一个用于机器人自然语言理解的英语句法分析系统

在低挡微机中速度较慢的串行处理硬设备条件下，利用本文提出的启发式概念，分层搜索和匹配策略以及设置最大搜索长度等方法，可使推理速度提高一个数量级以上．此外，通过引入语义信息，分阶段消除歧义，自顶向下与自底向上相结合，以及把一般疑问句一律变成相应陈述句的方法，解决了自动英语句法分析中的一系列难题，缩小了知识库的规模。

汉语韵律短语切分及语调降阶和下倾研究

Firstly, prosodic boundaries of 1991 common sentences were labeled based on speech perception experiment, relation between prosodic structure and syntactic structure was examined after immediate constituent analysis, an example of prosodic phrasing from text sentences was provided using CART. Then, using designed sentences, phenomena of downstep and declination in pitch downtrend of Chinese declarative sentences were examined, commonness and speciality of Chinese intonation were discussed. The main results of the study are: 1 The distribution patterns of prosodic phrase boundaries for different syntactic structures are different, and there is great freedom in prosodic chunking. The relation between syntactic structure and prosodic structure can only be discussed in statistical sense. 2 Besides of syntactic relation, the second most important factor which influences prosodic phrase boundaries is length. The distances to the front boundary and the back boundary are more important than the lengths of the left syntactic contituent and the right one. In our corpus, the length distributions of prosodic phrases are 5±3 syllables. 3 Automatic downstep can lower intonation linearly, but is affected by stress easily. Non-automatic downstep lowers the higher part of pitch contours and has no effect on the lower one of the intonation. 4 The downtrend reason of low point is declination. The extent of declination relates to not only tones of low points, but also their positions in prosodic words, the baselines decline much faster when low point are in the initial position of a prosodic word. In long sentences, the baselines of prosodic phrases are the basic declination units, and the whole declination pattern of a sentence is related to syntactic relations between two neighboring prosodic phrases.

重读和动词隐含因果性对代词加工的影响

Numerous studies have shown that accentuation and implicit verb causality influenced pronoun resolution. However, many researchers cannot agree on the time course, as well as they know little about the interaction between the two types of information during comprehending Chinese sentences. The study aimed to explore the effects of accentuation and implicit verb causality on the pronoun processing during spoken Chinese sentences comprehension as well as their time courses, using auditory moving window technique and cross-modal probe paradigm. The main results were: 1) The reading time of the second clause in stressed pronoun condition was significantly longer than that in unstressed pronoun condition. Accentuation influenced the activation level of candidate antecedents. 2) Implicit verb causality influenced the pronoun interpretation during spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. It also affected the activation level of candidate antecedents immediately after people heard the pronoun. 3) There was “the first-mentioned effect” in spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. The effect seemed as if a general phenomenon during the pronoun processing. 4) Accentuation, Implicit verb causality and the first-mentioned effect interacted during the pronoun processing and spoken Chinese sentences comprehension. This study supported the focus hypothesis, indicating accentuation could shift the center of attention even in nonparallel-structure sentences; implicit verb causality influences the pronoun processing immediately; there was interaction between accentuation and implicit verb causality during spoken sentence comprehension.

汉语口语句子产生中语义和语音信息的水平流动

As Levelt and Meyer (2000) noted, because studies of lexical access during multiword utterances production such as phrases and sentences, they raise two novel questions which studies of single word production do not. Firstly, does the access of different words in a sentence occur in a parallel or a serial fashion? Secondly, does the access of the different words in a sentence occur in an interactive or a discrete fashion? The latter question concerns the horizontal information flow (Smith & Wheeldon, 2004), which is a very important aspect of continuous speech production. A variant of the picture–word interference paradigm combining with eye-tracking technique and a dual task paradigm was used in 7 experiments to investigate the horizontal information flow of semantic and phonological information between nouns in spoken Mandarin Chinese sentences. The results suggested that: 1. Before speech onset, semantic information of different words accross the whole sentence has been activated, while phonological activation has been limited within the first phrase of the sentence. 2. Before speech onset, speaker will look ahead and check the semantic information of latter words as the first noun is beening processed, such looking ahead for phonological information can just occur within the first phrase of the sentence. 3. After speech onset, speaker will concentrate on the content words beyond the first one and will check the semantic information of other words with the same sentence. 4. The result suggested that the lexical accesses of multiple words during spoken sentence production are processed in a partly serial and partly parallel manner and stands for the Unit-by-Unit and Incremental view proposed by Levelt (2000). 5. The horizontal information flow during spoken sentence production is not an automatic process and is constrained by cognitive resource.

