h after the injection of 0.1 mu g CpG-C, with no significant changes in the other dosage treatments. The lysozyme-like activities and EsCrustin transcripts in the CpG-C-treatment groups were significantly higher than those of controls. The mRNA expression of EsALF remained almost constant in all the groups during the treatment. These results collectively suggested that CpG-C could activate the immune responses of E. sinensis, and might be used as a novel immunostimulant for disease control in crabs.

The effects of CpG-C oligodeoxynucleotides on innate immune responses in Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can stimulate the immune system, and therefore are widely used as a therapeutic vaccination and immune adjuvant in human. In the present study, CpG-C, a combination of A- and B-class ODN, was injected into Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g crab-1), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, activities of total intracellular phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme-like activities, the mRNA transcripts of EsproPO, EsCrustin and EsALF were assayed to evaluate its modulating effects on the immune system of crab. The ROS levels in all treated and control groups were significantly increased from 6 to 24 h, except that ROS in 0.1 mu g CpG-C-treated crabs was comparable to that of the blank at 6 h. The PO activity was significantly enhanced and EsproPO transcripts were down-regulated (P < 0.01) at 6 h after the injection of 0.1 mu g CpG-C, with no significant changes in the other dosage treatments. The lysozyme-like activities and EsCrustin transcripts in the CpG-C-treatment groups were significantly higher than those of controls. The mRNA expression of EsALF remained almost constant in all the groups during the treatment. These results collectively suggested that CpG-C could activate the immune responses of E. sinensis, and might be used as a novel immunostimulant for disease control in crabs.

Numerical Simulation of 3D-Thermal Field with Phase Transformation

以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景,应用空间的弹塑性有限单元和高精度的数值算法、同时考虑材料组织性能的变化来模拟材料的温度场。主要研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场数值模拟,同时考虑相变潜热的影响,为第二步热应力场及残余应力的数值模拟做准备。最后用算例验证了模型的正确性,并给出了不同时刻温度场的分布。

Variational Approach to the Thomas-Fermi Equation

By the semi-inverse method, a variational principle is obtained for the Thomas-Fermi equation, then the Ritz method is applied to solve an analytical solution, which is a much simpler and more efficient method.

Orientation preference and fractal character of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal

Short fatigue crack behaviour in a weld metal has been further investigated. The Schmid factor and the fractal dimension of short cracks on iso-stress specimens subjected to reversed bending have been determined and then applied to account for the distribution and orientation characteristics of short fatigue cracks. The result indicates that the orientation preference of short cracks is attributed to the large values of Schmid factor at relevant grains. The Schmid factors of most slip systems, which produced short cracks, are less than or equal to 0.4. Crack length measurements reveal that short crack path, compared to that of long crack, possesses a more stable and relatively larger value of fractal dimension. This is regarded as one of the typical features of short cracks.

负啁啾高强度飞秒脉冲在正常色散材料中传输特性研究

利用块状正常色散材料作非线性介质，实验研究了负啁啾强激光飞秒脉冲在正常色散材料的传输过程中，脉冲波形及频谱随入射脉冲能量的变化特性．实验发现，负啁啾脉冲经过材料后激光光谱在被整形和压缩的同时，脉冲宽度也被压缩．实验获得的压缩脉冲宽度短于相等光谱宽度下的双曲正割转换极限脉冲宽度。数值模拟结果显示，在实验条件下模拟结果具有同样的变化特性．

Self-compression of femtosecond pulses in argon with a power close to the self-focusing threshold

Self-compression of femtosecond pulses in noble gases with an input power close to the self-focusing threshold has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is demonstrated that either multiphoton ionization (MPI) or space time focusing and self-steepening effects can induce pulse shortening, but they predominate at different beam intensities during the propagation. The latter effects play a key role in the final pulse self-compression. By choosing an appropriate focusing parameter, action distance of the space time focusing and self-steepening effects can be lengthened, which can promote a shock pulse structure with a duration as short as two optical cycles. It is also found that, for our calculation cases in which an input pulse power is close to the self-focusing threshold, either group velocity dispersion (GVD) or multiphoton absorption (MPA) has a negligible influence on pulse characteristics in the propagation process.

