胡杨体细胞再生植株及耐机制的研究

胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）是干旱荒漠风沙前治地区唯一分布的乔木树种，具有极强的抗逆性，突出地表现出较强的耐盐碱能力。由于胡杨在繁殖上存在问题，种子采后极易丧失生活力和无性扦插繁殖难以生根，加之人们对胡杨耐盐抗逆机制缺乏了解，应而极大地制约了这一珍贵抗逆种质资源的开发和利用，现有资源的保存也受到严重危胁。试验首先利用植物细胞工程技术开展了胡杨体细胞再生植株的系统研究，并在分子水平上就愈伤组织的培养和器官发生过程中表达的特异蛋白开展了深入工作。其次，对胡杨耐盐机制进行了研究，分析了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，开展了盐胁迫条件下细胞对离子吸收和分配特性以及与耐盐有关的形态结构的研究。这一工作的开展对于有效地保存、开发和利用胡杨种质资源，对于荒漠化治理，以及深入认识胡杨耐盐性、丰富和发展木本植物耐盐理论，具有十分重要的意义。 研究取得的主要结果如下： 1.较好地解决了胡杨试管培养中黄萎和退化等难以克服的问题，通过全面和系统的比较研究和对培养条件的优化，首次获得了高频率的和成熟的胡杨体细胞再生植株体系。胡杨愈伤组织、离体叶片和离体茎段不定芽再生频率分别可达82.9％、100％和83％，试管苗生根为86.2％。 2.提出了以愈伤组织表达蛋白状况作为判定其器官发生能力的观点，确定了三类愈伤组织和器官发生中三个不同分化阶段的蛋白分子标记。利用SDS-PAGE和IEF－SDS－PAGE对胡杨不同类型愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化不定芽过程的蛋白进行了研究。结果表明：不同类型愈伤组织中表达的蛋白存在着一定差异。在光下和BA／NAA为1诱导产生的具有较强器官发生能力的茎基愈伤组织，其蛋白组分明显地少于其它类型的愈伤组织，表明其分化程度较低。经过黑暗和BA／NAA为0.5的继代培养，愈伤组织产生了特异的24。5KD和58.6KD的标记蛋白，并且也表达了其器官发生时表达的19KD和31KD蛋白。说明愈伤组织经过继代培养其器官发生能力下降是与细胞分化程度增加相关的。茎基愈伤组织在光下和BA／NAA为5的条件下进行器官发生诱导，随着愈伤组织形成分生细胞团块和不定芽原基明显地表达了20KD和55KD蛋白带，并且20KD蛋白中包含有特异的pI为5。5－6.5的蛋白。43KD和pI为6.5-7.5的蛋白为器官发生前期蛋白。本文不愈伤组织表达蛋白状况与器官发生能力间关系进行了讨论。 3.分离和鉴定了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白，从蛋白表达上证实盐胁迫对胡杨细胞产生的影响明显地分为渗透胁迫和离子伤害胁迫两种效应。对悬浮培养的胡杨细胞进行NaCL和PEG(6000)胁迫处理，SDS－PAGE分析表明：NaCL和PEG胁迫处理的细胞均明显地表达了28KD和59KD蛋白带，表明28KD和59DK蛋白是与渗透胁迫有关的。66KD和60KD蛋白带仅在高水平盐胁迫细胞中显著表达，应而是与盐胁迫中离子伤害有关的蛋白。进一步证实胡杨细胞中28KD和66KD蛋白带表达受ABA诱导。通过IEF－SDS－PAGE证实，28KD蛋白包含有pI为8.0-9.0的蛋白，渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关的分离和鉴定为通过蛋白途径克隆与渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关基因，为深入认识胡杨耐盐机制奠定了基础。 4.通过X－射线细胞微区分析以及与毛白杨细胞比较发现，胡杨细胞对培养介质中高浓度的盐离子具有较强的拒吸作用和一定的忍耐性。胡杨细胞中液泡不具有积聚离子的功能，细胞分室性渗调节作用不明显。胡杨细胞膜对离子进入具有选择功能，表现在培养介质中Na和CL离子进入细胞和由细胞质进入液泡不以等摩尔数形式进行，进入的CL离子比Na离子约高50％，说明了二者通过质膜是由不同机制控制的，是分开进行的，也说明胡杨细胞拒Na离子强于拒CL离子。另外胡杨细胞受到盐胁迫时还表现出比较强的维持细胞内离子平衡的功能。正是由于上述特性，才赋予了胡杨细胞具有较强的耐盐性。 5.利用电子显微镜和光学显微镜中相差和微分干涉等技术，对胡杨细胞和组织结构进行了观察。与毛白杨细胞相比，胡杨细胞中具有较丰富的线粒体和质体，盐胁迫和渗透胁迫均明显地提高了细胞质中线粒体数和质体数，并使质体中内含体增多，细胞质中和液泡内缘出现明显的嗜饿物质。研究还发现，胡杨细胞膜与细胞壁之间呈齿状结合，说明了膜与壁之间结合的牢固性和稳定性，解释了胡杨细胞在胁迫中不易发生质壁分离的原因。胡杨细胞在受到盐或渗透胁迫时，细胞内出现明显的丝状结晚，细胞核变大，核仁明显。在器官和组织结构方面，胡杨根系具有发达的根冠和根内皮层，根毛较多，叶片输导组织不发达等。这些结构的存在与胡杨的抗逆性是密切相关的。文中从形态结构上阐述了胡杨的耐盐碱特性。

