About generalized scaling for passive scalars in fully developed turbulence

In this paper we use a simple normal form approach of scale invariant fields to investigate scaling laws of passive scalars in turbulence. The coupling equations for velocity and passive scalar moments are scale covariant. Their solution shows that passive scalars in turbulence do not generically follow a general scaling observed for velocity field because of coupling effects.

Conditions for the local manipulation of tripartite Gaussian states

We present the normal form of the covariance matrix for three-mode tripartite Gaussian states. By means of this result, the general form of a necessary and sufficient criterion for the possibility of a state transformation from one tripartite entangled Gaussian state to another with three modes is found. Moreover, we show that the conditions presented include not only inequalities but equalities as well.

CSRe束流动力学研究

非线性动力学对于环形加速器，尤其是对现代新型的加速器来说，起着越来越重要的作用。非线性力的引入使得束流在真空管道中的稳定性大大降低，对物理实验产生较大的影响。所以对束流动力学尤其是非线性动力学的研究已成为加速器研究中的一个必要的、重要的课题。 本文首先对加速器物理的基础知识和兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环及其实验环（HIRFL-CSRe）做了一定的介绍。然后给出了非线性力存在时的动力学孔径的理解和此时动力学孔径的多种研究方法。 接着本论文对束流的共振情况做了推导和描述，用映射的观点，通过Normal Form这一数学工具研究了CSRe的非线性动力学。然后用加速器常用的软件（COSY INFINITY）研究了HIRFL-CSRe在各种状态下由于高阶场误差带来的非线性力对各阶共振力的影响。 最后，也是本文的核心部分。用MAD程序研究了CSRe横向动力学。对CSRe色品进行了校正，并计算了色品六极铁对CSRe Lattice的影响。对CSRe理想Lattice的动力学孔径进行了计算，然后根据实际测磁数据计算了CSRe在有二极铁和四极铁高阶误差等多种情况下的动力学孔径，最后通过实际实验时的束流的各种参数的测量说明了理论计算和实际情况一致，强度和稳定性都能够满足物理实验的要求。 本论文对CSRe系统的运行和CSRe各项实验有着一定的实际意义

CSRm横向动力学研究

随着现代加速器向高能、强流、长寿命束流方向的发展，非线性动力学己成为现代加速器研究中一个非常重要的课题。本文从解析和数值模拟两方面对CSRm在存在各种场缺陷和安装准直误差情况下的非线性动力学进行了研究，并探讨研究了环型加速器中随时间变化驱动力-tune调制对粒子稳定性的影响。在解析研究方面，本文给出了储存环非线性束流动力学中基本理论、常用的表达式及研究方法做了详细介绍和推导。作为对非线性束流动力学解析研究的典型例子，本文给出了高杰推导出的存在不同非线性磁铁高阶场时动力学孔径解析表达式的详细推导过程。解析表达式能直观表示影响粒子运动稳定性的关键因素，但解析表达式所描述的lattice结构过子简单，只能看作是实际储存环lottice的近似。通过解析法可以研究主导粒子运动不稳定性的机制，但用来确定储存环动力学孔径强有力的工具是数值跟踪。用映射的观点，通过非线性变换，将表示通常粒子非线性运动的单圈映射用Normal Form来表示。用Normal Form这一数学工具，通过计算粒子运动稳定相空间体积确定了CSRm动力学孔径，求出了CSRm的高阶共振参数，半解析的研究了CSRm中tune随粒子振荡振幅的变换-Detuning效应。同时，跟用其他的数值方法的计算结果进行了比较。储存环中影响粒子运动稳定性的因素，除各种场缺陷和安装准直误差外，还有电源纹波效应等所引起随时间变化驱动力的影响。本文先从理论上分析研究了tune调制所引起的随机层宽度，扩散速度等，然后通过单粒子跟踪研究了tune调制对简单的FODo 1 ottice和CSRm的影响。用加速器中常用的MAD程序研究了CSRm横向动力学。对CSRm色品进行校正，并计算了色品六极铁对CSRmlattice的影响。通过实际的测量数据计算了二极铁的离散性和四极铁的安装准直误差所引起的闭轨畸变。由于CsRm二极铁黔的四极分量所引起 Tune移动时粒子在加速过程中经过共振线，所以对lattice黔行了修正。最后跟踪研究了lattice修正后的动力学孔径。

