Species diversity of the subgenus Amiota (s. str.) Loew, 1862 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in southern China

A total of 38 Amiota (s. str.) species (about 40% of the world total) are reported from southern China, with descriptions of 23 new species, i.e. sinuata species-group: aculeata Chen and Aotsuka, sp. nov., subsinuata Chen and Aotsuka, sp. nov., xishuangbanna Chen and Aotsuka, sp. nov.; basdeni species-group: brevipartita Chen and Gao, sp. nov., curvispina Chen and Gao, sp. nov., lipingae Chen and Gao, sp. nov., huae Chen and Gao, sp. nov., longispina Chen and Gao, sp. nov.; taurusata species-group: asymmetrica Chen and Takamori, sp. nov.; femorata Chen and Takamori, sp. nov., yixiangensis Chen and Takamori, sp. nov.; alboguttata species-group: ailaoshanensis Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., arcuata Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., dehiscentia Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., jizushanensis Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., latitabula Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., luguhuensis Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., nozawai Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., paraspinata Chen and Watabe, sp. nov., shangrila Chen and Watabe, sp. nov.; and ungrouped: fuscicata Chen and Zhang, sp. nov., wangi Chen and Zhang, sp. nov., wuyishanensis Chen and Zhang, sp. nov. A key to all species from southern China is provided. The Amiota fauna of southern China at the species-group level is compared with that of six geographic regions. The subgenus Amiota is assumed to have originated and produced many species-groups in the Oriental region of East Asia, and then the basdeni, alboguttata and rufescens species-groups might have spread to Europe and North-Central America throughout the Palearctic region of East Asia and both the apodemata, sinuata and nagatai species-groups to tropical regions of South-East Asia.

毛茛科升麻族（广义）的系统学研究

本文利用多种实验手段，对升麻族(Cimicifugeae,s.l.)的节部维管系统、花瓣、花粉、种皮及细胞学性状进行综合分析，根据这些性状的演化趋势，探讨了升麻族的范围、系统位置和属间关系。 通过对节部维管系统的研究，作者发现升度族的节均为多隙节类型，填补了铁破锣属 (Beesia)和黄三七属(Souliea)叶隙节资料的空白。 通过对花瓣式样及其脉序类型的研究，提出了升麻族的花瓣演化路线，充实了毛莨科(Ranunculaceae)的花瓣来源于雄蕊这一观点，认为毛莨科的花瓣主要不源于雄蕊的药隔部分，具二歧脉的花瓣由药隔不突出的基着药雄蕊演化而来，而具三出脉的花瓣由药隔发达、有时先端突出的雄蕊演化而来。 作者除在扫描电镜下观察了升麻族的花粉形态外，还首次在透射电镜下观察了升麻族所有5属的花数外壁结构，发现黄三七属的花粉不仅具独特的条纹——网状纹饰，且其外壁具半覆盖层;在细胞学研究中，发现黄三七属的细胞间期核形态明显不同于金莲花亚科(Helleboroideae)的其它属，为复杂染色中心型(Complex chromocenter type)和棒状前染色体型(Rod prochromosome type)间的过渡类型。综合考虑本属和黄连属(Coptis)的体态、中期染色体形态及血清学证据，作者认为黄三七属是升麻族中的一个特化类群，是大（R-型）染色体往小（T-型）染色体演化的一个过渡类群，本属很可能与黄连族(Coptideae)植物关系较为密切。此外，作者借助扫描电镜的观察，发现升麻族的种皮向两个方向演化，一支适应风传播，表现为种翅发达;另一支适应动物传播，抗消化，表现为种皮坚硬，表面具密集的瘤状突起。 通过对升麻族地理分布格局的研究，作者认为本族可能是起源于东亚的一群极为古老的毛莨科植物，由毛莨科的祖先直接演化而来。铁破锣属和黄三七属很可能起源于中国西南山地。 最后作者基于自已的多种实验结果、前人的植化和细胞学资料，不同意铁破锣属放在金莲花族(Trollieae)或铁筷子族(Helleboreae)，对Tamura的升麻族概论及系统关系进行重大修改，不赞成升麻族来自驴蹄草属(Caltha)这一观点，而支持王文采的系统，把 铁破锣属移入升麻族，并认为修改过的升麻族是毛莨科中一个非常自然而以特殊的类群，除一系列形态特征不同于金莲花亚科的其它属外，该族植物不含毛莨科特征性成分—毛莨甙或木兰花碱，而含有独特的四环三萜式成分(Anemonopsis 是否含此成分，尚待研究)及呋喃色酮类化合物，染色体组分中，具5-6对大m的染色体，应独立作为一个新亚新——升麻亚科(Cimicifugoideae)，推测本亚科与金莲花亚科均来自毛茛科的祖先型。升麻亚科中，铁破锣属保留了很多原始特征，如单叶、无花瓣等，作者将其提升为族—铁破锣族(Beesieae)。伴随单叶往复叶的演化过程，升麻亚科的原始群（类似铁破锣族）分化为两支：一支的染色体演化较慢，但果实和种显示出明显的分化，形成升麻族(Cimicifugeae, s.str.)，包括垂果升麻属(Anemono psis)、升麻属和类叶升麻属;另一支的花瓣、花粉和染色体的演化水平较高，形成黄三七属，作者将其独立为一个新族——黄三七族(Soulieae)，除上述系统处理外，本文提供了包括升麻亚科所有属种的检索表。