干旱胁迫下蚕豆叶片抗氧化酶活性的变化

抗氧化防御系统在植物抗旱中发挥着极大的作用。本试验采用PEG胁迫和叶片35℃烘干处理的方法,研究了模拟干旱胁迫条件下蚕豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性变化。结果表明,三种抗氧化酶随胁迫时间的延长活性升高;随胁迫程度增加SOD活性活性降低,POD和CAT活性变化规律性不明显。总体而言,SOD活性对胁迫的耐受性更强。

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对甜高粱幼苗丙二醛、脯氨酸含量的影响；Effects of Drought Stress Simulated by PEG on Malonaldehyde and Proline Contents of Sweet Sorghum Seedlings

以甜高粱品种KFJT-CK及经过碳离子辐照选育出的早熟突变株KFJT-1为材料,用浓度分别为5%,10%和15%的聚乙二醇(PEG)6000模拟干旱对其进行胁迫处理,测定丙二醛(MDA)及脯氨酸(Pro)的含量。随着胁迫时间的延长和胁迫程度的增加,MDA含量持续升高;Pro含量在5%和10%PEG胁迫下持续升高,在15%PEG胁迫下先升高后降低。表明碳离子辐照可能使甜高粱膜脂过氧化特性发生改变,影响Pro的表达。为进一步研究碳离子束辐照对甜高粱的耐旱生理提供一定的基础,并为下一步的育种工作提供有用的参考。

Stress-strain fields and the effectiveness shear properties for three-phase composites with imperfect interface

Based on the 'average stress in the matrix' concept of Mori and Tanaka (:Mori, T., Tanaka, K., 1973. Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusion. Acta Metall. 21, 571-580) a micromechanical model is presented for the prediction of the elastic fields in coated inclusion composites with imperfect interfaces. The solutions of the effective elastic moduli for this kind of composite are also obtained. In two kinds of composites with coated particulates and fibers, respectively, the interface imperfections are takes to the assumption that the interface displacement discontinues are linearly related to interface tractions like a spring layer of vanishing thickness. The resulting effective shear modulus for each material and the stress fields in the composite are presented under a transverse shear loading situation.