汉语文本语篇语句焦点确定及焦点与重音关系研究

This study investigated the method of the focus identification in Chinese text discourse and the relationship between accent and focus, large corpus analysis and decision tree were used in the research. The main results are: 1. Based on the concept of the Focus and understanding of the discourse, Foci identification is consistent and steady; 2. Special Focus markers and specific Focus constructions have greater influence than special constituent order on identifying Focus in Chinese discourse; while information states also have great influence on focus identifying; part of speech，information state, the relative position in the sentence, focus-sensitive operator, specific Focus constructions, contrast relations, relations between the sentences are important factors to focus identifying; 3. Using multi-dimensional tagging and knowledge discovery, it is a feasible way to construct and employ decision trees by computing tagging results to identify Focus; 4. Focus predicting also depends on literal types and styles of the discourse, several types of decision trees should be constructed for different literal types; 5. In the monologue discourse, the most prominent accent is located on the Focus word or in the scope of the Focus; there are some kinds of rules on accent assignment in broad Focus; it is necessary to analyze and classify focus structure for the research of relations between accent and Focus.

汉语句子和语篇韵律层级边界的认知加工及其ERP效应

The aim of the present study was to explore whether the CPS (Closure Positive Shift) which reflected prosodic processing will be elicited when listeners perceived different hierarchical prosodic boundaries in Chinese sentence and discourse (Quatrain). In addiction, the similarity and difference in amplitude, onset latency and scalp distribution between these CPS were investigated. The nature of the CPS and its relationship to acoustic parameters was also explored systematically. The main results and conclusions of the present study were: (1) Phonological phrase boundaries and intonational phrase boundaries in Chinese sentences both elicited the CPS; however, phonological word boundaries can't evoke it. The CPS induced by phonological phrase boundaries was earlier than the one related to intonational phrase boundaries in onset latency, and the amplitude was also somewhat lower. When the pauses in the vicinity of these two boundaries were removed, the onset latency difference disappeared while amplitude in the new conditions was also lower. This indicates that whenever listeners segment sentence into phrases, the CPS will be elicited. Besides, pause was not the decisive factor to elicit the CPS, but can modify its onset latency and amplitude effectively. (2) The different hierarchical prosodic boundaries in seven character quatrain including phonological phrase boundaries, intonational phrase boundaries and sentence pair boundaries elicited the CPS respectively. Furthermore, just like in the sentence level, onset latency of the CPS induced by the prosodic boundaries in the discourse was also influenced by the length of pause: the shorter the pause was, the earlier the onset latency. For the comparison between the CPS evoked by the same and different hierarchical prosodic boundaries, its amplitude was influenced by the extent to which prosodic representations were activated. Thus, the condition of the CPS elicitation was extended to the prosodic bounaries in discourse, and further indicated that it was influenced by acoustic parameters. (3) No matter what task the participants completed, just like word detection or rythem matching task, the CPS will be evoked. However, its amplitude was larger in the anterior region, when listeners completed the word detection task which needed more attention and higher load of working memory. The present result indicated that the elicitation of the CPS was not influenced by the task the participants completed, but different task influence its scalp distribution. (4) The final syllable of the sentence and quatrain can't elicit the CPS, but a P300-like positive component. Although the scalp distribution was similar to the CPS, it was much higher in amplitude. The present result suggested that only the prosodic boundaries reflecting not only the closure of the former prosodic unit but also integrating the later one will elicit the CPS.

