中国柳叶藓科植物的研究－分类、区系和生态

柳叶藓科（Amblystegiaceae）是侧蒴藓类中一个较大的科，世界报导有 39 属，约 300 余种。由于其配子体特征受环境影响较大，其属种的分类位置历来存有争论。中国记载有柳叶藓科 115 个分类单位，己知 23 属，67 种，12 变种，3 变型（Redfearn, et al. 1996），其记录和标本鉴定比较混乱。因此，对中国柳叶藓科全面系统的分类、区系和生态研究，对深入了解中国苔藓植物多样性及特点有重要的科学意义。作者在大量文献查阅和考证后，对国外 9 个主要苔藓植物标本馆的有关中国柳叶藓科 47 份模式标本和标本 300 余份，国内 6 个主要标本馆的 3，000余份标本进行了全面系统的形态解剖学和分类学研究，对孢子和蒴齿的形态特征进行了扫描电镜观察。并采用等级聚类分析方法，对其属种间的系统关系、地理分布特点和区系成分定量研究。同时，在国内首次开展了藓类专科的生态学研究，在吉林长白山、黑龙江五营、辽宁白石砬子和医巫闾山保护区进行样方调查，对样方以及柳叶藓科植物与环境因子的关系进行了典范对应分析。研究的主要结果有：1. 对中国柳叶藓科进行系统分类的结果是共记录 19 属 46 种 5 变种。对每一分类单位给予形态特征描述和绘图，并利用 Arcview 软件绘制其中国分布图。发现中国新分布记录植物 3 种，1 变种：圆叶湿原藓 Calliergon megalophyllum Mikut, 毛叶镰刀藓 Drepanocladus trichophyllus (Warnst.) Podp, 细肋镰刀藓 Drepanoclaldus tenuinervis Kop. 和牛角藓宽肋变种 Cratoneuron filicinum var. atrovirens (Brid.) Ochyra。归并 Campylium amblystegioides Broth. (=Isopterygium minutirameum), Leptodictyum serrulatum Broth. (=Eurhychium pulchellum), Drepanophyllaria cuspidarioides C. Muell. ( = Hygroamblystegium tenax), Amblystegiella yuennanensis Broth. (= Platydictya jungermannioides) 和 Amblystegium schesianum C. Muell., Hygroamblystegium ramulosum Dixon, Cratoneuron longicosatatum Bai X.-L. (Cratoneuron filicinum) 7 个新同物异名，并纠正 9 个前人错误记录。2. 电镜扫描观察结果孢子大都近球形，通常无萌发孔，具近极薄壁区。纹饰皆由周壁形成，一般呈规则或不规则颗粒状、疣状或瘤状，区别在于孢子大小，颗粒或瘤或疣的大小、高度以及密集程度等。孢蒴多为长柱形，弯曲，只有三洋藓的孢蒴形态变化较大。藓齿两层为灰藓型蒴齿。齿毛数量和发育程度各异。总的来说，柳叶藓科植物的孢子体特征在属间或种间差别不大。3. 系统关系的等级聚类分析结果支持了近年来对柳叶藓科植物修订的某些属的概念。如传统上定义很广的细湿藓属（包括狭义的细湿藓属、嗜湿藓属和偏叶藓属）和水灰藓属在聚类树状图中常不聚合在一起。说明了广义细湿藓属的水灰藓属不是一个很自然的分类类群，而应该分为更细的属。柳叶藓属、湿柳藓属和薄网藓属的种类明显常聚在一起，位置较近，且比较稳定，可以同归于柳叶藓属。毛叶镰刀藓与范氏藓和大范氏藓的关系较近，说明适合将毛叶镰刀藓归并入范氏藓属中，范氏藓属和湿原藓属的较近。4. 对中国柳叶藓科的地理分布和区系成分的聚类分析表明，该科为典型的泛北极分布类型，大多分布于北半球的温带和寒带，59％为欧亚美共有种，14％为东亚特有成分，其中 8％ 为中国特有成分。属种的分布特点主要是，牛角藓属、柳叶藓属、细湿藓属、嗜湿藓属、三洋藓属和水灰藓属的中国分布比较广泛，大湿原藓属和偏叶藓属主要分布在东北地区和西南高山地区，而湿原藓属、范氏藓属和镰刀藓属则主要分布在东北地区。总的来说，气候较为寒冷的东北地区是中国柳叶藓科植物的主要分布区。西南地区的种类也较为丰富，是柳叶藓科植物的中国特有属种的分化中心。其他地区的柳叶藓样植物大多是分布在高山地区，表现出地区商的不平衡性。5. 对东北地区柳叶藓科植物的生态调查和典范对应分析研究进一步说明，柳叶藓科多分布于阴湿或水生生境，喜中性的酸碱条件。湿原藓属、范氏藓属、和镰也藓属植物常分布于沼泽，其中范氏藓属和镰藓属的一些种类常沉水或半沉水生长，而其他种类能分布于相对较干燥或季节性积水的地方。牛角藓属和水灰藓属植物常分布于溪流中，牛角藓属常分布于泉水或溪流的源头，而水灰藓属则喜流动的溪流。细湿藓属，柳叶藓属和嗜湿藓属植物的生境较为干燥，既能在林下土生、石生或树干生，也能分布于较为潮湿的生境。三洋藓常见于森林林下，在有些开阔地带也能生长分布，其生境范围明显较柳叶藓科其他各类为广，是唯一能适应陆生环境的柳叶藓科植物。对柳叶藓科植物与其环境因子的进行的典范对应分析结果表明，所研究的 26 种柳叶藓科植物大部分分布于水生环境，因其在排序图中与基质含水量接近。与基质含沙量、草本层郁蔽的相关也较大。其中水生环境下的 19 种柳叶藓科植物与水流速度和水体 pH 值关系较密切。

