Analysis of Temperature and Pressure Changes in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Cryogenic Tanks

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is being developed as a transportation fuel for heavy vehicles such as trucks and transit buses, to lessen the dependency on oil and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The LNG stations are properly designed to prevent the venting of natural gas (NG) from LNG tanks, which can cause evaporative greenhouse gas emissions and result in fluctuations of fuel flow and changes of fuel composition. Boil-off is caused by the heat added into the LNG fuel during the storage and fueling. Heat can leak into the LNG fuel through the shell of tank during the storage and through hoses and dispensers during the fueling. Gas from tanks onboard vehicles, when returned to LNG tanks, can add additional heat into the LNG fuel. A thermodynamic and heat transfer model has been developed to analyze different mechanisms of heat leak into the LNG fuel. The evolving of properties and compositions of LNG fuel inside LNG tanks is simulated. The effect of a number of buses fueled each day on the possible total fuel loss rate has been analyzed. It is found that by increasing the number of buses, fueled each day, the total fuel loss rate can be reduced significantly. It is proposed that an electric generator be used to consume the boil-off gas or a liquefier be used to re-liquefy the boiloff gas to reduce the tank pressure and eliminate fuel losses. These approaches can prevent boil-off of natural gas emissions, and reduce the costs of LNG as transportation fuel.

Optical Factors Determined by the T-matrix Method in Turbidity Measurement of Absolute Coagulation Rate Constants

Turbidity measurement for the absolute coagulation rate constant of suspensions has been extensively adopted because of its simplicity and easy implementation. A key factor to derive the rate constant from experimental data is how to theoretically evaluate the so-called optical factor involved in calculating the extinction cross section of doublets formed in the aggregation. In a previous paper, we have shown that compared with other theoretical approaches, the T-matrix method provides a robust solution to this problem and is effective in extending the applicability range of the turbidity methodology as well as increasing measurement accuracy. This paper will provide a more comprehensive discussion about the physical insight of using the T-matrix method in turbidity measurement and associated technical details. In particular, the importance of ensuring the correct value for the refractive indices for colloidal particles and the surrounding medium used in the calculation is addressed because the indices generally vary with the wavelength of the incident light. The comparison of calculated results with experiments shows that the T-matrix method can correctly calculate optical factors even for large particles, whereas other existing theories cannot. In addition, the calculated data of the optical factor by the T-matrix method for a range of particle radii and incident light wavelengths are listed.

光刻机投影物镜的像差原位检测新技术

提出了一种新的光刻机投影物镜像差原位检测（AMF）技术。详细分析了该技术利用特殊测试标记检测投影物镜球差、像散、彗差的基本原理，论述了该技术利用对准位置坐标计算像差引起的成像位置偏移量的方法。实验结果表明AMF技术可实现球差、彗差、像散等像差参量的精确测量。AMF技术考虑了光刻胶等工艺因素对像差引起的成像位置偏移量的影响，有效避免了目前基于硅片曝光方式的彗差原位检测技术对离焦量、像面倾斜等像质参量限制的依赖。

扩大景深的波前编码成像系统特性分析

从空域和频域两个方面利用新的数学工具对扩大景深的波前编码成像系统的一些重要特性进行了阐释和分析。空域中，主要利用维格纳分布函数的正则投影来分析系统的点扩展函数对离焦像差的变化不敏感特性；频域中，则利用考纽螺线的图解方法来分析系统的光学传递函数对离焦像差的变化不敏感特性。简单讨论了波前编码成像技术所涉及的数字图像处理方法，并且用数值仿真实验验证了波前编码成像系统的这些优越特性。

超短脉冲激光光束在一维反射型体全息光栅中的衍射

基于Kogelnik的耦合波理论，研究了在色散效应的影响下，超短脉冲激光光束在反射型体全息光栅中衍射的性质．研究给出了衍射光及透射光在频谱域及时间域的振幅及强度分布、光栅的光谱宽度及衍射效率随光栅参量及入射条件的变化．数值研究的结果表明，在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下，衍射光束的光谱宽度减小，脉冲展宽，衍射效率降低．通过适当的选取光栅参量及入射条件，可以控制衍射和透射光束的频谱和时间强度分布，得到满意的衍射和透射光束的带宽和波形，从而可以将其应用于脉冲整形等技术中．