Novel method for design of surface relief guided-mode resonant gratings at normal incidence

We demonstrate that the surface relief guided-mode resonant gratings with specified central wavelength and FWHM in the visible wavelength range can be designed by analyzing the complex poles of Reflectance and transmission coefficient matrix algorithm (RTCM), a variant of S-matrix propagation algorithm proposed for calculation of multilayer gratings. In addition, FWHM is computed with couple-mode (CM) theory of resonant gratings which is firstly extended by Norton et al. in calculation of waveguide grating. Furthermore, the side band reflections of the filter can be reduced to less than 5% in the visible wavelength with the antireflection (AR) design technique widely used in the thin-film field. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electric field distribution in resonant reflection filters under normal incidence

Electric field distributions inside resonant reflection filters constructed using planar periodic waveguides are investigated in this paper. The electric fields may be intensified by resonance effects. Although the resonant reflection peaks can be quite narrow using weakly modulated planar periodic waveguides, the strong electric field enhancement limits their use in high-power laser systems. Strongly modulated waveguides may be used to reduce the electric field enhancement and a cover layer may be used to narrow the bandwidth at the same time. Desired results (i.e. almost no electric field enhancement together with narrow bandwidth) can be realized using this simple structure.

Spatiotemporal evolution and multiple self-focusing of ultrashort pulses in a resonant two-level medium

The spatiotemporal evolutions of ultrashort pulses in two dimensions are investigated numerically by solving the coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations without invoking the slowly varying envelope approximation and rotating-wave approximation. For an on-axis 2n pi sech pulse, local delay makes the temporal split 2 pi sech pulses crescent-shaped in the transverse distribution. Due to the transverse effect, the temporal split 2 pi sech pulses become unstable and experience reshaping during the propagation process. Then, interference occurs between the successive crescent-shaped pulses and multiple self-focusing can form.

Precise determination of anomalous scattering factors of Ge by using X-ray resonant scattering

Variations of peak position of the rocking curve in the Bragg case are measured from a Ge thin crystal near the K-absorption edge. The variations are caused by a phase change of the real part of the atomic scattering factor. Based on the measurement, the values of the real part are determined with an accuracy of better than 1%. The values are the most reliable ones among those reported values so far as they are directly determined from the normal atomic scattering factors.

Si-based resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector

We report one top-illumination and one bottom-illumination SiGe/Si multiple quantum-well (MQW) resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetector fabricated on a separation-by-implanted-oxygen (SIMOX) wafer operating near 1300 nm. The buried oxygen layer in SIMOX is used as a mirror to form a vertical cavity with the silicon dioxide/silicon Bragg reflector deposited on the top surface. A peak responsivity with a reverse bias of 5 V is measured 10.2 mA/W at 1285 nm, a full width at half maximum of 25 nm for the top-illumination RCE photodetector, 19 mA/W at 1305 nm, and a full width at half maximum of 14 nm for the bottom-illumination one. The external quantum efficiency of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is up to 2.9% at 1305 nm, with a reverse bias of 25V. The responsivity of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is improved by two-fold compared with that of the top-illumination one. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

SiGe/Si quantum well resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector

Resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetectors have been demonstrated to be able to improve the bandwidth-efficiency product. We report a novel SiGe/Si multiple quantum-well resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector fabricated on a separation-by-implanted-oxygen wafer operating near 1300nm. The buried oxide layer in SIMOX is used as a bottom mirror to form a vertical cavity with silicon dioxide/silicon Bragg reflector deposited on the top surface. The quantum efficiency at the wavelength of 1300nm is measured with 3.5% at a reverse bias of 15V, which is enhanced by 10 folds compared with a conventional photodetector with the same absorption structures.

