3 resultados para MELANIN
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
近年来,随着黑素细胞生物学的发展和对美白剂功效研究的不断深入,美白剂对皮肤正常生理潜在的负面影响正逐渐为人们所重视 ,仅仅通过临床皮肤敏感试验已远不能给以科学的解释,因而建立一个科学量化的美白剂评价体系就显得尤为迫切和必要。本文工 作旨在将体外黑素细胞原代培养与黑素生成相关的生化指标(包括:黑度,细胞量,铬氨酸酶TYR,多巴色素异构酶DT酶活的), 检测相结合,并联系细胞学观察,从而形成一整套相对完善,定性定量的研究美白剂功效的评价体系。通过测定外加a-MSH,内皮素 ET-1及其拮抗剂GD2168后黑素细胞内上述生化指标的变化,不仅验证了a-MSH,内皮素ET-1的促黑作用,内皮素拮抗剂GD2168的美 白功效,而且还体现出本评价体系不同于国内现有的其它美白评价体系的独特优势。首先,本评价体系在国内为首家将原代培养的 黑素细胞用于美白评价,由于原代培养环境与体内皮肤生理环境的相似性,在体外对10-8mol/La-MSH产生了正常的应答,所以在评 价美白剂的功效时该培养体较之将黑素细胞孤立生长的纯化培养体系更为科学也更具有说服力。尤其值得一提的是,国内现有的生 化水平的美白评价多局限于对TYR活力的测定,而本体系的另一特点就是除了TYR外还增加了对TRP-2即DT酶活的测定,由于DT在维 持正常黑素细胞及皮肤生理上的重要意义,对其变化的研究往往可揭示出美白剂对皮肤的潜在毒性,本文通过测定并分析内皮素拮 抗剂GD2168对体外黑素细胞DT活力的下调作用,对其潜在的副作用进行了科学的预测,这项工作国内尚无人开展。Over the past few years, melanin cell research has experienced unprecedent impetus, which also contribute to the study on lightener's function especially it's potent skin damage. As a result, it's the high time to build a more accurate and complete evaluation system to investigate lightener's effects and by-effects as well. After normal human melanocytes were cultured primarily in vitro, the effects of a-MSH, endothelin-1(ET-1)and ET -1's antagonist GD2168 on melanogenesis were studied biochemically by measurement of melanin content, cell-number, tyrosinaseTYR activity and dopachrome tautomeraseDT activity. Compared with untreated cells, the treated cells responsed to 10-8mol/L a-MSH with the increase in all items. ET-1 induced both an increae in DT activity and melanin concent; however, the melanosynthesis increase was inhibited significantly in the present of GD2168. Trough above work, a new evaluation system of lightener has been established and confirmed to be feasible. Different from other evaluation systems present in country, this system used the primary culture, which was more consistent to the physiological circumstance. Moreover, the system added DT activity assay that help reveal the GD2168's potent side-effects, which would have been clouded or ignored if only TYR activity was assayed.
Resumo:
Neuromelanin is a complex polymer pigment found primarily in the dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra, whose composition is complex including production of dopamine auto-oxidation, glutathione and a variety of amino acid. Neuromelanin forms stable complex with iron (111). We observed that 5,6-dihydroxyindole and its ramification possessed strong ability of chelating iron (111), and they are the production of dopamine auto-oxidation under physiological pH condition. In the present Of L-Cysteine, the relative yields of electrochemical oxidation of dopamine also had strong ability of chelating iron (111). The experimental results suggest that 5,6-dihydroxyindole and 5-S-cysteineldopamine play important roles in the process of synthetic neuromelanin chelating iron (111).
