64 resultados para SNP genotyping

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Microcephaly (MCPH) genes are informative in understanding the genetics and evolution of human brain volume. MCPH1 and abnormal spindle-like MCPH associated (ASPM) are the two known MCPH causing genes that were suggested undergone recent positive selectio

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Advances in genome technology have facilitated a new understanding of the historical and genetic processes crucial to rapid phenotypic evolution under domestication(1,2). To understand the process of dog diversification better, we conducted an extensive genome-wide survey of more than 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in dogs and their wild progenitor, the grey wolf. Here we show that dog breeds share a higher proportion of multi-locus haplotypes unique to grey wolves from the Middle East, indicating that they are a dominant source of genetic diversity for dogs rather than wolves from east Asia, as suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data(3). Furthermore, we find a surprising correspondence between genetic and phenotypic/functional breed groupings but there are exceptions that suggest phenotypic diversification depended in part on the repeated crossing of individuals with novel phenotypes. Our results show that Middle Eastern wolves were a critical source of genome diversity, although interbreeding with local wolf populations clearly occurred elsewhere in the early history of specific lineages. More recently, the evolution of modern dog breeds seems to have been an iterative process that drew on a limited genetic toolkit to create remarkable phenotypic diversity.

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Background: The pig-tailed macaques are the only Old World monkeys known to be susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We have previously reported that the TRIM5-Cyclophilin A (TRIMCyp) fusion in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca n

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Objective: To investigate the association of complement C4 null genes (C4QO, including C4AQO and C4BQO) and C2 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in southwest Han Chinese; 136 patients with SLE and 174 matched controls were genotyped. Methods: C4 null genes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). The 2 bp insertion in exon 29, which was previously identified in non-Chinese populations and caused defective C4A genes, was directly typed by sequencing the whole exon 29 using exon specific primers. The exon 6 of complement C2 was also sequenced in both the patients and controls. Results: The frequency of homozygous C4AQO allele was 12.5% (17/136) in patients with SLE compared with 1.1% (2/174) in controls (p<0.001, odds ratio (OR)=12.286, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.786 to 54.170). There was no significant difference for homozygous C4BQO allele between patients with SLE and controls (p=0.699). Patients with the C4AQO gene had an increased risk of acquiring renal disorder, serositis, and anti-dsDNA antibodies compared with those without C4AQO (for renal disorder, p=0.018, OR=8.951, 95% Cl 1.132 to 70.804; for serositis, p=0.011, OR 4.891, 95% CI 1.574 to 15.198; for anti-dsDNA, p=0.004, OR 7.630, 95%Cl 1.636 to 35.584). None of the patients or controls had the 2 bp insertion in exon 29 of the C4 gene. The type I C2 deficiency was not detected in the 3 10 samples. Conclusion: It is suggested that deficiency of C4A (not due to a 2 bp insertion in exon 29), but not C4B or C2, may be a risk factor for acquiring SLE in south west Han Chinese; this results in increased risk of renal disorder, serositis, and anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with SLE. Racial differences seem to be relevant in susceptibility to SLE.

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Accurate and fast genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is important in the human genome project. Here an automated fluorescent method that can rapidly and accurately genotype multiplex known SNPs was developed by using a homemade kit, which has lower cost but higher resolution than commercial kit. With this method, oncogene K-ras was investigated, four known SNPs of K-ras gene exon 1 in 31 coloerctal cancer patients were detected. Results indicate that mutations were present in 8(26%) of 31 patients, and most mutations were localized in codon 12. The presence of these mutations is thought to be a critical step and plays an important role in human colorectal carcinogenesisas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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DNA diagnosis is experiencing an impressive progression towards the development of novel technology to identity various clinically relevant categories of genetic changes and to meet the exponential growth of genomics. The introduction of capillary electrophoresis has dramatically accelerated the completion of the first draft of the human DNA sequence in the Human Genome Project, and thus, has become the method of choice for analysis of various genetic variants. The recent development of microfabricated electrophoretic devices has led to the possibility of integrating multiple sample handling with the actual measurement steps required for automation of molecular diagnostics. This review highlights the most recent progress in capillary electrophoresis and electrophoretic microdevices for DNA-based diagnostics, including the important areas of genotyping for point mutation, single nucleotide polymorphisms, short tandem repeats and organism identification. The application of these techniques for infectious and genetic disease diagnosis, as well as forensic identification purpose, are covered. The promising development and the challenges for techinical problems are also discussed.

