13 resultados para Oak wilt
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
系统获得性抗性(Systematic acquired resistance, SAR)是植物抵御病原菌侵染的最有效手段,利用基因工程技术导入SAR信号发生过程中的关键基因后,植物的SAR基因表达量提高并且对病原菌侵染的反应速度加快,因此植物的抗病性得以增强,与传统的抗病基因工程技术相比它对病原菌没有专一性,许多学者称之为广谱抗病基因工程,该领域已成为目前抗病基因工程研究的热点和前沿。 NDR1和NPR1基因在植物的SAR发生中起着重要的作用,前者功能定位在ROS(reactive oxygen species)的激活和随后的水杨酸(SA)诱导合成之间,突变株病原菌诱导后SA合成能力降低,SAR发生减弱,目前还没有对该基因进行过量表达分析的报道;后者功能定位在SAR信号转导级联反应之中的SA积累和随后的SAR基因表达之间。该突变株在病原菌侵染时不产生病程相关蛋白(PRs),表现为感病,而对照抗病;过量表达该基因的转基因拟南芥对多种病原菌的侵染产生抗性,PR1等PRs蛋白的表达量也提高,异源表达该基因的水稻对白叶枯病的抗性也提高。本研究利用RT-PCR方法从拟南芥中克隆了这两种基因,序列分析表明拟南芥Wassilewskija生态型的NDR1基因与Columbia生态型相比,共有7处碱基不同,引起编码氨基酸变化4处,而NPR1基因与报道的Wassilewskija生态型来源的NPR1基因完全相同。 我们构建了35S启动子驱动的NDR1和NPR1基因的植物组成型高效表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,PCR和Southern鉴定外源基因已经整合到植物基因组中。抗病性分析显示过量表达NDR1和NPR1基因的烟草对晚疫病和赤星病的抗性都有明显提高,说明这两个基因的在其它植物中异源表达后,都能提高植物对多种病原菌的抗性。 本论文提出了利用这两个基因来培育抗黄萎病棉花的设想,一方面为解决这个“世纪性”难题积累新的资料,另一方面也为其它作物的抗病基因工程提供新的经验。利用35S启动子驱动的NDR1和NPR1基因的植物组成型表达载体分别对陆地棉品种石远321进行花粉管通道法转化。同时,还探讨了这两个基因在棉花中的共转化实验,希望它们的“协同增效”能进一步提高棉花的抗病性。对其中2001年夏天在南京注射所获得的5,000粒种子在三亚进行100 g/ml卡那霉素筛选,初步鉴定分别获得转NDR1和NPR1基因株系26和24棵,PCR进一步鉴定其中分别有12和7棵为转基因阳性,转基因频率分别为0.50%和0.27%,目前利用营养钵蘸根法对其二代进行抗枯、黄萎病鉴定,结果显示有转基因植株对枯、黄萎病的抗性都明显增强,进一步的鉴定正在进行中。2002年初海南注射分别获得转NDR1和NPR1基因以及共转化种子22,000、10,500和12,500粒种子,2002年夏在中国农科院植保所黄萎菌病圃筛选抗黄萎病单株,并利用100 g/ml卡那霉素初步筛选出了一批抗性植株,每种转基因株系随机挑选5株进行PCR鉴定,结果显示为阳性。进一步的抗黄萎病鉴定和筛选以及分子分析正在进行中。 同时,本文还探讨了病原菌诱导型启动子在广谱抗病基因工程应用的可能性。根据烟草的Pr1-a启动子已知序列设计引物,PCR扩增启动子序列后,构建病原菌诱导型NPR1基因植物表达载体,并对棉花进行转化,获得种子11,500粒,利用同上的筛选方法,获得了一致的结果,目前抗黄萎病鉴定、分子检测以及生物学分析正在进行中。 最后,鉴于抗生素标记在转基因植物的应用引起了许多“安全性”争论的事实,还构建了无筛选标记的表达载体对抗虫棉进行转化,这样在生产上可以直接获得抗虫棉抗黄萎病棉花新材料,也为其它作物抗病基因工程积累经验。 本研究还提出了一种较为有效的提取高质量棉花总RNA的方法,与原来一些棉花RNA纯化方法相比,该方法所用都为常规试剂,易于重复,质量高。并且利用获得的总RNA构建了黄萎菌激发子诱导的cDNA文库,滴度测定为1╳107pfμ/μg,插入片段大小在5 00~2 000 bp范围内。 鉴于NPR1基因研究的重要性,本研究还利用简并引物PCR技术从海岛棉和陆地棉的基因组中都分离到了NPR1基因的同源片段,大小都为208 bp,与拟南芥NPR1基因的相应部分的同源性分别为66%和65%,它们之间的同源性为87%,目前该基因的全长正在分离鉴定中。 多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIPs)在植物的防御反应中起着重要的作用,通过分析已知20余种pgip基因序列的保守区,设计简并引物,PCR扩增海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)7124 cDNA文库,得到一条长561 bp的片段,序列测定后分析确认为pgip基因的一部分。根据此序列和棉花病原菌诱导的cDNA文库载体中已知部分设计RACE引物,扩增后,5’和3’RACE分别得到666bp和906 bp的片段。序列分析表明它具有完整的编码框,产物为330 aa的蛋白质。序列分析该蛋白具有10个串联的LRR(leucine-rich repeat)区,与柑桔(Citrus)和枳(Poncirus)的pgip基因的同源性分别为69.2%和68.7%。进一步PCR扩增得到该基因的全长阅读框,并且获得了相应的基因组片段,序列分析发现该基因没有内含子。这是从棉属植物中克隆的第一个pgip基因。