Flow Stress of Biomorphous Metal-Matrix Composites

For metal-matrix composites (MMCs), interfacial debonding between the ductile matrix and the reinforcing hard inclusions is an important failure mode. A fundamental approach to improving the properties of MMCs is to optimize their microstructure to achieve maximum strength and toughness. Here, we investigate the flow stress of a MMC with a nanoscale microstructure similar to that of bone. Such a 'biomorphous' MMC would be made of staggered hard and slender nanoparticles embedded in a ductile matrix. We show that the large aspect ratio and the nanometer size of inclusions in the biomorphous MMC lead to significantly improved properties with increased tolerance of interfacial damage. In this case, the partially debonded inclusions continue to carry mechanical load transferred via longitudinal shearing of the matrix material between neighboring inclusions. The larger the inclusion aspect ratio, the larger is the flow stress and work hardening rate for the composite. Increasing the volume concentration of inclusion also makes the biomorphous MMC more tolerant of interfacial damage.

Increasing Critical Sensitivity of the Load/Unload Response Ratio before Large Earthquakes with Identified Stress Acclumulation Pattern

The Load/Unload Response Ratio (LURR) method is proposed for short-to-intermediate-term earthquake prediction [Yin, X.C., Chen, X.Z., Song, Z.P., Yin, C., 1995. A New Approach to Earthquake Prediction — The Load/Unload Response Ratio (LURR) Theory, Pure Appl. Geophys., 145, 701–715]. This method is based on measuring the ratio between Benioff strains released during the time periods of loading and unloading, corresponding to the Coulomb Failure Stress change induced by Earth tides on optimally oriented faults. According to the method, the LURR time series usually climb to an anomalously high peak prior to occurrence of a large earthquake. Previous studies have indicated that the size of critical seismogenic region selected for LURR measurements has great influence on the evaluation of LURR. In this study, we replace the circular region usually adopted in LURR practice with an area within which the tectonic stress change would mostly affect the Coulomb stress on a potential seismogenic fault of a future event. The Coulomb stress change before a hypothetical earthquake is calculated based on a simple back-slip dislocation model of the event. This new algorithm, by combining the LURR method with our choice of identified area with increased Coulomb stress, is devised to improve the sensitivity of LURR to measure criticality of stress accumulation before a large earthquake. Retrospective tests of this algorithm on four large earthquakes occurred in California over the last two decades show remarkable enhancement of the LURR precursory anomalies. For some strong events of lesser magnitudes occurred in the same neighborhoods and during the same time periods, significant anomalies are found if circular areas are used, and are not found if increased Coulomb stress areas are used for LURR data selection. The unique feature of this algorithm may provide stronger constraints on forecasts of the size and location of future large events.

Can stress-strain relationships be obtained from indentation curves using conical and pyramidal indenters?

Applying the scaling relationships developed recently for conical indentation in elastic-plastic solids with work-hardening, we examine the question of whether stress-strain relationships of such solids can be uniquely determined by matching the calculated loading and unloading curves with that measured experimentally. We show that there can be multiple stress-strain curves for a given set of loading and unloading curves. Consequently, stress-strain relationships may not be uniquely determined from loading and unloading curves alone using a conical or pyramidal indenter.

Strain gradient theory with couple stress for crystalline solids

A new phenomenological strain gradient theory for crystalline solid is proposed. It fits within the framework of general couple stress theory and involves a single material length scale Ics. In the present theory three rotational degrees of freedom omega (i) are introduced, which denote part of the material angular displacement theta (i) and are induced accompanying the plastic deformation. omega (i) has no direct dependence upon u(i) while theta = (1 /2) curl u. The strain energy density omega is assumed to consist of two parts: one is a function of the strain tensor epsilon (ij) and the curvature tensor chi (ij), where chi (ij) = omega (i,j); the other is a function of the relative rotation tensor alpha (ij). alpha (ij) = e(ijk) (omega (k) - theta (k)) plays the role of elastic rotation reason The anti-symmetric part of Cauchy stress tau (ij) is only the function of alpha (ij) and alpha (ij) has no effect on the symmetric part of Cauchy stress sigma (ij) and the couple stress m(ij). A minimum potential principle is developed for the strain gradient deformation theory. In the limit of vanishing l(cs), it reduces to the conventional counterparts: J(2) deformation theory. Equilibrium equations, constitutive relations and boundary conditions are given in detail. For simplicity, the elastic relation between the anti-symmetric part of Cauchy stress tau (ij), and alpha (ij) is established and only one elastic constant exists between the two tensors. Combining the same hardening law as that used in previously by other groups, the present theory is used to investigate two typical examples, i.e., thin metallic wire torsion and ultra-thin metallic beam bend, the analytical results agree well with the experiment results. While considering the, stretching gradient, a new hardening law is presented and used to analyze the two typical problems. The flow theory version of the present theory is also given.

