Studies on the content variation of chemical constituents during the combination of ginseng with veratrum nigrum by ESI-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS

To study the content variation of ginsenosides and alkaloids during combination of ginseng with veratrum nigrum, the ginsenosides and alkaloids in the decoction of ginseng with veratrum nigrum were analyzed and compared by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In the compatible decoction, eight ginsenosides and eight alkaloids. were detected, and the contents of six ginsenosides were found to be reduced, on the contrary, the contents of six alkaloids were increased. During combination of ginseng with veratrum nigrum, the contents of ginsenosides were reduced and those of the toxic alkaloids were increased. From the chemical point of view, the traditional theory is right that ginseng and veratrum nigrum are incompatible with each other.

Study on the variation of chemical constituents during combination of ginseng with trogopteroum feces and semen raphani by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A high performance liquid chroatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric method was developed for analysis and identification of ginsenosides from the decoction of ginseng, ginseng with trogopteroum feces and ginseng with semen raphani. Ten ginsenosides were separated and detected. The content variation of these ginsenosides was researched. The experimental results showed, that ginsenosides were less in compatible decoction than in separate one expect Ro. the stripping of ginsenosides were restrained by semen raphani and during combination of ginseng with trogopteroum feces, the precipitates were produced by ginsenosides.

Major, minor and trace-elemental contents analysis in northeast soybeans by ICP-AES

Major, minor and trace elemental contents in northeast China soybeans were determined by using inductively, coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Three different sample digestion methods including two wet digestions, HNO3-HClO4 and HNO3-H2SO4 and a dry ash method were compared. Owing to the high oil content in soybeans, long time is needed and access acid should be added, with mixed acid digestion methods, which may result in higher sample blank. Therefore, the dry ask method would be more proper for the pre-treatment of soybean samples. Potassium and phosphorus are major elements in soybeans, so the effect of potassium and phosphorus on the other elements was investigated. Results showed that the potassium and phosphorus did not affect the determination. of other trace elements. There are not significant differences in trace elemental contents for the eleven northeast China soybeans.

濮城油田沙三中6-10高分辨率层序地层学研究

The foundation of reservoir model and residual oil prediction have been the core of reservoir detailed description for improved oil production and enhanced oil recovery. The traditional way of sandstone correlation based on the geometrical similarity of well-logs which emphasizes "based on the cycle and correlating from larger to smaller" has shown its theoretical limits when explaining the correlating and the scale, geometry, continuity, connectivity of sandstones and the law of the reservoir property. It has been an urgent and difficult subject to find new theory and methods to solve the reservoir correlation and property prediction. It's a new way to correlate strata and found framework of reservoir through the process-response analysis in the base-level cycles. And it is also possible to analyze the reservoir property in reservoir framework. Taking the reservoir of zonation 6-10 in S3~2 of Pucheng Oil Field in Henan Province as an example, we founded the detailed reservoir stratigraphic framework through base-level correlation. In the strata frame, sediment distribution and its development are discussed based on sediment volume partitioning and facies differentiation analysis. Reservoir heterogeneities and its relation to base-level are also discussed. The analysis of primary oil distribution shows the base-level controlled oil distribution in reservoir. In this paper, subjects as following are discussed in detail. Based on the analysis of sedimentary structure and sedimentary energy, the facies model was founded. Founding stratigraphy framework through base level analysis In the studying zone, one long term cycle, 6 middle term cycles and 27 short term cycles was identified and correlated. 3 Predicting the property of reservoir for improving oil development The base level controlled the property of sandbody. The short and very short term cycle controlled the pattern of heterogeneities in sandbody, and the middle and long term cycle controlled the area and inter-layer heterogeneities. On the lower location of the middle and long term base level, the sandbody is well developed, with a wide area and large thickness, while on the high location of base level, there is an opposite reservoir character. 4 The studying of reservoir development response and oil distribution making a solid base for development adjustment Primary oil distribution is controlled by base level location. It tells that the sandbody on the high base level location was poor developed for its difficulty to develop. While on the low location of the base level, the sandbody is well developed for its relative easy to develop and dominant role in the development, but high residual oil for its high original oil content.

Experimental Investigation On The Holdup Distribution Of Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow In Horizontal Parallel Tubes

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the holdup distribution of oil and water two-phase flow in two parallel tubes with unequal tube diameter. Tests were performed using white oil (of viscosity 52 mPa s and density 860 kg/m(3)) and tap water as liquid phases at room temperature and atmospheric outlet pressure. Measurements were taken of water flow rates from 0.5 to 12.5 m(3)/h and input oil volume fractions from 3 to 94 %. Results showed that there were different flow pattern maps between the run and bypass tubes when oil-water two-phase flow is found in the parallel tubes. At low input fluid flow rates, a large deviation could be found on the average oil holdup between the bypass and the run tubes. However, with increased input oil fraction at constant water flow rate, the holdup at the bypass tube became close to that at the run tube. Furthermore, experimental data showed that there was no significant variation in flow pattern and holdup between the run and main tubes. In order to calculate the holdup in the form of segregated flow, the drift flux model has been used here.

Variation in stable isotope signatures of seston and a zooplanktivorous fish in a eutrophic Chinese lake

Temporal and spatial changes in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston (mainly phytoplankton) and isotopic relationship between seston and the lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes) were studied in the large eutrophic freshwater Lake Chaohu in China. Much of the spatial and temporal variation in delta(13)C of lake anchovies was explained by variation in seston, indicating a strong link between pelagic primary production and higher order consumers. Because the lake is shallow, there were no significant differences in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston between surface and overlying waters. Spatially, the relatively high delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston in the western part of the lake might be due to high levels of anthropogenically derived N and C introduced from the surrounding cities through sewage drainage systems. The trophic position of the lake anchovy in the food web of Lake Chaohu was estimated to be 2.9-4.1 (3.5 +/- 0.4), which agrees well with the previous stomach content analysis suggesting that the lake anchovy fed both on zooplankton and small planktivorous fishes.

