21 resultados para Roth, Fedor

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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The thermal stability of Nd60Fe20Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass (BMG) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), isochronal dilatation and compression tests. The results show that the glass transition of the BMG takes place quite gradually between about 460 and 650 K at a heating rate of 0.17 K/s. Several transformation processes are observed during continuous heating with the first crystallization process beginning at about 460 K, while massive crystallization takes place near the solidus temperature of the alloy. The positive heat of mixing between the two major constituents, Nd and Fe, and, consequently, a highly inhomogeneous composition of the attained amorphous phase are responsible for the anomalous thermal stability in this system. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The transition from hard to soft magnetic behaviour with increasing quenching rate is shown for Nd60WAl10Fe20Co10 melt-spun ribbons with different thickness. Microstructure and magnetic domain structure of ribbons were studied by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Particle sizes < 5 nm decreasing gradually with increasing quenching rate were deduced from topographic images which differ from large-scale magnetic domains with a periodicity of about 350 nm in all ribbons irrespective the coercivity. This indicates that the magnetic properties of the alloy are governed by interaction of small magnetic particles. It is concluded that the presence of short-range-ordered structures with a local ordering similar to the Al metastable Nd-Fe binary phase is responsible for the hard magnetic properties in samples subjected to relatively low quenching rate.

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在干旱气候背景下的毛乌素沙地,干旱、风沙是十分突出的环境胁迫因子。植物的生存与繁衍受到这些因子的强烈作用。在这里生存繁衍的许多克隆植物,在长期的生态适应与进化中,形成了有效的生态适应机制来克服沙地环境的不利影响。本研究选择在毛乌素沙地广泛分布的根茎型克隆植物羊柴(Hedysarum laeve Maxim.)和拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth.)为实验对象,运用实验生态学的方法与途径,来探讨它们对环境因子的适应机制。 羊柴为毛乌素沙地的主要固沙植物与优良豆科牧草,在该地区广泛用于飞播和直播种植。对毛乌素沙地区域生态环境建设与畜牧业经济发展起到了重大作用。在毛乌素沙地,水分短缺是植物生长和繁殖的重要限制因子。同时,受地形、生物、基质等因素的影响,毛乌素沙地的水分往往呈异质性的空间分布。羊柴克隆的相连分株极有可能处于异质性水分供应的不同生境位点上。因而,相连的羊柴分株能否对异质性水分供应发生反应,以及反应的耗一益状况,是羊柴克隆对干旱与水分异质性生态适应的基本问题。为此,采用人工设置异质性水分供应的方法,研究了一对相连的羊柴成年克隆分株对水分异质性的反应及反应的耗一益状况。结果显示:分株的水分供应状况,对相连的另一分株的生长有着显著的影响。当生长于低水分供应土壤中的分株与生长于高水分供应土壤中的分株相连接时,此分株的地上植株、根系、新生根茎的产生都有显著的提高,生物量分配与同质高土壤水分供应的分株无显著差异;而同时,与此分株相连的、处于高水分供应土壤中的分株在生长上却无明显的减弱,并且将明显多的生物量分配到地下根系。这表明:分株间发生着明显的水分共享,相连的克隆分株通过水分共享对异质性水分供应发生反应:并且水分共享使处于低水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株显著获益而并不显著地牺牲另一处于高水分供应土壤中的羊柴分株的生长。水分共享可能是羊柴克隆对沙地水分异质性的生态适应机制之一。 风积沙埋在毛乌素沙地生态系统中频繁发生,直接影响着种子发芽后,幼苗的存活与成功定居。因而,对传播到沙地中的植物种具有选择作用。羊柴在近数十年来被大量地用于沙地飞播,以防风固沙重建沙地植被。羊柴在种子萌发后,幼苗很有可能遭受沙埋。为了探讨羊柴幼苗对沙埋的反应,对一周龄、二周龄的羊柴幼苗进行了为期6周的人工沙埋实验,实验结果显示:沙埋对羊柴幼苗的存活、生长影响极为显著,重度沙埋(沙埋深度达到或超过幼苗的高度)可使大量或全部羊柴幼苗死亡;一定深度的沙埋(沙埋深度不超过幼苗株高)羊柴幼苗不仅可以全部存活,而且其整株生物量、叶片生物量、根系生物量以及相对生长率都相应地高于非沙埋的对照(即:不沙埋),而且新生叶片的产生要显著地多于不沙埋的对照。与非沙埋的对照相比,一定深度的沙埋并不显著地改变羊柴幼苗的生物量分配格局,其株高也不发生明显的变化。根据本实验的结果,在飞播羊柴时最好先在流沙和半流沙上设置一些人工固沙、阻沙的设施,以避免羊柴幼苗遭受重度沙埋,降低其定居和形成种群的风险,促进其形成种群,提高飞播成效。 在本研究的实施地一毛乌素沙地,环境胁迫与扰动经常发生,异质性的生境条件有着广泛的分布。严酷的生存环境与异质性,为植物采取多样的生态适应策略提供了前提条件。克隆植物的相连分株间是否发生资源共享以及资源共享的时空格局具有种类特异性。拂子茅为根茎型多年生禾草。其根茎细长,在分株建立后并不随分株的年龄的增加与体形的增大而发生明显的加粗生长。为了探讨拂子茅在异质性水分环境中的表型差异,对拂子茅由母株、子株组成的分株对给予了高水、低水两种不同的异质性水分处理。实验结果表明:水分供应状况直径影响着拂子茅的分株生长表型。在高水条件下,拂子茅的分株能产生多的根茎、新生 后代分株,并将生物量主要用于地上部分生长,从而积累多的地上生物量;在低水条件下,拂子茅分株产生较少的根茎与新生后代分株,并且分配到根系的生物量明显增大。在具有一定对比度的异质性水分环境中,拂子茅分株并不因与其相连的分株所处的水分供应状况而在根茎生长、新生后代分株的产生和生物量分配等特征上,与同质环境中的具有相同水分供应状况的分株表现出有明显的差异。这些结果揭示:拂子茅仅以分株的形式对异质性水分在表型上发生反应;相连的克隆分株在向顶向和向基向这两个基本方向上,不能对另一分株的水分供应状况在生长表型上发生反应,它们在水分关系上可能是相互相对独立的。分株的相对独立有利于在气候干旱、扰动强烈的沙地环境中实现风险分摊,提高基株的存活机率。 可以推断:处于同一环境中的不同克隆植物种在长期的进化中,也可以选择截然不同的生态策略来适应环境。