Resumo:
海水经济鱼类的养殖在我国已经形成第四次海水养殖浪潮,经济效益显著,有力地推动了我国海水养殖的产业结构调整和可持续发展。然而在海水养殖发展过程中也存在着诸多问题,尤其是早期发育阶段的高死亡率,严重制约了我国海水养殖产业的稳定和健康发展。 海水鱼类养殖的关键为高质量,高存活率苗种的生产和培育,由于鱼类种类繁多,生物多样性丰富,对应实际的繁育技术,尤其是新品种的开发,必须要做出相应的调整。这就要求我们必须对每一种鱼类早期发育有所了解,并将形态和组织上的数据用于指导生产。 本文通过显微观察和组织学研究,主要描述和研究了我国北方三种重要的海水经济鱼类(条斑星鲽、杂交鲆、条石鲷)的早期发育生物学,并结合实际生产进一步阐明关键期的产生原因,机理以及采用相应的对策。具体结果如下: 1.条斑星鲽:作为冷温性鲆鲽鱼类,条斑星鲽早期发育过程的特征主要有: ① 条斑星鲽受精卵无油球,卵子呈半浮性;不同步卵裂现象提前,发生在第三次卵裂;卵裂期裂球大小差异大。孵化过程较长,在水温8 ± 0.3℃,盐度33的条件下,经9 d孵化。条斑星鲽胚胎发育的不同时期对温度的敏感性不同,其中原肠期对温度比较敏感。 ②在8-10℃,盐度33的条件下,8-9 dph开口摄食。且开口时,其吻前端出现有一点状黑褐色素,构成了条斑星鲽仔鱼“开口期”的重要标志。卵黄囊于消失。在后期仔鱼末期,背鳍和臀鳍上形成特有的黑褐色条斑带。 ③杯状细胞首先出现在咽腔后部和食道前段,胃腺和幽门盲囊出现于29 dph,变态期始于30dph。在条斑星鲽早期发育过程中,观察到其直肠粘膜层细胞质出现大量嗜伊红颗粒,为仔鱼肠道上皮吸收的蛋白质。 ④首先淋巴化的免疫器官是头肾,然后是胸腺和脾脏,这与大部分硬骨鱼类不同。条斑星鲽除头肾和脾脏外,胸腺实质也形成MMCs。其中以脾脏形成MMCs最为丰富,形态多样。 2. 杂交鲆:为同属的牙鲆和夏鲆间的远缘杂交种,其发育过程的特点为: ① 在温度为15.4~16.0℃,杂交鲆胚胎从受精到孵化所需的时间为76 h左右,胚孔关闭前期,胚胎先出现视囊及克氏囊,而后形成体节。孵出前胚体在卵膜内环绕不到1周。 ② 孵化后消失。杂交鲆群体变态间隔长(34-60 dph),且变态高峰期出现的冠状幼鳍不明显(与母本牙鲆相比),数量为7-8根。 ③组织学观察发现,其消化系统中胃腺出现较晚,且胃腺发育过程缓慢(与母本牙鲆相比)。甲状腺滤泡增生不明显,颜色较浅,数量较少。杂交鲆在早期发育过程中,并没有出现鳔原基。 3. 条石鲷作为岩礁性的暖水性鱼类,早期发育过程也较为特殊,包括外形以及内部的器官结构。主要特点有: ① 受精卵:受精卵卵黄上具有龟裂结构,为鱼卵的分类特征之一。 ② 初孵仔鱼:初孵仔鱼背鳍膜上的黑色素,从体背面向背鳍膜边缘移动,到3dph仔鱼基本消失,此为本种仔鱼发育所特有的特点。 ③ 后期仔鱼和稚鱼:肠道肌肉层加厚明显,仔稚鱼胃肠排空率急剧上升,死亡率增加,通过改善常规的投饵方式部分解决了这个死亡高峰的问题。在幼鱼初期,牙齿融合为骨喙,为石鲷科鱼类的特征。 ④胸腺上皮分泌细胞:类似的现象同样在虹鳟鱼中发现,但是虹鳟鱼胸腺上皮分泌细胞不如条石鲷的丰富,同样也不如条石鲷的排列整齐,而是零星分布在胸腺上皮与咽腔接触的表面。除了正常的造血器官—脾脏和头肾外,肝脏、胰腺和鳔等多种组织等也出现MMCs,此现象在硬骨鱼类不多见,一般发生在软骨鱼类。