Resumo:
(一)蒙古栎红松林动态的研究 本文综述了森林动态模型的基本概念和发展历史,把模型分为生长和演替模型两类,并比较了两类模型的特点和适用条件,详细论述了演替模型的基本原理,分析了早期和最新林窗模型的特点,给出了林窗模型的最新进展,指出森林动态模型的发展趋势为:①、为满足不同用户对模型的要求,模型应向综合总体方向发展;②、随着生理生态学的发展、试验仪器及分析方法的进步,和为了进一步认识森林动态变化的机理,建立树木生长机制过程模型成为另一个必然的发展方向。 随后综合分析了广泛应用于林窗模型中作为描述树高和直径关系的数学函数,通过理论分析和实际观测数据拟合及预测精度检验,表明理查德方程和单分子方程是森林动态林窗模型中描述树高和直径关系的最佳方程。 通过对蒙古栎红松林三个年龄阶段物种和结构动态实际观测数据分析表明,该类型森林的早期阶段以蒙古栎等阳性树种占优势,中期形成红松和阔叶树占优势的混交林,后期以红松占绝对优势。对该类型森林直径分布变化的研究得出:林分发育的早期,阔叶树中大径级木较多,针叶树中小径级木多;在林分发育的后期呈相反分布。用理论概率模型拟合直径分布表明,韦布尔概率分布模型是描述蒙古栎红松林直径分布的最合适函数。 在以上研究结果的基础上,以森林动态斑块理论为基础建立了蒙古栎红松林动态变化的林窗模型FOROAK,该模型包括对树木生长的生物学过程和影响树木生长的环境因子模拟两部分。运行模型用两种不同面积大小的样地分析森林动态,确定蒙古栎红松林林窗面积为0.05ha。以实际调查数据检验模型,证明所得模型能合理预测森林变化过程,在预测树种组成上精度很高。对裸地上森林的模拟表明蒙古栎红松林动态过程复杂,蒙古栎和白桦在林分发育开始占优势后期渐被红松取代。对现实原始林预测显示,森林未来300年变化稳定,红松株数和生物量变化很小。 最后,应用建立的林窗模型研究了同龄纯林林分密度动态,模拟了林分密度、断面积、生物量、叶面积指数和生产力150年的变化,用林分密度效应的3/2法则和产量恒定法则检验模拟结果表明,模拟的林分密度发展与理论预测相符合,通过本文的研究既检验了林窗动态模型又印证了林分密度效应理论。 (二)生物多样性主题信息标准的研究 中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,在多年的调查、研究和保护工作中,已积累了大量的数据资料,因此,被联合国环境规划署挑选参加“发展中国家生物多样性数据管理能力建设及信息系统网络化”项目,该项目的主要内容之一就是了解与生物多样性有关领域的主题信息标准。 主题信息标准部分讨论了生物多样性信息的收集、管理和转换标准,系统而全面地概述了生物多样性有关领域应用的数据分类系统、核心数据集以及与数据获得有关的术语、定义和数据模型,并讨论了各部门在研究和促进生物多样性信息标准化方面的成果和正在开展的工作。涉及的领域有自然和人工生境中的陆地植被、农业、林业、湿地、海岸和海洋,还有保护区、物种和对生物多样性有威胁的因子等专题。 文中讲述了与陆地植被分类有关的土地利用方式和土地覆盖分类等问题,并给出了国际国内应用广泛的植被分类系统。讨论了农业中与生物多样性有直接关系的分类系统,包括土地分类系统、土壤分类系统等。从森林生态系统和土地利用、林权和林政、森林资源调查、评价和监测、森林利用和经营实践、森林环境和可持续发展等几方面讨论了这些主题的概念、术语和数量划分标准。 讨论了湿地分类系统的发展,列举了国内外应用广泛的分类系统。论述了海岸和海洋生境及保护区的分类系统和标准,给出了数据定义和模型。列举了国内外广泛应用的物种命名标准和其发展过程。分遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性三个层次讨论了它们受威胁的特点和评价现状,最后分别不同的威胁因子,如:生境丧失和片断化、全球气候变化、酸雨、臭氧层破坏和有毒污染物讨论了它们对生物多样性的威胁特点和评价现状。
Resumo:
栎属(Quercus L.)按落叶习性可自然分为落叶类型和常绿类型,我国落叶栎类共有20个种和9个变种。落叶栎是栎属中较为进化的一个类群,源于横断山区和云贵高原;除新疆外,全国各省都有落叶栎的天然分布,一些亲缘关系密切的树种之间呈现出较为明显的地理替代分布格局。本研究的目的在于:(1)应用BIOCLIM模型模拟预测落叶栎类植物的潜在分布区,分析其目前的分布格局以及下一步的发展趋势;(2)分析造成落叶栎树地理替代分布格局的主导气候因子,探讨气候因子对不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的制约作用。 本文以16个在中国具有成片天然分布区的落叶栎树种(包括变种)为研究对象,利用已核对的标本数据以及13个栅格化环境变量图层(分辨率为1km×1km),按照分类(全国广布型、南方广布型、南方狭域型和北方狭域型)和不分类(全部16种)两种处理方式,通过BIOCLIM模型模拟得出了它们的潜在核心分布区和潜在边缘分布区。在运行模型之前,除必选的海拔高程图层外,采用了主成分分析(PCA)的方法从30个候选的气候变量图层中筛选出对相应落叶栎树种的地理分布格局有较大影响的12个图层作为输入图层。