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对我国淡水产奥杜藻属植物的分类进行了研究总结,共有10种2变种,其中4个种为我国的新记录种,即赫曼奥杜藻Audouinellahermannii(Roth)Duby,大孢奥杜藻A.macrospora(Wood)SheathetBurkholder,优美奥杜藻A.eugenea(Skuja)Jao和矮小奥杜藻A.pygmaea(Kützing)Weber-VanBosse。

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合叶苔科Scapaniaceae隶属于苔纲Hepaticae叶苔目Jungermanniales,全世界约6属136个现存种,1个化石种。合叶苔科的科和属的特征明显,但物种间变化大,分类比较困难,部分属种的分类位置亦存在争议。本研究前,中国已记录合叶苔科植物有4属,66种3变种,其中9种1变种已归为同物异名,承认的种类共57种2变种。以中国产标本为基础发表的新分类单位共2属16种2变种。目前尚无专门针对中国合叶苔科的系统研究,因此,开展中国合叶苔科的分类、区系和生态研究,对深入认识中国苔类植物多样性、区系和系统具有重要的科学意义。 本研究运用植物学经典分类的基本方法和现代的分支系统分析方法,对国内、外主要苔藓植物标本馆的中国合叶苔科植物的模式标本和有关标本进行了较全面的检查和详细的形态解剖和分类学研究,并开展了野外补充调查采集,完成了对中国合叶苔科植物的分类修订,分析该科的区系成分组成和在中国的地理分布特点及其属种之间的分支系统关系。研究的主要结果如下: (1)在相关模式标本和国内外标本鉴定和研究的基础上,确认中国合叶苔科有3属52种1变种,包括:大褶叶苔属Macrodiplophyllum1种,褶叶苔属Diplophyllum5种,合叶苔属Scapania46种1变种。发现并发表新种2个,即片毛合叶苔S. macroparaphyllia T. Cao, C. Gao & J. Sun(曹同等,2004)和毛茎合叶苔S. paraphyllia T. Cao, C. Gao, J. Sun et B. R. Zuo(Zuo et al., 2007);发现中国新分布记录2种,尖瓣合叶苔S. ampliata Steph.(Zuo & Cao, 2007)和扁平合叶苔S. compacta (Roth) Dum.(首次报道,尚未发表)。完成了对中国合叶苔科植物的分类修订,对每个属、种都进行了文献考证、特征描述、图版绘制和分类讨论,并利用Mapinfo软件绘制了各种在中国的分布图。 (2)对相关模式标本标定和研究,澄清了一些分类问题和中国种的概念。如对东亚分布的若干种类进行了比较和评估,划定其分类界限,确认2种已经被归并为弯瓣合叶苔S. parvitexta Steph.新异名的种类仍然为独立的种,即细齿合叶苔S. parvidens Steph.和灰绿合叶苔S. glaucoviridis Horik.。并对东亚特有属种侧囊苔属的侧囊苔Delavayella serrata Steph.进行了模式标定,探讨了它的地理分布和系统位置,支持将其独立成侧囊苔科Delavayellaceae的观点。 (3)在标本鉴定和野外采集工作的基础上,合叶苔科各种在中国的分布范围大为增加,为开展中国合叶苔科的地理分布格局奠定了基础。对现有的地理分布资料的分析表明,西南地区(西藏,云南,四川,贵州)是中国的合叶苔属植物的分布中心和可能的起源中心,共有合叶苔40种,占该属总数(46种)的86.96%,其中,15种仅分布在西南地区,中国特产9种中,有8种在西南地区分布。此外,东北地区、华东地区及台湾省分布种类较多,分别为16种(34.78%),22种(47.83%)和17种(36.96%)种的分布。 (4)区系成分分析结果表明,合叶苔属Scapania主要由2大区系成分组成:东亚成分25种,占总数的51%,其中,中国-日本分布7种,中国-喜马拉雅分布9种,中国特产种9种。北温带成分22种,占总数的45%,其中有18种在亚洲,欧洲和北美洲均有分布。褶叶苔属Diplophyllum 5种,4种为北温带成分,1种为中国-日本分布的东亚成分。分析结果反映了中国苔藓植物区系的基本特点,即与欧美植物区系有密切联系,同时又体现了较强的东亚区系特色。 (5)对合叶苔属Scapania植物的生态和生境分析表明,47个分类群可分成3种主要类型:1)沼泽或水湿生;2)以腐木生为主,有时生于岩面薄土上的小型种类;3)潮湿岩面或林下土生的中等和大型种类。 (6)选取了39个反映系统发育关系的形态特征,以与合叶苔科相近的裂叶苔科Lophoziaceae中挺叶苔属Anastrophyllum 2种和裂叶苔属Lophozia 1种为外类群,运用外类群比较法对合叶苔科的的属种之间的演化关系进行了分支系统分析。结果表明,原归于合叶苔科的侧囊苔属Dalevayella为单独的一个分支,应为独立的侧囊苔科Dalevayellaceae。大褶叶苔属Macrodiplophyllum和褶叶苔属Diplophyllum植物相近,可归并为一个属,与合叶苔属Scapania同为合叶苔科Scapaniaceae下的属。中国合叶苔属47个分类群可分为若干组,主要与其生境,植物体,叶的结构,无性繁殖等特征有关,结果与目前采用的合叶苔科的分类系统与演化关系基本一致。