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长牡蛎是重要的经济养殖贝类,良种化、抗逆性状及快速生长个体的培育是长牡蛎养殖业得以持续发展的基础。目前飞速发展的分子标记辅助育种技术为优良品种的快速培育提供了理论基础和实践经验。本研究以长牡蛎为主要研究材料,探讨了长牡蛎SNP标记的筛选和多态性评价。 本研究利用已有长牡蛎EST库中的序列进行单核苷酸多态(SNP)标记开发。通过对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)已有的EST序列数据库检索,经过序列聚类和拼接得到EST簇4548个,含有不少于4条EST序列的簇共1079个,经过进一步设置筛选条件,整理出可供利用的EST簇313个,得到候选SNP位点共计1140个。目前根据候选SNP位点共设计引物82组,通过片段长度差异等位基因特异性PCR(fragment length discrepant allele specific PCR,FLDAS-PCR)的分型方法,在一野生群体中进行检测和验证,结果共有17个SNP候选位点显示多态性,期望杂合度分布区间为0.088至0.506,观测杂合度分布区间为0.091至0.667;通过哈代-温伯格(HW) 平衡、连锁不平衡检验,结果显示除3个SNP位点的差异显著(P值<0.05),不符合HW平衡之外,其他14个位点没有明显的连锁不平衡。对含有17个SNP的EST的共同序列进行BlastX分析,推测其功能并确定开放阅读框,从而预测17个SNP的性质。 本研究表明对于目前基因组学研究尚处在初级阶段的海洋生物物种,通过基于EST数据库的SNP开发是一条重要途径,可以有效弥补海洋生物基因组学滞后影响SNP标记开发的现状。