国产贝母属（百合科）的系统学研究

作者通过实地调查，栽培观察，大量查阅标本，对国产贝母属(Fritillaria L.)的形态性状作了深入的分析，认为贝母属中植株大小，茎生叶先端卷曲与否，花的数目、花梗的长短、花被片颜色等性状易受生境的影响;而鳞茎所具鳞片的数目，植株最下一轮叶的形状及排列，花部蜜腺的形状，花柱柱头的分裂程度，雄蕊花丝在发育完后的长短，蒴果的形状等性状受生境的影响较小，但在栽培情况下，这些性状有时也会发生变化．此外，作者首次报道了部分国产贝母属种类的核型和花粉形态．在此基础上对我国贝母属进行了系统整理，将正式发表的138个分类名称（包括80个种、52个变种、5个变型、1个栽培变型）归并成24种l变种，并对国产贝母组(Seclion Fritillaria)的种间关系作了初步探讨;同时，对该属的次级分类也作了修订．根据有关，F.karelinii花粉学和细胞学资料，以及邻近4个种的形态特征及分布特点，我们支持J.G..Baker(1874)的观点将该类群保留在贝母属内而不同意A.S.Lozin-Lozinskaya(1935)，A.Takhtajan(1987)将其单立成属也不同意W.B.Turrill &J.R.Sealy(1980)将其并入贝母组(Sect.Fritillaria)，而将该类群做为贝母属中的一个新组——砂贝母组(Sect.Rhinopetalum (Fish. ex Alex.) Y.B.Luo)．并认为该组与贝母组关系较近．作者通过上述工作及查阅世界各地有关贝母属的文献，认为贝母属内最原始的类群是Sect. Fritillaria，而Sect.Petillium，Sect.Rhinopetalum和Sect.Theresia是演化水平中等的类群．Sect.Liliorhiza则是演化水平最高的一类．通过对该属组(Section)级及种级分布式样的分析，认为伊朗一土兰区不仅是组的多度中心，并且也是多样化中心;在种级水平上，地中海区是分布的多度中心，而种级多样化中心则在伊朗一土兰区;此外，在伊朗一土兰区还保留着一些较原始的类群，因而，该区可能是贝母属的起源中心，最后，作者对贝母属的起源时间、散布途径及现代分布格局形成的原因进行了初步探讨．