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报道山西省的淡水红藻植物,共计有15种,隶属于6目,7科,9属,即紫球藻Porphyridiumpurpureum Bory DrewetRoss,暗紫红毛菜Bangiaatropurpurea Roth Agardh,细弱弯枝藻CompsopogontenellusLingetXie,弯枝藻C.coeruleus BalbisexC.Agardh Montagne,灌木状拟弯枝藻Copsopogonopsisfruticosa Jao Seto,异孢奥杜藻AudouinellaheterosporaXieetLing,硬枝奥杜藻A.chalybea Roth Bory,矮小奥杜藻A.pygmaea Kützing Weber-vanBosse,棘刺红索藻Thoreahispida Thore Desvaux,鸭形串珠藻Batrachospermumanat-inumSirodot,胶串珠藻B.gelatinosum Linnaeus DeCandolle,弧形串珠藻B.arcuatumKylin,绞扭串珠藻B.in-tortumJao,细连珠藻Sirodotiatenuissima Collins SkujaexFlint和胭脂藻Hildenbrandiarivularis Leibmann Agardh.

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A facile, efficient way to fabricate macroscopic soft colloidal crystals with fiber symmetry by drying a latex dispersion in a tube is presented. A transparent, stable colloidal crystal was obtained from a 25 wt % latex dispersion by complete water evaporation for 4 days. The centimeter-long sample was investigated by means of synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD). Analysis of a large number of distinct Bragg peaks reveals that uniaxially oriented colloidal crystals with face-centered cubic lattice structure were formed.

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The deformation mechanism of a styrene/n-butyl acrylate copolymer latex film subjected to uniaxial tensile stress was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The influence of annealing at 23, 60, 80, and 100 degrees C for 4 h on microscopic deformation processes was elucidated. It was demonstrated that the microscopic deformation mechanism of the latex films transformed gradually from nonaffine deformation behavior to affine deformation behavior with increasing annealing temperature.

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The structural evolution of an ice-quenched high-density polyethylene (HDPE) subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation at elevated temperatures was examined as a function of the imposed strains by means of combined synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques. The data show that when stretching an isotropic sample with the spherulitic structure, intralamellar slipping of crystalline blocks was activated at small deformations, followed by a stress-induced fragmentation and recrystallization process yielding lamellar crystallites with their normal parallel to the stretching direction. Stretching of an isothermally crystallized HDPE sample at 120 degrees C exhibited changes of the SAXS diagram with strain similar to that observed for quenched HDPE elongated at room temperature, implying that the thermal stability of the crystal blocks composing the lamellae is only dependent on the crystallization temperature.

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The deformation mechanism or styrene/n-butyl acrylate copolymer latex films with fiber symmetric crystalline structure subjected to uniaxial stretching was studied using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The fibers were drawn at angles or 0, 35, and 55 degrees with respect to the Fiber axis. In all cases, the microscopic deformation within the crystallites was Found to deviate from affine deformation behavior with respect to the macroscopic deformation ratio. Moreover, the extent of this deviation is different in the three cases. This peculiar behavior can be attributed to the relative orientation of the (111) plane of the crystals, the plane of densest packing, with respect to the stretching direction in each case. When the stretching direction coincides with the crystallographic (111) plane, which is the case for stretching directions of 0 and 55 degrees with respect to the fiber axis, the microscopic deformation deviates less from affine behavior than when the stretching direction is arbitrarily oriented with respect to the crystallographic (111) plan.