Effects of live food and formulated diets on survival, growth and protein content of first-feeding larvae of Plelteobagrus fulvidraco

In recent years, much progress has been made in the rearing of fish larvae fed only artificial diets. A preliminary study was made in an attempt to evaluate the effects of live food and formulated diets on survival, growth and body protein content of first-feeding larvae of Plelteobagrus fulvidraco. Three test diets varying in protein level were formulated: Feed 1 containing 45% protein, Feed 2 with 50% protein and Feed 3 with 55% protein. Larvae fed live food (newly hatched Artemia, unenriched) were the control. The experiment started 3 days post-hatch and lasted for 23 days. At the end of the 23-day trial, survival was best in the control group (65.6%) whereby the final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly lower than those in the test feed groups. At the same time, coefficients of variation for SGR and final body weight in the test groups were significantly higher than those in the control. Whole body protein content in all treatments showed a similar tendency during development: significantly higher 3 days post-hatch, then decreasing significantly, and then increasing unstatistically 10 days post-hatch. All results suggest that live food is still better for first-feeding larvae of P. fulvidraco, since live food leads to healthier larvae growth.

Effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization, and size variation of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Juvenile (3.0 +/- 0.2 g) gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio ) were fed to satiation for 8 weeks to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and size variation. Five feeding frequencies were tested: two meals per day (M2), three meals per day (M3), four meals per day (M4), 12 meals per day (M12) and 24 meals per day (M24). The results showed that daily food intake increased significantly with the increase in feeding frequency and there was no significant difference between daily food intakes in M12 and M24 treatments. Growth rate, feed efficiency increased significantly with increasing feeding frequencies. Size variation was not affected by feeding frequency. Apparent digestibility of dry matter was not influenced by feeding frequency, while apparent digestibility of protein and energy increased significantly at high feeding frequencies. The feeding frequency had no significant effect on the moisture, lipid, protein, or energy contents of gibel carp, while the ash content decreased with increased feeding frequency. It was recommended that 24 meals per day was the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile gibel carp.

Molecular variation of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda : Pseudophyllidea) in different fish host species based on ITS rDNA sequences

The molecular variation in Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 from 11 species of freshwater fish collected in Australia, China, the Czech Republic, England and Hawaii was investigated by determining the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. The length of the first and second internal transcribed spacer sequences of multiple individuals ranged from 553 to 571 bp and 553 to 615 bp, and the G + C content from 53.1 to 53.5%. The percentage sequence divergence varied between 0 and 0.9% in the ITS1 and 0 and 6.6% in the ITS2, respectively, indicating the occurrence of intraspecific variation. It is demonstrated that the fragment length variation resulted primarily from microsatellite polymorphisms present in the ITS region, especially in the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. acheilognathi examined in this study consisted of three closely related genotypes with certain degrees of host-specificity, and the genotype representing isolates from Cyprinus carpio L. was the most common and diverse form within the species B. acheilognathi.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF FIBER RING RESONATOR AND ITS APPLICATION IN DFB LASER WAVELENGTH VARIATION MEASUREMENT

Frequency response of a fiber ring resonator (FRR) composed of an ordinary optical coupler and a segment of optical fiber is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The frequency response equation based oil small-signal modulation is derived and studied in detail. It is shown that the shape of the frequency response curve is very sensitive to the wavelength; as a result, the FRR can be applied to measure the wavelength of a lightwave source with high resolution. With this method, we demonstrate the measurement of tiny changes of wavelength of a DFB laser. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51 2444-2448, 2009 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24608

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from acid oil in fixed bed reactor

Acid oil, which is a by-product in vegetable oil refining, mainly contains free fatty acids (FFAs) and acylglycerols and is a feedstock for production of biodiesel fuel now. The transesterification of acid oil and methanol to biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in fixed bed reactors. The reactant solution was a mixture of acid oil, water, methanol and solvent (hexane) and the main product was biodiesel composed of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of which the main component was methyl oleate. The effects of lipase content, solvent content, water content temperature and flow velocity of the reactant on the reaction were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that a maximum FAME content of 90.18% can be obtained in the end product under optimum conditions. Most of the chemical and physical properties of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#) diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D6751).

Production and characterization of biodiesel from tung oil

The feasibility of biodiesel production from tung oil was investigated. The esterification reaction of the free fatty acids of tung oil was performed using Amberlyst-15. Optimal molar ratio of methanol to oil was determined to be 7.5:1, and Amberlyst-15 was 20.8wt% of oil by response surface methodology. Under these reaction conditions, the acid value of tung oil was reduced to 0.72mg KOH/g. In the range of the molar equivalents of methanol to oil under 5, the esterification was strongly affected by the amount of methanol but not the catalyst. When the molar ratio of methanol to oil was 4.1:1 and Amberlyst-15 was 29.8wt% of the oil, the acid value decreased to 0.85mg KOH/g. After the transesterification reaction of pretreated tung oil, the purity of tung biodiesel was 90.2wt%. The high viscosity of crude tung oil decreased to 9.8mm(2)/s at 40 degrees C. Because of the presence of eleostearic acid, which is a main component of tung oil, the oxidation stability as determined by the Rancimat method was very low, 0.5h, but the cold filter plugging point, -11 degrees C, was good. The distillation process did not improve the fatty acid methyl ester content and the viscosity.