4 resultados para Ptsd

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Repeated vivid recalls or flashbacks of traumatic memories and memory deficits are the cardinal features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Here, we examined the effects of very strong fear conditioning (20 pairings of a light with a 1.5-mA, 0.5-s foot shock) and subsequent reexposure to the conditioning context (chamber A), a similar context (chamber B), and/or to the fear conditioned stimulus (CS) (a light) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 area in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The conditioning procedure resulted in very strong conditioned fear, as reflected by high levels of persistent freezing, to both the contexts and to the CS, 24 h after fear conditioning. The induction of long-term potentiation ON was blocked immediately after fear conditioning. It was still markedly impaired 24 h after fear conditioning; reexposure to the conditioning chamber A (CA) or to a similar chamber 13 (CB) did not affect the impairment. However, presentation of the CS in the CA exacerbated the impairment of LTP, whereas the CS presentation in a CB ameliorated the impairment so that LTP induction did not differ from that of control groups. The induction of long-term depression (LTD) was facilitated immediately, but not 24 h, after fear conditioning. Only reexposure to the CS in the CA, but not reexposure to either chamber A or B alone, or the CS in chamber B, 24 h after conditioning, reinstated the facilitation of LTD induction. These data demonstrate that unconditioned and conditioned aversive stimuli in an intense fear conditioning paradigm can have profound effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which may aid to understand the mechanisms underlying impairments of hippocampus-dependent memory by stress or in PTSD. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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1、KMBZ-009 改善高台应激所致认知障碍和应激相关的抑郁样行为及其相关机理 研究。 虽然适当的应激会提高动物的学习记忆功能,但过量的应激特别是无法逃避 的应激,往往导致依赖海马或前额叶的学习记忆功能受损,这与应激改变脑内应 激激素(皮质酮,皮质醇等)和神经递质的释放,影响突触传递和可塑性(包括 长时程增强和长时程抑制,LTP 和LTD)有关。一些疾病的发生、发展和恶化, 比如抑郁症(Depression)、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),往往也和应激相关联,其 神经化学基础被证实与内分泌系统和单胺类(如五羟色,去甲肾上腺素,多巴胺) 神经递质系统的功能密切相关。遗憾的是,到目前为止还没有发现能治疗应激的 药物。本实验室过去的研究证实:KMBZ-009(申报新药时的名称为芬克罗酮,英 文名Phenchlobenpyrrone)——一种新的取代吡咯烷酮类化合物,通过调节细胞 内钙,改变脑内神经递质的释放,从而影响脑高级功能。KMBZ-009 对神经递质 释放影响是否能减轻应激导致的认知障碍及应激相关疾病的发生还没有进行研 究。本研究采用Morris 水迷宫、行为操作箱、绝望游泳、膜片钳和活体电生理 技术研究了KMBZ-009 对高台应激所致认知障碍和应激相关的抑郁样行为的影响 及其相关机理。 研究结果发现,高台应激或皮质酮注射造成大鼠空间记忆提取障碍,这与其 导致的海马CA1 区突触可塑性改变有关,而KMBZ-009 能成剂量依赖性地逆转应 激对空间记忆提取的损伤作用,这与它阻断应激或皮质酮异化的LTD 和恢复应激 或皮质酮损伤的LTP 密切相关。