然后,本文通过比较两种处理所得模拟结果的ROC(Receiver Operator Characteristic)曲线下方面积AUC(Area Under the Curve),同时结合文献分析来推测不同落叶栎树种地理分布格局的稳定性及发展趋势。结果表明,在无人类活动干扰且种源传播不受阻碍的情况下,全国广布型和南方广布型落叶栎目前的分布格局在维持稳定的基础上有向周边地区扩展的趋势;南方狭域型和北方狭域型落叶栎的分布格局则基本保持稳定,短期内发生扩散的可能很小。 论文中计算了每个落叶栎树种所在分布范围的气候指标(共11个),以便进行下一步的研究。以蒙古栎(Q. mongolica)、辽东栎(Q. wutaishanica)与槲栎(Q. aliena)、锐齿槲栎(Q. aliena var. acuteserrata)、北京槲栎(Q. aliena var. pekingensis)这两组地理替代系列为研究对象,分别采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析的方法,分析了气候因子对其地理替代分布格局的主导作用。结果表明,冬季的低温、较高的气温年较差和大陆度是蒙古栎向东北替代辽东栎的主要原因;槲栎向北被北京槲栎和锐齿槲栎替代的主要原因是生长季高温和冬季高温对其分布的双重制约;除最暖月(7月)最高温外,北京槲栎的各项水热指标与另两种槲栎均存在极显著差异,对冬季低温和较大的年较差的适应可能是限制其向南分布的主要原因。 本研究最后部分的内容是对不同类型落叶栎分布区的气候参数进行的主成分分析。结果表明,生长季温度是制约落叶栎分布的最主要的气候因子;寒冷程度和冬季的低温则对其在大尺度范围的扩散有较大影响;另外,降水、年较差与大陆度对落叶栎的向北分布也起着重要的作用。
Resumo:
The genetic diversity and phylogeny of 26 isolates of Bursaphelenchus xlophilus from China, Japan, Portugal and North America were investigated based on the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA, nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA of isolates of B. xlophilus from China, Portugal, Japan and the US were identical and differed at one to three nucleotides compared to those from Canada. ITS sequences of isolates from China and Portugal were the same; they differed at one or two nucleotides compared to those of Japanese isolates and at four and 23 nucleotides compared to those front the US and Canada, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Chinese isolates share a common ancestor with one of the two Japanese clades and that the Canadian isolates form a sister group of the clade comprised of isolates from China, Portugal,Japan, and the US. The relationship between Japanese isolates and those from China was closer than with the American isolates. The Canadian isolates were the basal group of B. xylophilus. This suggests that B. xlophilus originated in North America and that the B. xylphilus that occurs in China could have been first introduced from Japan. Further analysis based on RAPD analysis revealed that the relationship among isolates from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui provinces and Nanjing was the closest, which suggests that pine wilt disease in these Chinese locales was probably dispersed from Nanjing, where this disease first occurred in China.