Effects of Fracture Seepage on the Stability of Landslide during Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation

The hydraulic conductivity function of fractures is a key scientific question to describe and reveal the process and the role of water seepage reasonably. In this paper, the generation technology of random fracture network and the latest numerical computation method for equivalent permeability tensor of fracture network are applied to analyze the landslide located at Wangjiayuanzi in Wanzhou District of Chongqing by simulating the changes of the seepage field caused by the running of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The influences of the fracture seepage on the seepage field and stability of the landslide were discussed with emphasis. The results show that the fractures existing in the soil increase the permeability coefficient of the landslide body and reduce the delay time of the underground water level in the landslide which fluctuates relative to the water level of reservoir，that causes the safe coefficient of the slope changes more gently than that of the same slope without fractures. It means, if only water level fluctuating condition is concerned, the fractures existing in the soil plays a positive role to the stability of slopes.

SbOx/SiO2 catalysts for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde using molecular oxygen as oxidant

SbOx and SbOx/SiO2 catalysts were prepared and investigated for methane selective oxidation to HCHO. HCHO selectivity up to 41% can be obtained on Sb2O5/SiO2 catalyst at 873 K and just drop gently to 18% with temperature up to 923 K. HCHO selectivity for SbOx/SiO2 catalysts decreases gently with reaction temperature, so considerable value of HCHO selectivity can still be obtained at high temperatures.

QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS FOR TOXICITY OF PHENOLS USING REGRESSION-ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Quantitative structure-toxicity models were developed that directly link the molecular structures of a et of 50 alkYlated and/or halogenated phenols with their polar narcosis toxicity, expressed as the negative logarithm of the IGC50 (50% growth inhibitor

Molecular cloning and expression of a novel Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor gene from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri, and the inhibitory activity of its recombinant domain

Serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) play important roles in host physiological and immunological processes in all multicellular organisms. A novel Kazal-type SPI gene was cloned from the Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri (designated as CfKZSPI) by expressed sequence tag (EST) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of CfKZSPI was of 1788 nucleotides with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a polyA tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 509 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CfKZSPI contained 12 tandem Kazal domains with high similarity to other Kazal-type SPIs. The temporal expression of CfKZSPI in hemocytes after Vibrio anguillorum challenge was recorded by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The relative mRNA expression level of CfKZSPI was up-regulated and reached 43.6-fold at 3 h post-challenge. After a decrease at 6 h, the expression Level increased again and reached 207.8-fold at 12 h post-challenge. The 12th Kazal domain of CfKZSPI was recombined into pET-32a(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) to investigate its inhibitory activity. The purified recombinant protein (rCf KZSPI-1 2) showed significant inhibitory activity against trypsin but no activity against thrombin. When the molar ratio of inhibitor to trypsin reached 1:1, almost 90% of the enzyme activity could be inhibited, which suggested that one molecule of rCfKZSPI-12 was able to inhibit one molecule of trypsin. Kinetics analysis with Dixon plot showed that the inhibition constant (K-i) of rCfKZSPI-12 to trypsin was 173 nmol L-1. These results indicated that CfKZSPI was a novel Kazal-type SPI with significant inhibitory activity against trypsin, and was suspected to be involved in scallop immune response. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

喜马拉雅西构造结区岩石圈演化三维有限元动力学数值模拟

The past three decades have seen numerous attempts to numerically model stress and strain patterns in the lithosphere of the Earth on both global and regional scales. This efforts have been indispensable in identifying the features we need to include in our endeavour to develop better models of our planet’s lithosphere and they have also raised our awareness for the many unresolved issue in the deep geodynamical issues that need to be addressed in the future. Nonetheless, in most models, the lithosphere is treated as a single layer with depth-averaged properties, and as the same distribution in the stress and strain fields, and as deforming under plane strain. All these above make a great hander for its reality and degree of recognition. As the beginning in this paper, some principal numerical models and results on the evolution of Tibetan plateau are reviewed and analyzed. Then, the geological and geophysical expedition on the Western Himalayan Syntaxis is briefly reviewed. Furthermore, we analysis the feature in deep geophysical field studies in this area and adjacent regions. Because, for most continents, stress models driven by plate boundary forces have successfully reproduced the main characteristics of the stress and strain field, we present a set of three-dimensional models of lithosphere system for a simplified geometry of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis area and its adjacent regions, where we try to match the first-order characteristics of the stress and strain fields of lithosphere since 10 Ma, and deformation and geodynamical evolution process in former 2Ma. Of course, the kinematic boundary conditions of the stress models driven by plate boundary forces were applied. The rheology plays a significant role in the lithospheric tectonics, which lead to different rheological parameters were used in different works although the have the same constitutive equations in models. So, in this paper we do not aim to produce all characteristics of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis areas’ stress and strain fields by the choices of various parameters, but rather the dynamic response between various rheological parameters and stress and strain fields. We have chosen to concentrate on the importance of rheology and lateral strength variations for lithospheric stress and strain patterns and use our findings to build a model of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis areas. In doing so, we want to go beyond purely elastic models or purely viscoelastic models. Compared the results of the crust viscosity in the Western Himalayan Syntaxis areas, we believed that, when various viscoelastic models are adopted, the selection of the coefficient of viscosity in the Western Syntaxis area has important influence on the its uplifts and evolutions. A wider uplift ranges and gently elevation was observed at the same time when a lower viscosity was used in our models, and vice versa. Data of stress magnitudes are not available, but it is clear that the stress levels must be at or below the failure threshold of rock under compression. Under these criteria, the calculation results show that the viscosity in the Western Syntaxis area should be smaller than 1023Pa.s When elastic model is adopted in relatively rigid Tarim basin, obvious changes are induced to the stress and strain fields of the whole Western Syntaxis area. We found that rigid block of lithosphere reduced stress levels within its interior and that, at the edges of such regions, stress orientation can change. Furthermore there is no evidence that such rigid regions act as stress barriers in that they shield areas in opposite sides of the structure from the influence of one another. In our models, the upper crustal material of the Western Syntaxis area does not turns to move westward. Whereas, because of the stress and strain fields have been decoupling at the interior of the lithosphere, we can get the results that the deep material must not move westward.