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花粉管是种子植物受精过程中的雄性生殖单位载体,具有典型的顶端极性生长特点,因此成为近年来研究植物细胞间相互识别、胞内外信号传递的模式系统。裸子植物花粉管与被子植物花粉管相比具有萌发时间长、生长缓慢等特点。一氧化氮(NO)作为一个重要的胞内信号分子,参与调节植物生长发育和多种生理过程,但是,有关NO对花粉管生长的作用机制目前尚不清楚。本研究以裸子植物白皮松(Pinus bungeana)花粉为材料,应用不同浓度的NO释放剂SNAP和SNP, NO清除剂cPTIO和哺乳动物一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NNA处理,对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管伸长进行了细胞学研究,从而为进一步揭示NO调控裸子植物花粉管生长机理提供参考。 本论文首先研究了NO释放剂、清除剂及NOS抑制剂对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果显示,SNAP和SNP能够促进白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管伸长,并具有浓度效用,但对其花粉管的形态特征无明显影响;cPTIO和L-NNA能够抑制白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长,并且具有浓度效应,同时还可使花粉管顶端膨大呈球形,并丧失花粉管的极性生长。运用NO特异探针DAF-2DA标记显示,SNAP和SNP处理可促进花粉管胞内NO产生;经cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,花粉管内荧光强度比对照花粉管明显减弱。上述结果表明,NO参与裸子植物花粉管极性生长,并且适量NO可以促进花粉管的生长。 用显微注射技术将Ca2+特异探针注射入白皮松花粉管,以检测白皮松花粉管胞内Ca2+浓度梯度。结果显示,SNAP和SNP处理后,NO荧光增加的同时,花粉管顶端Ca2+浓度梯度增加。与此相反,cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,NO荧光降低的同时,花粉管顶端Ca2+浓度梯度也相应降低。应用非损伤微测技术测定花粉管胞外Ca2+内流,结果显示,SNAP和SNP促进胞外Ca2+内流,而cPTIO和L-NNA则抑制胞外Ca2+内流。据此,我们推测,在白皮松花粉管中,NO可能通过调节胞外Ca2+内流来调节胞内Ca2+浓度梯度,然而,我们不能排除在NO信号传递过程中,胞内Ca2+库可能影响胞内Ca2+浓度梯度。 通过微丝特异探针标记的白皮松花粉管显示,SNAP和SNP可使花粉管顶端细微丝束解聚,而cPTIO和L-NNA处理后,花粉管中微丝聚合,尤其在花粉管顶端形成粗的微丝束,并一直延伸到花粉管的最顶端。结合上述Ca2+结果,我们认为,经NO处理后,白皮松花粉管微丝骨架的动态变化,可能是通过Ca2+浓度来进行调控的。通过FM4-64探针标记显示,正常生长白皮松花粉管胞吞作用主要集中在顶端和亚顶端,并且形成倒“V”形的分布模式,SNAP与SNP处理后荧光分布模式与对照花粉管类似,但达到饱和所用时间相对较短;而L-NNA处理后顶端膨大丧失极性的花粉管,荧光分布在膨大花粉管靠近质膜的区域,未见倒“V”形分布模式;经L-NNA处理后,顶端没有膨大的花粉管,荧光几乎均匀分布于整个花粉管,并且L-NNA处理后达到饱和的时间较对照长。上述结果表明,适量NO能够促进白皮松花粉管胞吞。 免疫抗体标记技术分析发现,对照花粉管的酯化果胶质和AGPs都集中在顶端,酸性果胶质分布在侧壁,胼胝质均匀分布在整个花粉管壁上。L-NNA处理后的花粉管,在其顶端出现酸性果胶和酯化果胶,以及有胼胝质积累,而AGPs则分布在花粉管的基部。运用傅里叶红外光谱技术(Fourier Transform Infared Spectroscopy, FTIR)技术分析白皮松花粉管顶端细胞壁成分,结果显示,SNAP处理后花粉管顶端酯化果胶增加而酸性果胶降低;与之相反,经L-NNA处理后的花粉管,其顶端酯化果胶降低而酸性果胶增加。 综上所述,在白皮松花粉管中,NO促进胞外Ca2+内流,从而维持胞内Ca2+浓度梯度,进而影响花粉管顶端微丝骨架的组装,促进囊泡运输,使花粉管顶端酯化果胶累积,最终促进花粉管的正常生长。