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Black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) are endemic to the Trans-Himalayas in Northwest Yunnan and Southeast Tibet between the upper Yangtze and Mekong Rivers. Based on field surveys and previous reports, we identified the dark-coniferous forest, the mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest, and oak patches as suitable habitats (SH) for the monkeys. Summer grazing lands (SGL), which were made by local people cutting and burning the dark-coniferous forest at the high altitude belt, replaced SH. To have a general view of the status of the SH in Yunnan, we estimated the areas of SH and SGL from satellite images in 1997, and compared with areas estimated from aerial photo-based maps (ca. 1958). The work resulted in: 1) the area of SH was 4,169 km(2) in 1997; 2) SGL was 1,923 km(2); 3) during the past 40 years, the area of SH decreased by 31% (1,887 km(2)), and SGL increased by 204% (1,291 km(2)); and 4) the mean size of forest patches decreased from 15.6 to 5.4 km(2). In addition, the area of SGL is positively correlated to local human population (R-2 greater than or equal to0.53), implying that the reduction and fragmentation of habitat for Rhinopithecus bieti is a result of population growth of humans, who mostly employ traditional modes of production. Only 11 monkey groups remained in the changing habitat. Considering that forests at lower elevation were also encroached upon by farmlands in a similar way, the forest ecosystem is highly threatened. The destruction will continue unless there is a change in the mode of production in the region.
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黄瓜枯萎病(Cucumber fusarium Wilt)又称萎蔫病、蔓割病,是一种世界性的植物维管束病害。1925年Weber 首次报道在美国佛罗里达州发生。该病由半知菌亚门,镰刀菌属尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染所致,是一类主要经土壤传播的维管束病害,在我国瓜类种植区也普遍发生,在北方地区尤为严重。近年来随着蔬菜栽培面积的增加,土壤菌量逐年积累,此病的发生日趋严重。据统计,每年黄瓜枯萎病的发病率可达20%,严重时高达80%-90%,甚至全部毁种,导致了黄瓜的严重减产。 本论文从56株选自与海洋动、植物共生/共栖的细菌为资源,以黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)为靶菌,通过平板对峙试验筛选出8株具有较强抑黄瓜枯萎病菌作用的菌株,其中以海洋细菌3512A的抑菌效果最好。室内模拟实验表明该菌株能够在灭菌土和有菌土中高密度定殖,促进黄瓜幼苗的生长。盆栽试验表明其能够有效的防治黄瓜枯萎病,防效达64.29%~73.62%,还能促进黄瓜的生长,提高叶绿素含量,增加黄瓜的产量,可认为是一株植物根际促生菌(PGPR)采用传统的细菌学和分子生物学的鉴定方法对其进行了菌种鉴定,为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacilluss subtilis)。 通过对抗菌谱的研究,发现海洋细菌3512A除了对黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum) 有很强的抑菌活性外,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌和多种植物病原真菌都具有较强的抑制作用,抗菌范围广,可进一步做对其它农作物病害的防治实验。 海洋细菌3512A在盆栽试验中对黄瓜枯萎病的成功防治以及促生作用,为其良好的使用提供了指导并为其进一步的研究提供了基础。
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近年来,随着对作物重茬(连年种植)障碍原因的深入研究,植物的化感作用越来越受到国内外众多学者的重视。而作为重要调料和药用植物的生姜,其连作障碍也备受关注,系统地研究生姜化感作用将有助于理解和最终解决生姜连作障碍问题。本文通过研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对与其间作的两个物种(大豆和四季葱)种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响,从而证明生姜化感作用的存在;并通过温室盆栽实验研究了生姜的自毒作用(即研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对其幼苗的形态、生理生化、光合作用、土壤酶、土壤微生物多样性及土壤养分的影响),从而揭示生姜退化和衰老的机制,并为生姜筛选出合适的间作物种提供科学依据,对生姜连作障碍提出科学的解决方法。主要研究结果如下: 1. 与对照相比,生姜所有部位(根茎、茎、叶)、所有浓度(10、20、40、 80 g l-1)的水浸液均抑制了大豆种子和葱籽的萌发率、幼苗生长、水分吸收和脂肪酶活性,并且其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而增强,其生姜各部位水浸液抑制效应的强弱顺序为茎>叶>根茎。这一结果表明生姜根茎、茎、叶含有能够抑制大豆种子和葱籽种子萌发和幼苗生长的水溶性化感物质。根茎是生姜的主要收获部位,而生姜的残株(主要是茎和叶)应该从大田中处理掉以减轻其抑制效应。生姜水浸液中主要化感成分包括:根茎水浸液中主要是丁香酸和伞花内脂;茎水浸液中主要是阿魏酸,且其含量最高为73.4 ug/g;叶水浸液中除了阿魏酸,其他六种物质均检测出来,但含量较高的主要有丁香酸、伞花内脂和香豆酸。 2. 生姜茎和叶不同浓度的水浸液均显著抑制了生姜幼苗的株高、每株叶片数和叶面积,其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而有所增强,而生姜幼苗每株分枝数差异不显著;同时生姜水浸液也极大程度地影响了生姜幼苗的生物量(包括地下生物量、地上生物量和总生物量,均为鲜重)。在同一浓度下,茎水浸液对生姜幼苗形态指标及生物量指标均显示出最强的抑制作用,叶水浸液次之,根茎水浸液最弱。