Si-based resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector

Resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetectors have been demonstrated to be able to improve the bandwidth-efficiency product. We report one top-illumination and one bottom-illumination SiGe/Si multiple quantum-well (MQW) RCE photodetectors fabricated on a separation-by-implanted-oxygen (SIMOX) wafer operating near 1300nm, The buried oxide layer in SIMOX is used as a mirror to form a vertical cavity with the silicon dioxide/silicon Bragg reflector deposited on the top surface. A peak responsivity with a reverse bias of 5V is measured 10.2mA/W at 1285nm, and a full-width at half maximum of 25nm for the top-illumination RCE photodetector, and 19mA/W at 1305nm, and a full-width at half maximum of 14nm for the bottom-illumination one. The external quantum efficiency of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is up to 2.9% at 1305nm with a reverse bias of 25V. The responsivity of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is improved by two-fold compared with that of the top-illumination one.

Experimental study on two-phase gas-liquid flow patterns at normal and reduced gravity conditions

Experimental studies have been performed for horizontal two-phase air-water flows at normal and reduced gravity conditions in a square cross-section channel. The experiments at reduced gravity are conducted on board the Russian IL-76 reduced gravity airplane. Four flow patterns, namely bubble, slug, slug-annular transition and annular flows, are observed depending on the liquid and gas superficial velocities at both conditions. Semi-theoretical Weber number model is developed to include the shape influence on the slug-annular transition. It is shown that its prediction is in reasonable agreement with the experimental slug-annular transition under both conditions. For the case of two-phase gas-liquid flow with large value of the Froude number, the drift-flux model can predict well the observed boundary between bubble and slug flows.

Shock-Induced Near-Wall Two-Phase Flow Structure Over a Micron-Sized Particles Bed

The present paper studies numerical modelling of near-wall two-phase flows induced by a normal shock wave moving at a constant speed, over a micronsized particles bed. In this two-fluid model, the possibility of particle trajectory intersection is considered and a full Lagrangian formulation of the dispersed phase is introduced. The finiteness of the Reynolds and Mach numbers of the flow around a particle as well as the fineness of the particle sizes are taken into account in describing the interactions between the carrier- and dispersed- phases. For the small mass-loading ratio case, the numerical simulation of flow structure of the two phases is implemented and the profiles of the particle number density are obtained under the constant-flux condition on the wall. The effects of the shock Mach number and the particle size and material density on particle entrainment motion are discussed in detail.The obtained results indicate that interphase non-equilibrium in the velocity and temperature is a common feature for this type of flows and a local particle accumulation zone may form near the envelope of the particle trajectory family.

Closed form solutions of T-stress in plane elasticity crack problems

The T-stress is considered as an important parameter in linear elastic fracture mechanics. In this paper, several closed form solutions of T-stress in plane elasticity crack problems in an infinite plate are investigated using the complex potential theory. In the line crack case, if the applied loading is the remote stress or the concentrated forces, the T-stress can be derived from the basic field. Here, the basic field is defined as the field caused by the applied loading in the infinite plate without the crack. For the circular are crack, the T-stress can be abstracted from a known solution. For the cusp crack problems, the T-stress can be separated from the obtained stress solution for which the conformal mapping technique is used.

Fracture statistics of brittle materials: Weibull or normal distribution

The fit of fracture strength data of brittle materials (Si3N4, SiC, and ZnO) to the Weibull and normal distributions is compared in terms of the Akaike information criterion. For Si3N4, the Weibull distribution fits the data better than the normal distribution, but for ZnO the result is just the opposite. In the case of SiC, the difference is not large enough to make a clear distinction between the two distributions. There is not sufficient evidence to show that the Weibull distribution is always preferred to other distributions, and the uncritical use of the Weibull distribution for strength data is questioned.