多重强式焦点共现句中的焦点强弱及其语音感知差异

The core issue of the current study is on the strength difference of strong foci led by different syntactic devices (focus marker、focus operator、exclusive quantifier)and their acoustic perceptual different in “sentence with multiple strong foci”. The research methods adopted were text labeling and acoustic perceptual experiment. The acoustic parameters of the two speakers in the experiment were analyzed and discussed. The main results of the current study are as follows: Utilizing “sentence with multiple strong foci” as research material, text labeling and acoustic perceptual experiment as research method, the present study performed pairwise comparison of the focus led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure, exclusive quantifier and focus sensitive operator. The results reveal that: in the text labeling experiment and acoustic perceptual experiment, the focus led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure are higher in strength than that led by exclusive quantifier, which in turn leads to more intensive focus strength than focus sensitive operator; in the text labeling experiment, experimental results reveal that foci led by focus marker and its corresponding syntactic structure are higher in strength than that led by the focus sensitive operator. The main conclusions of the current study are as follows: 1 The experimental result supports the assumption to separate the “exclusive quantifier” from the traditional “focus sensitive operator” and treat it as an independent syntactic device leading focus. 2 Paired-Samples T-Text demonstrated that the foci led by the three different syntactic devices differed in the aspect of strengths 3 Syntactic device plays a fundamental role in the determination of focus strength while phonetic device facilitates the determination of focus identification.

手持通信设备的多通道文本输入研究

Recently，Handheld Communication Devices is developing very fast, extending in users and spreading in application fields, and has an promising future. This study investigated the acceptance of the multimodal text entry method and the behavioral characteristics when using it. Based on the general information process model of a bimodal system and the human factor studies about the multimodal map system, the present study mainly focused on the hand-speech bimodal text entry method. For acceptance, the study investigated the subjective perception of the accuracy of speech recognition by Wizard of Oz (WOz) experiment and a questionnaire. Results showed that there was a linear relationship between the speech recognition accuracy and the subjective accuracy. Furthermore, as the familiarity increasing, the difference between the acceptable accuracy and the subjective accuracy gradually decreased. In addition, the similarity of meaning between the outcome of speech recognition and the correct sentences was an important referential criterion. The second study investigated three aspects of the bimodal text entry method, including input, error recovery and modal shifts. The first experiment aimed to find the behavioral characteristics of user when doing error recovery task. Results indicated that participants preferred to correct the error by handwriting, which had no relationship with the input modality. The second experiment aimed to discover the behavioral characteristics of users when doing text entry in various types of text. Results showed that users preferred to speech input in both words and sentences conditions, which was highly consistent among individuals, while no significant difference was found between handwriting and speech input in the character condition. Participants used more direct strategy than jumping strategy to deal with mixed text, especially for the Chinese-English mixed type. The third experiment examined the cognitive load in the different modal shifts, results suggesting that there were significant differences between different shifts. Moreover, relevant little time was needed in the Shift from speech input to hand input. Based on the main findings, implications were discussed as follows: Firstly, when evaluating a speech recognition system, attention should be paid to the fact that the speech recognition accuracy was not equal to the subjective accuracy. Secondly, in order to make a speech input system more acceptable, a good method is to train and supply the feedback for the accuracy in training, which improving the familiarity and sensitivity to the system. Thirdly, both the universal and individual behavioral patterns were taken into consideration to improve the error recovery method. Fourthly, easing the study and the use of speech input, the operations of speech input should be simpler. Fifthly, more convenient text input method for non-Chinese text entry should be provided. Finally, the shifting time between hand input and speech input provides an important parameter for the design of automatic-evoked speech recognition system.