Investigation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness under Compressive-Shear Combinede Stress Wave Loading

提出亚微秒单脉冲应力波载荷作用下II型裂纹的平板冲击实验技术。加载率为dK/dt-10~8MPa·m~{”/d}·s~{-1}。实验中由锰铜应力片和弹性波理论分别测定和计算了压应力；通过微观分析确定了动态裂纹的平均扩展长度；引进等效应力强度因子,用动态断裂理论确定了60号钢的动态断裂韧性K_{Id}和K_{IId}；建立了亚微秒冲击载荷作用下确定材料动态断裂韧性的方法。

Numerical Simulation of Transient Thermal Field and Residual Stress in Laser Melting Process

以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景,应用空间弹塑性有限单元和高精度数值算法同时考虑材料组织性能的变化模拟工件的温度场及残余应力,研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场及残余应力数值模拟,同时考虑相变潜热及相变塑性的影响,用算例验证了模型的正确性,给出了不同时刻温度场分布及残余应力分布。

Stress Wave Propagation in a Gradient Elastic Medium

The gradient elastic constitutive equation incorporating the second gradient of the strains is used to determine the monochromatic elastic plane wave propagation in a gradient infinite medium and thin rod. The equation of motion, together with the internal material length, has been derived. Various dispersion relations have been determined. We present explicit expressions for the relationship between various wave speeds, wavenumber and internal material length.

Static Shape Control Employing Displacement-Stress Dual Criteria

An approach employing displacement-stress dual criteria for static shape control is presented. This approach is based on normal displacement control, and stress modification is considered in the whole optimization process to control high stress in the local domain. Analysis results show that not only is the stress reduced but al so that the controlled surface becomes smoother than before.

Deflections and Curvatures of a Film–Substrate Structure with the Presence of Gradient Stress in MEMS Applications

The close form solutions of deflections and curvatures for a film–substrate composite structure with the presence of gradient stress are derived. With the definition of more precise kinematic assumption, the effect of axial loading due to residual gradient stress is incorporated in the governing equation. The curvature of film–substrate with the presence of gradient stress is shown to be nonuniform when the axial loading is nonzero. When the axial loading is zero, the curvature expressions of some structures derived in this paper recover the previous ones which assume the uniform curvature. Because residual gradient stress results in both moment and axial loading inside the film–substrate composite structure, measuring both the deflection and curvature is proposed as a safe way to uniquely determine the residual stress state inside a film–substrate composite structure with the presence of gradient stress.

Analysis of residual stress gradient in MEMS multi-layer structure

Residual stress and its gradient through the thickness are among the most important properties of as-deposited films. Recently, a new mechanism based on a revised Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) model was proposed for the origin of intrinsic stress in solid film

An Effective Method of Determining the Residual Stress Gradients in a Micro-Cantilever

A method of determining the micro-cantilever residual stress gradients by studying its deflection and curvature is presented. The stress gradients contribute to both axial load and bending moment, which, in prebuckling regime, cause the structural stiffness change and curving up/down, respectively. As the axial load corresponds to the even polynomial terms of stress gradients and bending moment corresponds to the odd polynomial terms, the deflection itself is not enough to determine the axial load and bending moment. Curvature together with the deflection can uniquely determine these two parameters. Both linear analysis and nonlinear analysis of micro-cantilever deflection under axial load and bending moment are presented. Because of the stiffening effect due to the nonlinearity of (large) deformation, the difference between linear and nonlinear analyses enlarges as the micro-cantilever deflection increases. The model developed in this paper determines the resultant axial load and bending moment due to the stress gradients. Under proper assumptions, the stress gradients profile is obtained through the resultant axial load and bending moment.