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一氧化氮(NO)是重要的植物信号分子,参与许多植物生理过程。以拟南芥野生型和Atnoa1突变体为材料研究了NO在植物抗盐胁迫中的作用。 T-DNA插入AtNOA1基因的第一个外显子,使Atnoa1突变体中NOS活性大幅度下降,NO释放减少。用不同浓度的NaCl对拟南芥野生型和Atnoa1突变体进行盐胁迫处理后,Atnoa1突变体中Na+离子积累较野生型多,K+离子吸收较野生型少,从而使突变体中的Na+/K+比野生型高,对突变体造成了更大的伤害。Atnoa1突变体种子萌发和幼苗生长对盐胁迫更敏感。盐胁迫处理后,Atnoa1突变体的存活率比野生型低。无论是在正常生长条件下,还是盐胁迫条件下,Atnoa1突变体中的H2O2和TBARS含量都比野生型中高,说明Atnoa1突变体对盐胁迫和氧化胁迫都比野生型更敏感。用NOS抑制剂和NO清除剂处理拟南芥野生型,减少内源NO释放量,使其在盐胁迫条件下的Na+/K+比增高。盐胁迫处理降低了野生型体内的NOS活性,减少了NOA1蛋白的表达,DAF-2DA标记的NO荧光强度减弱。用NO供体SNP处理Atnoa1突变体,可以减少盐胁迫引起的Na+/K+比增加。以上研究结果证明NOS介导的NO合成在植物抗盐胁迫中起重要作用。 乙烯作为一种植物气体激素参与植物生长发育的许多生理生化过程。植物细胞自由钙离子([Ca2+]c)是重要信号分子,在植物应答外界信号中起非常重要的作用。外界信号通过开启植物细胞质膜的钙离子通道,使得胞外钙离子进入细胞,导致瞬间[Ca2+]c的增加,激活钙依赖型的蛋白和蛋白激酶,从而改变生理生化过程。本研究利用膜片钳和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了外源乙烯对烟草悬浮细胞质膜Ca2+离子通道和细胞中[Ca2+]c活性的影响。乙烯供体乙烯利和乙烯合成前体ACC能够迅速诱导内向型电流,表明这些处理能开启离子通道。通过离子替代实验和离子通道的药理学分析证实乙烯利和ACC激活了一种对Ba2+, Mg2+和Ca2+等阳离子具有通透性的离子通道,La3+、Gd3+和Al3+抑制该通道的活性。乙烯受体拮抗物(1-MPP)和ACC合成酶抑制剂,能够减弱乙烯利和ACC对这种通道的活化作用,说明乙烯利和ACC是通过乙烯活化此类Ca2+离子通道。用Ca2+敏感的荧光标记物Fluo-3标记,通过激光共聚焦显微观察,发现乙烯利能够诱导烟草悬浮细胞中[Ca2+]c离子浓度的增加,而且Gd3+和BAPTA显著抑制乙烯利诱导的细胞中[Ca2+]c离子的增加。说明外源Ca2+离子通过质膜上被激活的Ca2+离子通道进入细胞,使细胞中[Ca2+]c离子浓度增加。以上结果说明,乙烯活化质膜上的Ca2+离子通道,使细胞外Ca2+离子进入细胞,导致细胞中[Ca2+]c离子浓度增加,是乙烯信号转导途径的重要步骤。

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植物根系大小和形态是决定植物吸氮能力的重要因素,而植物根系生长发育与土壤中营养元素的分布及其有效性密切相关,尤其是硝酸盐。然而目前关于硝酸盐调节植物根系生长的生理机制仍不清楚。一氧化氮(NO)是一种重要的气体信号分子,参与植物体内多种生理生化过程,包括调节根的生长发育。本研究以玉米自交系478为材料,采用营养液培养法,探讨了NO在硝酸盐调节玉米根系生长中的作用。主要结果和结论如下: 玉米幼苗在不同硝酸盐水平下生长7天后,主根伸长随着硝酸盐浓度的升高而下降;与0.01 mM硝酸盐处理下的玉米主根伸长相比,0.1 mM和1 mM硝酸盐处理对玉米主根伸长分别抑制了30%和36%。随着硝酸盐浓度的增加,玉米主根根尖过氧化氢(H2O2)含量表现出降低的趋势,而抗氧化酶,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性则表现出增加的趋势。外源供应过氧化氢对低浓度硝酸盐(0.01 mM)和高浓度硝酸盐(10 mM)处理下的玉米根伸长都没有影响,这表明了根尖过氧化氢含量的下降不是高浓度硝酸盐抑制玉米主根伸长的原因。 NO供体硝普钠(SNP)能够缓解高浓度硝酸盐对玉米主根伸长的抑制,而对低浓度硝酸盐处理下的主根伸长没有影响,而且NO清除剂亚甲基兰(MB)和NO合成酶抑制剂Nω-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)显著抑制了低浓度硝酸盐处理下的玉米主根伸长,而对高浓度硝酸盐处理下的玉米主根伸长没有影响。用NO特异性荧光染料4,5-二氨基乙酰乙酸荧光素(DAF-2DA)检测结果表明:高浓度硝酸盐显著降低玉米根尖NO含量。而玉米根中的硝酸还原酶活性随硝酸盐浓度的增加而增加。以上结果说明,高浓度硝酸盐抑制玉米主根伸长可能是与根尖NO合成酶的下调所导致的内源NO含量的降低有关。 另外,外源生长素(IAA)能缓解高浓度硝酸盐对玉米主根伸长的抑制,同时,也增加了高浓度硝酸盐处理下玉米根中内源NO含量,而对低浓度硝酸盐处理下的玉米根中内源NO没有影响。因此推测,根尖生长素的下降导致内源NO含量的降低可能是高浓度硝酸盐抑制玉米主根伸长的原因。