唇柱苣苔属及其近缘类群（苦苣苔科）的系统发育研究

中国的苦苣苔科－长蒴苣苔族存在两个古老又难以界定的大属：唇柱苣苔属Chirita和长蒴苣苔属Didymocarpus。唇柱苣苔属至少有140种，其中75％以上的种分布在中国南部。尽管Wood和王文采（中国种）已经作出较为全面的修订，但唇柱苣苔属的界定以及属下再划分仍然存在争议。传统分类一直认为唇柱苣苔属非单系类群，尤其与长蒴苣苔属、小花苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及报春苣苔属等近缘属之间的关系难以确定，还需进一步研究。长蒴苣苔属已经被拆分为三个不同的属，其中的狭义长蒴苣苔在我国有20多种。针对以上问题，本文通过大量的标本研究、野外考察以及分子系统学研究，得出了一些初步的结果。 形态学 通过大量的标本观察及野外考察，发现唇柱苣苔属及其近缘类群营养性状变异非常复杂。然而，营养体变异受环境饰变大，不适合作为划分组和属等较高级分类单元的主要依据，是区分近缘种的主要分类依据。在生殖器官中，一些性状，如子房和蒴果形状和大小，在唇柱苣苔属和其近缘属中存在大量的过渡类型，不宜将单独或2－3个性状作为主要分类依据。同时笔者发现两个新种，即长萼唇柱苣苔（C. longicalyx J. M. Li & Y. Z. Wang）和匍匐唇柱苣苔（C. prostrata J. M. Li & Y. Z. Wang）。匍匐唇柱苣苔属于钩序唇柱苣苔组，系多年生植物，致使我们国家分布的钩序唇柱苣苔组扩大为两种。它的特殊习性以及极其有限的分布区表明，它是一个在不利的生境下偶尔幸存的残遗种。 2．分子系统学 首先通过对两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F数据以及它们的联合数据进行最简约分析和贝叶斯分析，并结合形态特征演化来研究唇柱苣苔属唇柱苣苔组和小花苣苔属系统发育关系。结果表明，小花苣苔属和唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）Chirita sect. Gibbosaccus构成一个单系群，强烈支持小花苣苔属归并到唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）中，而且二者形态性状极其相似。上述事实说明唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）和小花苣苔属具有很近的亲缘关系，而与麻叶唇柱苣苔组Chirita sect. Chirita关系较远。研究一些关键地区植物的物种形成，将提高对这些地区植物区系发生与发展的认识，喀斯特地区就是这样一个非常独特与关键的地区。特产于这种干湿交替、温度变化显著的特殊生境里的的类群，如唇柱苣苔组和小花苣苔属，存在着非常近的系统发育关系。最后笔者建议把小花苣苔属置于唇柱苣苔属唇柱苣苔组里，而不是将该属单立出来。 在上述研究基础上，本研究进一步选择唇柱苣苔属的其他近缘属，通过对两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F数据以及联合数据进行最简约分析，旨在揭示在唇柱苣苔属内的系统发育及其和周边近缘属系统发育关系。该研究结果表明狭义长蒴苣苔属、朱红苣苔属、报春苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及小花苣苔属都置入唇柱苣苔属内。其中，报春苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及小花苣苔属和唇柱苣苔组具有相似的柱头，在系统树上，也构成一个单系分支。虽然许多学者认为柱头形状是很重要的分类性状，也是唯一用来界定唇柱苣苔属的，但是非常不可靠的，因而唇柱苣苔属至少分成两个属。 文采苣苔属和小花苣苔属无论从分子上还是从形态上都得不到证明是单系类群，应该归并到唇柱苣苔属中;而报春苣苔属很可能是最近从唇柱苣苔组里分化出来的类群。 东南长蒴苣苔和朱红苣苔属植物形态十分相似，除了营养体差别不大外，他们还具伸出花筒外的柱头和小而尖的花冠裂片等共同特征，分子树上也组成一个单系，为东南长蒴苣苔归并到朱红苣苔属提供了强有力的分子证据。 在狭义长蒴苣苔属Didymocarpus s. str.两个组中，Didymocarpus sect. Elati的一个种D. citrinus与长蒴苣苔组Didymocarpus sect. Didymocarpus构成姐妹群关系。二组植物构成一个单系分支又与圆唇苣苔属Gyrocheilos构成姐妹群关系。因此，虽然我们的数据支持圆唇苣苔属与长蒴苣苔属近缘，但是不支持圆唇苣苔属作为一个亚组放在长蒴苣苔里。

Characterization and Comparison of the Tissue-Related Modules in Human and Mouse

Background: Due to the advances of high throughput technology and data-collection approaches, we are now in an unprecedented position to understand the evolution of organisms. Great efforts have characterized many individual genes responsible for the interspecies divergence, yet little is known about the genome-wide divergence at a higher level. Modules, serving as the building blocks and operational units of biological systems, provide more information than individual genes. Hence, the comparative analysis between species at the module level would shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of organisms than the traditional comparative genomics approaches. Results: We systematically identified the tissue-related modules using the iterative signature algorithm (ISA), and we detected 52 and 65 modules in the human and mouse genomes, respectively. The gene expression patterns indicate that all of these predicted modules have a high possibility of serving as real biological modules. In addition, we defined a novel quantity, "total constraint intensity,'' a proxy of multiple constraints (of co-regulated genes and tissues where the co-regulation occurs) on the evolution of genes in module context. We demonstrate that the evolutionary rate of a gene is negatively correlated with its total constraint intensity. Furthermore, there are modules coding the same essential biological processes, while their gene contents have diverged extensively between human and mouse. Conclusions: Our results suggest that unlike the composition of module, which exhibits a great difference between human and mouse, the functional organization of the corresponding modules may evolve in a more conservative manner. Most importantly, our findings imply that similar biological processes can be carried out by different sets of genes from human and mouse, therefore, the functional data of individual genes from mouse may not apply to human in certain occasions.

Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia

The regional distribution of an ancient Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 (Hg C) in Asia provides an ideal tool of dissecting prehistoric migration events. We identified 465 Hg C individuals out of 4284 males from 140 East and Southeast Asian populations. We genotyped these Hg C individuals using 12 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 8 commonly used Y-short tandem repeats (Y-STRs), and performed phylogeographic analysis in combination with the published data. The results show that most of the Hg C subhaplogroups have distinct geographical distribution and have undergone long-time isolation, although Hg C individuals are distributed widely across Eurasia. Furthermore, a general south-to-north and east-to-west cline of Y-STR diversity is observed with the highest diversity in Southeast Asia. The phylogeographic distribution pattern of Hg C supports a single coastal 'Out-of-Africa' route by way of the Indian subcontinent, which eventually led to the early settlement of modern humans in mainland Southeast Asia. The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started similar to 40 thousand of years ago (KYA) along the coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia similar to 15 KYA and finally made its way to the Americas. Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 55, 428-435; doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40; published online 7 May 2010

Effects of prolonged exposure to context following contextual fear conditioning on synaptic properties in rat hippocampal slices

Acute stressful events enhance plasma corticosterone release and profoundly affect synaptic functions, which are involved in the development of stress-related cognitive and mental disorders. However, how exposure to stressful context immediately after str

中国沙鳅亚科鱼类系统分类的研究

<正> 本文总结过去将近一百年来有关中国的沙鳅亚科(Botiinae)鱼类的分类学资料,并根据我所多年来所采集的标本,进行分析研究,对中国沙鳅亚科鱼类的系统分类做了比较完整的综述。 本文将付沙鳅属(Parabotia)恢复为一个有效的属,因此沙鳅亚科在我国现有Botia,Parabotia和Leptobotia三个属,Botia属又分为Hymenophysa,Botias.str.,Sinibotia三个亚属。 本文简述了我国所产的22个种和2个亚种,其中云南沙鳅Botia(Hymenophysa) yu

SIMULATION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT IN VERY NARROW CHANNELS

A theoretical study is presented of the lateral confinement potential (CP) in the very narrow mesa channels fabricated in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) electron gas in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures. The ID electronic structures are calculated in the framework of the confinement potential: V(x) = m* omega0(2)x2/2 for Absolute value of x structural widths W(str) = 1500, 550, and 500 nm, the CP models consisting of flat bottoms and soft walls are more realistic than this complex potential. The experimental result for a wire of W(str) = 250 nm cannot be explained within the composite-well model including these two cases. Thus how to explain the experiment for this wire remains an open question.

异胡豆苷合成酶在烟草亚细胞区室的表达(英)

异胡豆苷合成酶 (strictosidinesynthase,STR)是吲哚生物碱生物合成的一种关键酶 ,将色胺 (tryptamine)和裂环马钱子 (secologanin)耦合成为吲哚生物碱的前体化合物异胡豆苷。将异胡豆苷合成酶标定在烟草植物不同的亚细胞区室———叶绿体、液泡和内质网中表达 ,通过蛋白免疫印迹分析和STR酶活性的测定 ,表明STR在叶绿体、液泡和内质网中有效表达。STR体外酶活性分析采用间接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系的消耗。STR的酶活性分析表明了STR在烟草中不同的亚细胞区室得以活性表达。分离纯化转基因烟草的叶绿体 ,通过对其分离的不同部分的蛋白免疫印迹分析 ,确定了将STR正确标定在烟草的叶绿体中表达。

贵州台江下、中寒武统界线层型候选剖面碳同位素研究

在扬子地台贵州台江八郎下、中寒武统界线剖面界线附近,碳酸盐岩和干酪根碳同位素组成有规律变化。δ13Cker (PDB) 值在23314 ‰和226. 5 ‰间漂移与δ13Ccarb (PDB) 值在2217 ‰和+ 311 ‰间变化,反映了当时海水的碳同位素组成。无机和有机碳同位素组成之差的Δδ值,沿剖面不断变小,指示剖面上部样品可能受到热扰动和成岩后期作用影响。碳同位素规律的变化,反映了最初的沉积信息,特别是有机质埋藏量的变化,这些变化与早2中寒武世环境变化和生物组合差异有关。

Rapid authentication of ginseng species using microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

Ginseng is one of the most expensive Chinese herbal medicines and the effectiveness of ginseng depends strongly on its botanical sources and the use of different parts of the plants. In this study, a microchip electrophoresis method coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-short tandem repeats (STR) technique was developed for rapid authentication of ginseng species. A low viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solution was used as the sieving matrix for separation of the amplified STR fragments. The allele sizing of the amplified PCR products could be detected within 240 s or less. Good reproducibility and accuracy of the fragment size were obtained with the relative standard deviation for the allele sizes less than 1.0% (n = 11). At two microsatellite loci (CT 12, CA 33), American ginseng had a different allele pattern on the electropherograms compared with that of the Oriental ginseng. Moreover, cultivated and wild American ginseng can be distinguished on the basis of allele sizing. This work establishes the feasibility of fast genetic authentication of ginseng species by use of microchip electrophoresis.