印象形成中同化和对比效应研究

Impression formation is an important aspect of person perception and has important interpersonal consequences. There are assimilation and contrast effects in impression formation and is still considerable debate regarding the best way to account for them. This present research used trait-implying sentences as priming materials, trait inferences sever as self-generated primes, examined the effect of different trait knowledge in assimilation and contrast effects. Experiment 1 determined the priming and target stimuli of this research by pretest. In experiment 2, participants read trait-implying sentences and resulted in trait inference as self-generated primes, examined the influence of trait activation on impression formation. The results indicated that participants instructed to memorize trait-implying sentences showed assimilation effect, whereas participants instructed to form impression from trait-implying sentences showed contrast effect. Difference to previous studies that emphasized the impact of awareness of the prime in impression formation, this research paid attention to the impact of different trait knowledge that resulted from trait inference. Experiment 3 studied the influence of actor salience on impression formation. The results indicated that when trait-implying sentences that described actors with names and were accompanied with photos of the actors, participants showed contrast under both memorization and impression instructions. Experiment 4 studied the influence of attribution context on assimilation and contrasts. The results showed that contrast ensued when trait-implying sentences were accompanied with the information that suggested a person attribution, whereas assimilation ensued when that information suggested a situation attribution, independent of processing goals. Experiment 5 made a direct test of the effect of different trait knowledge in impression formation. The results discovered that when abstract trait concepts were activated they act as a general interpretation frame in encoding stage, whereas when specific actor-trait links were activated, the activated information is likely to be used as a comparative standard in judgment stage. All studied indicated that there are two types of activated trait knowledge in trait inference: abstract trait concepts versus specific actor-trait links. When trait inference activated abstract trait concepts, the activated information serves as interpretation frame and lead to assimilation effect during impression formation, when trait inference activated specific actor-trait links, the activated information is more likely to be used as a comparative standards and resulted in contrast effects. These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanism of impression formation and practical values for interpersonal communication.

平面几何问题解决过程中的元认知实验研究

This study was based on the cognitive-metacognitive model of mathematical problem solving established by Lester & Garofalo(1985). The method of protocal analysis was used and 19 excellent students(9 male and 10 female) & 19 learning-disabled students(11 male and 8 female) in middle school(grade 3)were tested and interviewed during they solved plane geometry problems. The main results showed as follows: (1) There was a significant difference between excellent students and learning-disabled students on time-assignment when they solved plane geometry problems. Excellent students used more time on phase organization and less time on phase execution. There was no difference on phases orientation and verification. (2) Excellent students showed higher metacognitive level than learning-disabled students. The deference existed in phases orientation and organization. Excellent students reported more metacognitive sentences in phases orientation and organization than learning-disabled students. They had more self-awareness and goal-awareness. They had more "knowledge about what they know" and "knowledge about what they should use". They designed more globle goal and subgoals and made more self-evaluation. (3) Both the excellent students' and learning-disabled students' self-checking level should be improved.

聋童与正常儿童中文阅读信息加工过程的比较研究

Based upon the experiments showing three traits of Chinese characters as stimulus, the comparison has been made between the hearing-impaired and normal children in RT functions for the judgment involved in the verbal recording. The results show that the function of semantic code is more strongly correlated with recognition of Chinese character than the phonetic code and graphic code for both the hearing-impaired and normal children. For hearing-impaired children, a direct access that a semantic code is produced directly from the graphic code is observed. However, for normal children the strategly of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules to interpret the meaning of words is used. It's shown that no significant differences of mental processing has been found between the hearing-impaired and normal children. Perhaps both the direct access and the grapheme-phoneme conversion form a comprehensive information procession activating each other. In reading Chinese character, the hearing-impaired and normal children is significantly effected by stroke under and character frequency. It is found that the normal children have more depth processing in reading Chinese sentences than the hearing-impaired children.

语句句法成分边界和韵律特征知觉

The research investigates the acoustic-phonetic correlates of various levels of syntactic boundaries and the perception of prosody in Mandarin Chinese, more specifically, the way speakers express the syntatic relations between sentence compounents and teh perceptual representations of prosody. The relation between phonology and syntax in Chinese language is studied by comparing the perceptual representations and syntactic structures of sentences. The results may have theoretical and practical implications for research in fields of speech perception, linguistics and psycholinguistics, and for the development of speech engineering in China.