Three-dimensional coupled wave study for finite-sized anisotropic volume holographic gratings under ultrashort pulsed beam readout

The three-dimensional coupled wave theory is extended to systematically investigate the diffraction properties of finite-sized anisotropic volume holographic gratings (VHGs) under ultrashort pulsed beam (UPB) readout. The effects of the grating geometrical size and the polarizations of the recording and readout beams on the diffraction properties are presented, in particular under the influence of grating material dispersion. The wavelength selectivity of the finite-sized VHG is analyzed. The wavelength selectivity determines the intensity distributions of the transmitted and diffracted pulsed beams along the output face of the VHG. The distortion and widening of the diffracted pulsed beams are different for different points on the output face, as is numerically shown for a VHG recorded in a LiNbO3 crystal. The beam quality is analyzed, and the variations of the total diffraction efficiency are shown in relation to the geometrical size of the grating and the temporal width of the readout UPB. In addition, the diffraction properties of the finite-sized and one-dimensional VHG for pulsed and continuous-wave readout are compared. The study shows the potential application of VHGs in controlling spatial and temporal features of UPBs simultaneously. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America

毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属的系统学研究

毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属为菊科菊苣族植物，属于中国-喜马拉雅分布类型。该两属植物性状变异较大，并与莴苣属等近缘属之间性状严重交叉，构成了菊苣族中极为混杂的类群“Lactuca-Prenanthes”复合群，是菊科植物系统学研究中的疑难点之一。本文通过对毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属及部分近缘属植物的形态性状、叶表皮特征、瘦果解剖特征和表面微形态特征以及细胞学等的研究及对该两属植物的生境和地理分布的分析，确认了毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属的独立地位，阐明它们与近缘属间的系统学关系，并对该两属进行了系统的分类学修订。 1. 形态性状分析 　　我们在检查大量国内外馆藏标本和野外居群观察的基础上，对毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属及部分近缘属植物的形态性状及其变异式样进行了详细地比较分析，重新评价了各性状的分类学价值，认为冠毛、瘦果特征和总苞片层数及排列方式等对于毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属与近缘属的划分具有重要的系统学意义;而小花的颜色、总苞片毛被的位置，小花的舌片与花冠管的长度比及瘦果的形态等特征对属下分类具有重要的意义。而传统上作为种间划分依据的叶片形状、毛被多少等特征在种内变化较大，不宜作为种的划分依据，至少不能作为主要的或唯一的依据。 2. 叶表皮特征 　　首次在光镜下观察了毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属14种植物的叶表皮，发现其共同的特征为：上、下表皮细胞的形状均为无规则型，垂周壁式样为波状;气孔器类型均为无规则型，在气孔的两极，角质侵入呈棒状或者“T” 型加厚或者不加厚;并认为上、下叶表皮细胞的波状程度、表皮细胞的大小、气孔指数、气孔密度，角质加厚情况等特征对种的划分具有一定的意义。 3. 瘦果解剖特征观察 　　通过对毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属及近缘属植物的瘦果解剖研究发现有两种类型：翅型和肋型。翅型瘦果的特征是在横切面上不仅有肋，而且在两侧具有明显突起的翅，中果皮由薄壁细胞和纤维细胞组成，且纤维细胞局限于翅和肋上，而不见于肋间，莴苣属，岩参属，翅果菊属，毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属具有这种类型的瘦果解剖结构;肋型瘦果的特征是在横切面上仅有肋而无翅，中果皮全部由纤维细胞组成，在肋和肋间连续，紫菊属和假福王草属具有这种果壁解剖结构。而中果皮的薄壁细胞和纤维细胞的数目和位置等特征在两种类型内的属间表现出很大的差异。瘦果的解剖特征对于属间划分具有分类学意义。 4. 瘦果表面微特征的观察 　　我们对毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属及近缘属共20种植物的瘦果表面进行了电镜扫描微形态特征的观察。结果表明：瘦果表面性状具有属级的特征，在表皮细胞形状，细胞外壁纹饰类型等方面存在较大的属间差异，可应用在属间界定及关系判别上。毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属植物由于具有短急尖端壁的椭圆形和钝端壁的长纺锤形的表皮细胞和疣状乳突的外壁纹饰等特征而区别于莴苣属等其他属。瘦果表面微特征在所观察的属内种间有着较高的一致性，但表皮细胞的大小，端壁形状及蜡质的发育程度等性状在毛鳞菊属内存在种间差异，为种间的划分提供了一定的依据。 5. 细胞学研究 　　我们研究了2种莴苣属，1种毛鳞菊属和1种翅果菊属植物的染色体数目，其中毛鳞菊属1种为首次报道，并对它们全部进行了核型分析。毛鳞菊属植物的染色体数目为2n=16 （x=8），为二倍体，染色体核型为“3B”型，不对称性较强。根据文献资料，细莴苣属的染色体数目也为2n=16 （x=8），为二倍体，染色体核型为“3A”型，不对称性也较强。毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属植物的染色体数目较莴苣属等近缘属（2n=18）减少了两条， 核型对称性下降。染色体核型资料可以说明毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属植物在Lactuca-Prenanthes复合群中处于较进化的位置。 6. 分支系统学研究 　　对30个广义形态学性状进行了分支系统学分析，得到53棵同等简约树。在简约树中，内类群形成两大支，一支为所有具有翅型瘦果的类群，另一支是具有肋型瘦果的类群，前者包括毛鳞菊属、细莴苣属、莴苣属和翅果菊属，它们的成员分别各自聚在一起，并获得很高的支持率;后者包括假福王草属和紫菊属等，它们的成员也分别聚在一起，并获得很高的支持率。分析结果支持石铸将它们分别独立成属的分类处理。 通过对毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属及近缘属植物的广义形态学性状的分支分析研究，认为毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属的关系最近，获得了66%的支持率，而二者与翅果菊属的关系较为接近。毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属的多数性状都是衍生的和进化的，显然它们在Lactuca-Prenanthes复合群中处于比较进化的地位。 7. 分类学修订 　　在应用上述性状分析结果及查阅国内外大量标本的基础上，重新界定了毛鳞菊属和细莴苣属的概念，包括新性状的补充，对该两属植物进行了系统的分类学修订。确定了毛鳞菊属目前包括13种1变种，归并了8种，作出一个改级新组合，确认一名称不属于该属，另有一种的分类学地位有待进一步研究;细莴苣属目前包括3种，归并了3种。“分类处理”部分还描述了每个种的性状特征、变异情况、相关的分类学处理及其与近缘种的关系，最后列出所研究的标本。