KMBZ-009 能部分地降低因应激而升高的血清皮 质酮含量,此外,KMBZ-009 对大鼠海马CA1 区锥体神经元的兴奋和抑制电流的 影响可能也参与了其对应激的调节作用。KMBZ-009 能显著增加海马CA1 区锥体 神经元上AMPA 受体介导的兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)的幅度,但不影响其动力 学特性。NMDA 受体介导的EPSC 不受KMBZ-009 的影响;GABA 受体介导的抑制突 触后电流(IPSC)的幅度几乎不受KMBZ-009 的影响,而其受体动力学特性明显 被KMBZ-009 改变,表现为IPSC 恢复的时间显著延长。KMBZ-009 对CA1 区兴奋 抑制电流的调节作用,使大鼠海马细胞具有更强的维持细胞稳态的能力,从而避免应激导致神经元功能的损害。KMBZ-009 对抗应激对认知得损伤作用提示其可 能会减少动物的抑郁样行为,本实验结果发现,KMBZ-009 确实能明显减少小鼠 在强迫游泳(FST)中的不动时间,增加大鼠在72 秒低频差式强化(DRL-72s) 模型中的强化率,并降低其反应率。其机制是KMBZ-009 增加正常动物中枢神经 系统胞外NE 水平,激活alpha 和beta 肾上腺素受体,从而使得实验动物的抑郁 样行为明显减少。 2、KMBZ-009 减轻氧化应激对细胞活力、线粒体电位及海马LTP 的损伤作用。 前人的研究表明,氧自由基过多是导致老年痴呆患者和老年人神经细胞凋亡 与认知障碍的因素之一。KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦是吡咯烷酮类化合物,研究显示 均具有促智作用。有报道指出阿尼西坦能减少神经胶质细胞在缺血缺氧时氧自由 基的生成,从而避免细胞受到氧应激损伤。本研究采用神经元原代培养和离体电 生理学方法,观察了KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦对氧应激神经元的保护作用。结果发 现,KMBZ-009 和阿尼西坦均能保护氧应激神经元的线粒体的功能,对抗氧自由 基对神经元细胞活力的损伤,从而有效逆转了氧化应激对海马脑片CA1 区LTP 的 损伤作用。KMBZ-009 的作用效果比阿尼西坦的效果强10 倍。 3、银杏叶提取物及复方制剂改善老年大鼠空间学习记忆的突触可塑性机理。 有研究表明,银杏叶和三七叶提取物能调节神经系统的功能。本研究采用 Morris 水迷宫和活体电生理技术研究了银杏三七复方制剂及银杏叶提取物(以 标准银杏叶提取物——金纳多作为阳性对照药)改善老年大鼠空间学习记忆障碍 的突触可塑性机理研究。结果发现:老年大鼠空间学习记忆能力较差,高频诱导 不能在其海马CA1 区引发LTP,当长期服用金纳多或复方制剂一个月后,老年动 物的空间学习记忆功能得到明显改善,这可能与药物增强海马LTP 有密切关系。 复方制剂的作用效果与金纳多的效果相当。 4、悬尾应激损伤避暗作业学习行为的多巴胺D1 受体机制。 近年来的研究表明,DA 系统对应激非常敏感,应激改变PFC 内DA 的含量, 从而导致依赖于PFC 的工作记忆受损。但目前尚不知道应激对DA 系统的影响是 否涉及依赖杏仁核和海马的情绪学习记忆功能。因此,我们采用被动回避作业和 行为药理学的方法,初步探讨了此问题。结果发现:和对照组动物相比,随着悬 尾应激持续时间的增加(5min、10min、20min),动物在避暗作业作业重测试中的步入潜伏期明显缩短,当动物被悬尾应激后回到鼠笼中休息20min,其步入潜 伏期无明显变化;腹腔注射DA D1 受体拮抗剂SCH23390 呈剂量依赖性地缩短动 物的步入潜伏期,但SCH23390 腹腔注射和悬尾应激共同处理实验动物时,此种 D1 受体拮抗剂能有效逆转应激对步入潜伏期的影响;进一步的研究发现,应激 或D1 受体拮抗剂对痛觉感受的影响不是其改变动物步入潜伏期的主要因素。本 研究结果表明悬尾应激导致脑内多巴胺释放过度增加,杏仁核(可能还有海马及 相关神经回路)内的D1 受体被过度激活,从而导致小鼠在操作被动回避任务时 的记忆获得障碍。

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5-羟色胺(5-HT)是中枢神经系统内非常重要的神经递质,广泛参与各种行为和生理过程。5-羟色胺功能低下可导致多种精神类疾病尤其是焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍等,而这些疾病都伴有学习和记忆的障碍;海马是参与学习记忆的重要脑区。海马接受5-HT神经元的直接投射且富含5-HT受体,因而海马也可以通过5-HT系统调控焦虑、抑郁及学习记忆。海马突触可塑性是学习记忆的细胞分子机制,是学习记忆的基础。我们条件性敲除转录因子Lmx1b得到中枢5-HT缺失小鼠,利用该小鼠进行中枢神经系统5-HT功能的研究。我们发现该小鼠的脑结构和运动能力正常;水迷宫空间学习能力正常,但空间记忆受损;焦虑水平降低,但是环境恐惧学习和记忆能力增强,增强的恐惧记忆能被外源给予的5-HT逆转;在中枢5-HT缺失小鼠中,应激对海马可塑性的作用即损伤LTP易化LTD消失,外源给予5-HT可以恢复应激的效果。这些结果提示应激导致海马LTP损伤可能是保护机制,缺乏这种保护机制可能导致恐惧记忆相关的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的易感。成瘾的核心特征是对药物的强迫性渴求和复吸。成瘾与学习记忆有很多共同的脑区和分子通路,它可能通过篡夺正常生理神经通路而产生比正常生理反应更强烈的可塑性,形成有害的异常记忆。以前的报道证实海马的兴奋性突触可塑性在成瘾过程中的适应性改变可能是成瘾的机制;但是成瘾涉及复杂的生物机制,因而不可能仅是兴奋性突触可塑性的贡献。我们研究了5-HT系统和抑制性系统(主要是GABA能系统)在成瘾中的贡献。利用中枢5-HT缺失小鼠,我们发现5-HT缺失小鼠的吗啡显著地易化了5-HT CKO的海马LTP,同时也导致成瘾行为持续不消退;5-HT和5-HT1a受体激动剂能逆转此现象。这提示毒品成瘾可能导致中枢5-HT缺失,进而增强海马LTP,使毒品相关记忆牢固不消退。GABA能系统是中枢神经系统最重要的抑制性系统,我们研究发现一次吗啡对内源性大麻受体(CB1R)依赖的抑制性突触的长时程抑制(Inhibitory long-term depression,I-LTD)没有影响,成瘾后I-LTD抑制,而吗啡成瘾后戒断导致了内源性大麻受体(CB1R)和L-型钙通道(LTCC)依赖的GABA能LTD (I-LTD),使I-LTD增大了一倍,提示在吗啡成瘾阶段过程中,有组合突触可塑性发生,进而增强了突触可塑性的调控范围。 本论文是对中枢5-HT系统对海马兴奋性突触可塑性在焦虑、应激、成瘾等异常记忆中的调节作用以及海马抑制性系统在成瘾和戒断中的贡献进行研究,表明恐惧记忆和毒品成瘾记忆存在许多共同的细胞分子机理,对今后治疗焦虑、创伤后应激障碍和成瘾提供了新的思路。