与对照相比,低浓度的生姜根茎水浸液提高了生姜幼苗叶片内四种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性,高浓度的根茎水浸液抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性,而茎和叶水浸液均随着浓度的增加而抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性,三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗叶片内叶绿素的含量,而增加了生姜幼苗叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量。同时,三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗的光合参数(包括胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及净光合速率)。 3. 三种生姜水浸液对所测六种土壤酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响,其中影响最大的是酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶,在10 g l-1 时就达到了显著水平,并且所有酶均有随着水浸液浓度增加而增大的趋势;相同部位的水浸液随着浓度的增加,细菌和真菌的数量呈增加趋势,而放线菌的数量呈减少趋势;三种生姜水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了土壤中有机质的含量,加剧了土壤中硝态氮含量的积累,根茎水浸液对土壤有效磷、速效钾和铵态氮均显示出低浓度提高其含量而高浓度降低其含量的趋势,而茎和叶水浸液则随着浓度的增加均降低了其含量。 4. 与生姜单作相比,所有间作系统均在旺盛生长期和收获期不同程度地提高了土壤酶活性,同时也增加了土壤细菌数量及土壤微生物总数但不显著;所有间作系统在旺盛生长期和收获期均不同程度地影响了土壤真菌及放线菌数量(增加或减少),所有间作系统间的多样性指数差异不显著,除了旺盛生长期四种作物(生姜-大豆-四季葱-大蒜)的间作模式显著降低了多样性指数,其值仅为生姜单作的33.18%;生姜与大豆间作不仅提高了19.6%的生姜产量而且获得了较好的经济效益,并且,所有间作系统均显著抑制了生姜姜瘟病的发生。 5. 不同栽培模式不同程度地影响了收获期生姜的株高、分枝数、根茎产量及内在品质。其中处理2显著地促进了生姜的分枝(10.5%),同时处理2、3和4也促进了生姜的生长(株高分别增加了15.0%、11.4%和14.0%),并且这三个处理提高了生姜的产量;处理2和3能有效提高生姜块茎中维生素C(分别较单作生姜显著提高了3.29%和4.05%)、处理3显著提高了可溶性糖(8.2%)、姜辣素(4.6%)和蛋白质等有益物质的含量,降低硝酸盐有害物质的含量(处理2显著降低了14.0%),改善了姜块的外观和内在品质。并且,生姜与大豆间作具有最高的纯收入和产投比,分别较生姜单作提高了24.80%和8.8%。Recently, allelopathy has been more and more paid attentions by national and foreign scholars with profound research on reasons of crop replanted (continuous planted) obstacle. Ginger rhizome is valuable all over the world either as a spice or herbal medicine and ginger replanted obstacle is also paid attentions. Systematic research on ginger allelopathy will contribute to understanding and ultimate solving problem of ginger replanted obstacle. The effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean and chive were studied in this article to testify that ginger existed allelopathy. Furthermore, ginger autotoxicity was also studied by pot experiment in greenhouse (namely research on effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on morphological indexes, physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, soil enzymes, soil microbial diversity and soil nutrients) to reveal mechanism of ginger degeneration and senescence, provide scientific basis for selecting appropriate intercropping species and put forward scientific resolvent for ginger replanted obstacle. The main results were as follows: 1. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and chive compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as stem>leaf>rhizome. The results of this study suggested that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger contained water soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger. The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant should be removed from the field so as to diminish its inhibitory effect. The main allelopathic components of three kind of aqueous extracts were as follows: Rhizome extract chiefly contained syringic acid and vmbelliferone and stem extract mainly contained frulic acid whose content was the highest (73.4 ug/g). The other six substances were detected except of frulic acid, but only contents of syringic acid, vmbelliferone and p-coumaric acid were higher. 2. Stem and leaf aqueous extracts of ginger with different concentrations significantly inhibited plant height, leaf numbers per plant and leaf area, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. However, tiller number per plant of ginger seedling showed no significant difference. At the same time, ginger aqueous extracts also influenced biomass including under-ground biomass, above-ground biomass and total biomass (fresh weight) to a large extent. Under the same concentration, stem aqueous extract showed the mostly inhibitory effect on morphological indexes and biomass indexes of ginger seedling. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the leastly inhibitory effect and leaf aqueous extract was intervenient. Enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced total chlorophyll content, accompanying with increases in memberane permeability (REL) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Compared with the control, rhizome ginger aqueous extract of lower concentration (10 g l-1) increased the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of ginger leaf tissue and higher concentration inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes. However, stem and leaf aqueous extract inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes with increase in concentration. Meanwhile, enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced photo-parameters of ginger seedling (including CO2 concentration, stoma conductivity, net photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate). 3. Rhizome, stem and leaf ginger aqueous extract showed different effect on six soil enzyme activities, and acid phosphatase and invertase showed significant effect when aqueous extract concentration got 10 g l-1. Furthermore, six soil enzyme activities increased with increase in aqueous extract concentration. Bcterial and fungi number tended to increase while antinomyces tented to decrease with the increase in aqueous extract concentration of identical part. Ginger aqueous extracts reduced soil organic matter content with increased concentration, accompanying with NO3-—N accumulation in soil. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the same tendency for available P, available K and NH4+—N, namely lower concentration increased their contents in soil and higher concentration reduced their contents. While stem and leaf aqueous extracts reduced their contents with the increamental concentration. 4. All intercropping systems increased soil enzyme activities to different extent both at VGS and at HS compared to solo ginger. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil bacteria and total of soil microbe but not significantly either at VGS or at HS. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil fungi and actinomytes to a different extent (increase or decrease) both at VGS and at HS. For DI, difference between all cultivation patterns and S-G was not significant either at VGS or at HS except that G-S-C-G whose value was only 33.18% of S-G at VGS significantly decreased. G-S not only increased ginger yield by 19.6% but also obtained better economic benefit. Furthermore, all intercropping systems significantly inhibited occurrence of bacterial wilt of ginger. 5. Different cultivated pattern influenced plant height, tiller numbers, rhizome yields and intrinsic quality of ginger. Treatment 2 significantly facilitated tiller occurring (10.5%). Treatment 2, 3 and 4 promoted ginger growth (plant height respectively increased 15.0%、11.4% and 14.0%) and enhanced rhizome yields. Treatment 2 and 3 effectively increased vitamin C content (significantly increased 3.29% and 4.05% compared to solo ginger). Treatment 3 significantly increased contents of beneficial substances such as soluble sugar (8.2%), gingerols (4.6%) and protein. Treatment 2 significantly decreased contents of deleterious substance namely nitrate (14.0%) and improved appearance and intrinsic quality of ginger rhizome. Furthermore, treatment 2 (ginger/soybean intercropping) could obtain better economic benefit and showed the highest net income and ratio of benefit and cost whose values respectively increased by 24.80% and 8.8% compared to solo ginger.