灵长类卵母细胞体外发育潜能的调控

灵长类卵母细胞细胞质成熟调控研究较为滞后, 使得体外成熟的灵长类卵母细胞的胚胎发育潜能十 分低下。提高其潜能对治疗人类不育症有重要的应用价值, 并可推动灵长类胚胎发育的研究。基于猕猴卵母细 胞质成熟调控研究, 讨论了无血清成熟培养基中雌激素和孕激素、能量物质、氨基酸对卵母细胞质成熟的影 响, 以及动物年龄和生殖周期与发育潜能的关系。从分子水平进一步解释这些因素的作用, 阐明卵母细胞质成 熟的机理将是今后工作的方向。

无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽及其基因和在制药中的应用

本发明涉及一种无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽及及其基因和在制药中的应用，属于生物医学领域。无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽是无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽基因编码的一种单链多肽，分子量3015.63道尔顿，等电点10.3，多肽全序列一级结构为： Ala Thr Ala Leu Gly Leu Ser Ser Arg Gly Leu Leu Pro Ile Gly Phe Met Phe Lys Asp Thr Ile Arg Cys Arg Lys Tyr(ATALGLSSRGLLPIGFMFKDTIRCRKY)。编码无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽的基因由312个核苷酸组成，其中编码成熟无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽为第141-222位核苷酸。人工合成的无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽具有很强的抑制细菌和真菌生长的作用，可以作为制备病原微生物感染疾病的治疗药物被应用。无指盘臭蛙皮肤活性肽具有结构简单、人工合成方便、抗菌谱系广、抗菌活性强的特点。