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The present paper studies focus on the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents post-disaster. 482 students from 6 secondary schools and 17 primary schools in the extremely severe disaster areas in Mianzhu, Sichuan province and 785 students from 3 primary schools and 9 secondary schools in the severe disaster areas in Baoji, Shaanxi respectively were surveyed on the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder and the extent of disaster exposure after the Wenchuan earthquake. Self-compiled background information questionnaire and CRIES were used for the investigation. In this study, we contrast the extent of disaster exposure in the two areas in order to explore the related factors about the post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescent post-disaster. The main results of this paper can be summarized as follows: 1. There are significant positive corrections between the post-traumatic stress disorder and the extent of disaster exposure(get trapped in the earthquake、relatives and friends have been injured in the earthquake、look at relatives and friends dying in the earthquake).The more exposed in the disaster, the more serious symptom of the post-traumatic stress disorder. The trauma exposure indicators (get trapped in the earthquake, relatives and friends have been injured in the earthquake、look at relatives and friends dying in the earthquake)were all significant predictors for PTSD severity. 2. There are significant sex difference in the extent(F=8.750, p <0.05) and the incidence rate of PTSD(χ =20.735, df=5,p =0.001), the extent and the incidence rate of girls in Mianzhu is significantly higher than that of boys. 3. The age is also an influence factor of PTSD. The extent (F=7.246, p <0.001)and the incidence rate (χ =20.735, df=5,p =0.001)of PTSD get higher as adolescent in Mianzhu get older. 4. As the extremely severe disaster areas, the extent of disaster exposure of Mianzhu areas significantly higher than that of the severe disaster areas Baoji. However, there are not difference in the extent of PTSD between two areas(t=0.181,df=1265,p=0.857), there are only significant difference in the incidence rate of PTSD between two areas(χ =8.766,df=1,p=0.003), the incidence rate of PTSD in Mianzhu areas significantly higher than that of Baoji areas.