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磷缺乏已成为制约世界农业生产的重要因子。植物根系的大小和形态是决定植物吸收土壤磷能力的重要因素,而且根系的生长发育与磷素的分布及其有效性密切相关。关于磷酸盐调节植物根系生长研究已有很多报道,但其生理和分子机制仍不清楚。一氧化氮 (NO) 是一种重要的气体信号分子,参与调控植物的生长发育和对多种逆境胁迫的应答反应。本文选用拟南芥为实验材料,研究探讨了NO与缺磷诱导的拟南芥根系形态变化之间的关系,主要结果如下: 用正常磷水平 (1 mM) 和低磷水平 (1 µM) 处理拟南芥幼苗,发现低磷抑制主根伸长,刺激侧根发生。外源NO供体销普纳 (SNP) 也抑制主根、刺激侧根生长,与低磷诱导根系形态变化相似。NO清除剂c-PTIO和一氧化氮合成酶 (NOS)抑制剂L-NNA均可部分减缓由低磷引起的对主根生长的抑制和对侧根的刺激作用。暗示低磷诱导的拟南芥根系形态的变化可能与NO含量的降低有关。 利用NO荧光标记物DAF-FM和激光共聚焦显微成像技术,本研究发现缺磷6 h和24 h后根细胞内源NO含量显著增加,而且NOS 抑制剂能减少低磷诱导的根细胞NO含量的增加。与正常供磷处理相比,低磷处理6 h和24 h,拟南芥根中编码与NO合成相关的基因(AtNOA1)的表达量增加,缺磷24 h后根中NOS酶活性升高。为了明确低磷诱导的NO 增加是否与硝酸还原酶(NR)介导的NO合成有关,本论文进一步研究了低磷对拟南芥硝酸还原酶活性和编码NR基因 (AtNR1和AtNR2)表达的影响。研究发现低磷处理6 h和24 h后和AtNR1和AtNR2基因的表达均没有变化,且蛭石中生长的拟南芥缺磷1个月后NR活性也没有发生变化;拟南芥的NR双突变体nia1,nia2在低磷处理24 h后,其根中的内源NO含量表现出与野生型相同的增加。因此这些研究结果表明,缺磷后拟南芥根细胞NO的含量增加主要由于NOS的活性升高,而与NR介导的NO合成无关。 已有资料表明低磷诱导植物根细胞内源过氧化氢(H2O2)分布和含量的变化。本论文研究了低磷处理对用H2O2标记物CM-H2DCFDA标记不同磷处理下的拟南芥根中的H2O2。研究发现,缺磷6 h根中H2O2的分布无明显变化,缺磷24 h后H2O2呈斑块状分布,且多集中在根尖伸长区。缺磷24 h后,叶片中的抗氧化保护酶—超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性没有明显变化。说明缺磷24 h 后产生的H2O2没有引起氧化胁迫,而是作为一种信号分子,与NO相互作用共同介导低磷胁迫的应答反应。关于NO与H2O2在低磷诱导的根形态变化中的信号转导过程还有待进一步研究。

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精神分裂症是一种复杂的精神疾病,全世界约有1%的人患有这种疾病.以往的研究发现精神分裂症患者的脑容量比正常人小,且一些精神分裂症易感的DNA序列多态性也同时与脑的结构异常有关,这与精神分裂症的神经发育假说是吻合的.最近研究发现人的GULP1基因的两个SNP(rs2004888和rs4522565)与精神分裂症显著相关.为了研究这两个精神分裂症易感的SNP是否也符合神绎发育假说,我们检测了791个正常人的这两个SNP的基因型并测量它们的脑容量,相关性分析发现这两个SNP和脑容量无关,说明GULP1的精神分裂症易感性存在更加复杂的机制.