尼罗罗非鱼在淡水和海水中的生长及对蛋白质需求的比较

以酪蛋白为蛋白源,配制蛋白质含量为19 80%～40 50%的6种精饲料,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在饱食投喂和(27±1)℃水温条件下对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼进行8周的饲养实验,比较其在淡水和海水中的生长及蛋白质需求。结果显示:尼罗罗非鱼在淡水和海水中生长良好,存活率分别为100%和87%～100%;随着饲料蛋白质含量增加,实验鱼的平均终重、增重率和日增重率呈线性增加,饲料系数呈线性下降,蛋白质效率也呈下降趋势。在相同的饲料蛋白水平下,上述指标在淡水鱼和海水鱼之间均无显著差异蛋白质适宜需要量为28%～32

Communities of gastrointestinal helminths of fish in historically connected habitats: habitat fragmentation effect in a carnivorous catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco from seven lakes in flood plain of the Yangtze River, China

Background: Habitat fragmentation may result in the reduction of diversity of parasite communities by affecting population size and dispersal pattern of species. In the flood plain of the Yangtze River in China, many lakes, which were once connected with the river, have become isolated since the 1950s from the river by the construction of dams and sluices, with many larger lakes subdivided into smaller ones by road embankments. These artificial barriers have inevitably obstructed the migration of fish between the river and lakes and also among lakes. In this study, the gastrointestinal helminth communities were investigated in a carnivorous fish, the yellowhead catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, from two connected and five isolated lakes in the flood plain in order to detect the effect of lake fragmentation on the parasite communities. Results: A total of 11 species of helminths were recorded in the stomach and intestine of P. fulvidraco from seven lakes, including two lakes connected with the Yangtze River, i.e. Poyang and Dongting lakes, and five isolated lakes, i.e. Honghu, Liangzi, Tangxun, Niushan and Baoan lakes. Mean helminth individuals and diversity of helminth communities in Honghu and Dongting lakes was lower than in the other five lakes. The nematode Procamallanus fulvidraconis was the dominant species of communities in all the seven lakes. No significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index was detected between connected lakes (0.48) and isolated lakes (0.50). The similarity of helminth communities between Niushan and Baoan lakes was the highest (0.6708), and the lowest was between Tangxun and Dongting lakes (0.1807). The similarity was low between Dongting and the other lakes, and the similarity decreased with the geographic distance among these lakes. The helminth community in one connected lake, Poyang Lake was clustered with isolated lakes, but the community in Dongting Lake was separated in the tree. Conclusion: The similarity in the helminth communities of this fish in the flood-plain lakes may be attributed to the historical connection of these habitats and to the completion of the life-cycles of this fish as well as the helminth species within the investigated habitats. The diversity and the digenean majority in the helminth communities can be related to the diet of this fish, and to the lacustrine and macrophytic characters of the habitats. The lake isolation from the river had little detectable effect on the helminth communities of the catfish in flood-plain lakes of the Yangtze River. The low similarities in helminth communities between the Dongting Lake and others may just be a reflection of its unique water environment and anthropogenic alterations or fragmentation in this lake.

Single mode operation of a Fabry-Perot laser locked by a tunable laser

In this article, the single mode operation of a Fabry-Perot laser (FP-LD) subject to the optical injection from a tunable laser is investigated. The maximum side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is 53 dB, and the locked wavelength range is about 46 nm, which can cover 58 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) wavelengths with 100 GHz spacing or 115 ITU wavelengths with 50 GHz spacing for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. In the wavelength range front 1535 to 1569 nm, the SMSR is over 46 dB, and the frequency response of the injection-locked FP-LD can be improved with the proper wavelength detuning. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Growth and properties of GaN on Si (111) substrates with AlGaN/AlN buffer layer by NH3-GSMBE

We describe the growth of GaN on Si (111) substrates with a AlGaN/AlN buffer layer by NH3-GSMBE. The influence of the AlN and AlGaN buffer layer thickness on the crack density of GaN has been investigated. It is found that the optimum thickness is 120 nm and 250 nm for AlN and AlGaN layers, respectively. The full width at half maximum of the GaN (0002) peak in the triple-crystal x-ray rocking curve measurement is about 15 arcmin.