体布拉格光栅外腔半导体激光器光谱特性研究

用体布拉格光栅(VBG)作为反馈元件与瓦级半导体激光器(LD)以及快轴准直柱透镜构成一个可以将半导体激光器的工作波长稳定在体布拉格光栅布拉格波长处的外腔激光器。测量了体布拉格光栅外腔激光器的波长稳定性与其工作电流、热汇温度、激光束准直装置等因素的关系。分析了波长稳定效果与半导体激光器增益谱特性、外腔结构参量等因素的关系。研究表明,在相同的工作电流、热汇温度下,当准直柱透镜直径为0.4 mm时的波长稳定效果较好;在此情况下,当热汇温度控制在30 ℃,工作电流从0.5 A增加到1.5 A的测量范围内,以及当工

Polarization analysis and experimental implementation of PLZT electro-optical switch using fiber Sagnac interferometers

The polarization characteristics of electro-optical (EO) switches using fiber Sagnac interferometer (FSI) structures are theoretically investigated. Analytical solutions of output fields are presented when the twists and birefringence in a Sagnac loop are considered. Numerical calculations show that the twists of fiber, the orientation of the inserted phase retarder, and the splitting ratio of the coupler will influence both the output intensity and the output polarization properties of the proposed switch. A polarization-independent EO switch based on a Sagnac interferometer and a PUT bar was experimentally implemented, which showed good coincidence with the analytical results. The experiment showed a switch with 22 dB extinction ratio and less than 31.1 ns switching time. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

甘草属（Glycyrrhiza L.)的系统学研究——兼论与假甘草属（Glycyrrhizopsis Bosis.&Bal.)的关系

甘草属（Glycyrrhiza L.）隶属于豆科山羊豆族甘草亚族，各大洲均有分布。本文对甘草属进行了全面的系统学研究，重点分析了各形态相关性状的变异式样及变异范围，首次发现甘草属的龙骨瓣不合生、分离，中国植物志四十二卷记载龙骨瓣合生，则有误;认为荚果形态和叶片性状是较为可靠的分种依据，小叶数目、花序疏、密以及小花大小等性状对于属下种类的划分也具有重要的分类学意义。首次在扫描电镜下观察了13种甘草属植物花粉粒的微形态特征，发现甘草属植物花粉为球形或近球形、三孔沟、萌发沟通常比较宽、沟边缘不整齐、沟膜较明显、表面通常具有疣状、瘤状或颗粒状突起;外壁纹饰以小孔穴状纹饰为主，还有皱纹状纹饰。花粉的形状、大小、外壁纹饰在种间存在变异，反映了一定的种间关系，对目前的属下分类系统提供了一些证据。对种子形态观察表明，该属植物的种皮表面纹饰特征比较相近，除圆果甘草(G. squamulosa)表面纹饰为圆丘状突起外，其余种类均以各种条纹状或回纹状突起为主。从种皮表面纹饰特征所反映的种间关系来看，有些与传统的分类结果一致，有些则不一致，无规律可寻，对于进行甘草属分类和种间系统演化关系研究不具有更高价值。对甘草属植物进行了分子系统学研究，测定5种甘草属植物的ITS序列，并从Genebank中下载21种的ITS序列，包括了2种甘草属植物及山羊豆族内其它10个属的代表。以紫藤为外类群，进行简约性分析，构建甘草属及其临近类群的系统发育树状图，结果显示，所研究的甘草属植物聚为一支，而山羊豆族内的其余类群在系统树上聚为另一支，表明甘草属与山羊豆族内其余类群的关系相对稍远;甘草属植物作为一个单系类群得到了100％的支持。在包括了山羊豆族、车轴草族、蚕豆族、鹰嘴豆族、岩黄芪族和灰叶族植物的系统发育树状图上，甘草属植物与山羊豆族的其余类群则处于不同的分枝上，进一步表明它们亲缘关系较远，包括甘草属的山羊豆族不是一个单系类群，甘草属的分类位置还需进一步研究。 作者在研究了4000余份腊叶标本及进行了大量野外考察的基础上，结合孢粉学、种子形态及分子生物学的证据，首次采用综合手段对世界甘草属植物进行全面的分类学修订。确认甘草属含3个组、13个种、1个变种，其中处理一新组合;对17个名称进行了归并;重新界定了广布种乌拉甘草（G.uralensis）和欧亚甘草（G.glabra）的变异范围，澄清了上述两种长期存在的名实混乱;考证了属的正确模式及一些种的合法学名，发现被命名为胀果甘草（G. inflata）的类群其正确名称应是G. paucifoliolata，建议将长期使用的胀果甘草作为保留名。确立假甘草属Glycyrrhizopsis Boiss. & bal.的独立地位，并确认该属具有2种1变种，处理新组合一个。本文对每一个种进行了详细的形态描述，并附分布资料及地理分布图，还给出了分组、分种检索表。