Multiplex CARS measurements in supersonic H-2/air combustion

H-2 and O-2 multiplex coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) employing a single dye laser has been explored to simultaneously determine the temperature and concentrations of H-2 and O-2 in a hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustor. Systematic calibrations were performed through a well-characterized H-2/air premixed flat-flame burner. In particular, temperature measurement was accomplished using the intensity ratio of the H-2 S(5) and S(6) rotational lines, whereas extraction of the H-2 and O-2 concentrations was obtained from the H-2 S(6) and O-2 Q-branch, respectively. Details of the calibration procedure and data reduction are discussed. Quantification of the supersonic mixing and combustion characteristics applying the present technique has been demonstrated to be feasible. The associated detection limits as well as possible improvements are also identified.

Long-term (1956-1999) dynamics of phosphorus in a shallow, subtropical Chinese lake with the possible effects of cyanobacterial blooms

This paper describes the long-term dynamics of phosphorus concentrations in both the lake water and the sediment in a subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the lake water experienced an upward trend from the 1950s, and peaked in 1983/1984, but declined obviously afterwards. From the 1950s to the 1990s, TP content in the upper 10 cm sediment of the lake increased steadily from 0.307 to 1.68 mg Pg DW-1 at Station I and from 0.151 to 0.89 mg Pg DW-1 at Station II, respectively. The TP increase in the lake water before mid-1980s was mainly attributed to the massive input of sewage P. The outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms coincided with the peaks of TP and Orthophosphate (PO4-P) in the water in mid-1980s, and the maximum TP of the water reached as high as 1.349 mg/1 at Station I and 0.757 mg/l at Station II (in 1984), respectively. The declines of TP and PO4-P in the water after mid-1980s was coincident with the disappearance of cyanobacterial bloom. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phase uncertainty in calibrating microwave test fixtures

The problem of phase uncertainty arising in calibration of the test fixtures is investigated in this paper, It is shown that the problem exists no matter what kinds of calibration standards are used. It is also found that there is no need to determine the individual S-parameters of the test fixtures. In order to eliminate the problem of phase uncertainty, three different precise (known) reflection standards or one known reflection standard plus one known transmission standard should be used to calibrate symmetrical test fixtures. For the asymmetrical cases, three known standards, including at least one transmission standard, should be used. The thru-open-match (TOM) and thru-short-match (TSM) techniques are the simplest methods, and they have no bandwidth limitation. When the standards are imprecise (unknown), it is recommended to use any suitable technique, such as the thru-reflect-line, line-reflect-line, thru-short-delay, thru-open-delay,line-reflect-match, line-reflect-reflect-match, or multiline methods, to accurately determine the values of the required calibration terms and, in addition, to use the TOM or TSM method with the same imprecise standards to resolve the phase uncertainty.

参与肿瘤侵袭和转移的细胞外基质降解酶

肿瘤细胞在侵袭和转移过程中必需穿透一系列天然组织屏障—基底膜和细胞外基质。合成及分泌大量基质降解酶，降解细胞外基质是肿瘤细胞侵袭、转移的重要步骤［１］。目前所知与肿瘤侵袭、转移有关的基质降解酶有两大类：蛋白酶类和糖苷酶类，前者主要降解细胞外基质中的蛋...

1736～1999年西安与汉中地区年冬季平均气温序列重建

基于现代气象资料所建立的西安、汉中地区冬季降雪天数与年冬季平均气温之间的相关关系,根据清代档案所记载的西安与汉中地区冬季降雪日数,恢复了西安与汉中地区1736～1910年的年冬季平均气温,重建了1736～1999年西安与汉中地区年冬季平均气温序列。序列分析表明,这两个地区年冬季平均气温变化趋势一致:18世纪和20世纪为暖期,19世纪为冷期,且20世纪的增暖趋势明显。与利用树轮重建的镇安初春(3～4月)温度序列对比分析表明:西安、汉中地区冬季平均气温与镇安初春温度的低频变化趋势基本一致,但镇安较西安与汉中有

GIS环境下1999～2000年中国东北参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征分析

为了实现农业持续发展和保护生态环境,该文应用Penman-Monteith公式和GIS的空间分析功能,通过建立区域参考作物蒸散量的空间分布模型计算了中国东北地区自20世纪90年代以来参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征。研究发现,20世纪90年代东北地区5～9月份日平均蒸散量呈逐年增大趋势,并以每年0.04mm的速度递增;其中5、6、7、8、9各月份绝大部分地区日均蒸散量年变化呈增加的趋势,东北平原年增长超过0.05mm,≥0.4mm蒸散地区年平均增长面积为248.73万hm2。5月份和8月份大部分地区日均蒸散量呈减少的趋势,6、7、9月份大部分地区日均蒸散量呈增加的趋势。5月和8月蒸散量的减少以及6月到9月蒸散量的增加都由东北(三江平原)向西南(辽河平原)迁移,并在空间范围上表现出一定的收缩趋势。日均蒸散量≥0.4mm蒸散地区的重心呈有规律的波动,5～9月份平均重心年际波动主要位于呼伦贝尔高原和西辽河平原两个地区,5、6、7、8、9月份重心的波动轨迹基本为由西北—东北—西南地区,空间上也逐渐由较集中变为较分散。

The role of Qiongzhou Strait in the seasonal variation of the South China Sea circulation

An analysis of the water level and current data taken in Qiongzhou Strait in the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 37 years (1963 to 1999) was made to examine the characteristics of tidal waves and residual flow through the strait and their roles in the seasonal variation of the SCS circulation. The observations reveal that Qiongzhou Strait is an area where opposing tidal waves interact and a source of water transport to the Gulf of Beibu (Gulf of Tonkin), SCS. A year-round westward mean flow with a maximum speed of 10-40 cm s(-1) is found in Qiongzhou Strait. This accounts for water transport of 0.2-0.4 Sv and 0.1-0.2 Sv into the Gulf of Beibu in winter-spring and summer-autumn, respectively. The outflow from Qiongzhou Strait may cause up to 44% of the gulf water to be refreshed each season, suggesting that it has a significant impact on the seasonal circulation in the Gulf of Beibu. This finding is in contrast to our current understanding that the seasonal circulation patterns in the South China Sea are primarily driven by seasonal winds. Several numerical experiments were conducted to examine the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of the westward mean flow in Qiongzhou Strait. The model provides a reasonable simulation of semidiurnal and diurnal tidal waves in the strait and the predicted residual flow generally agrees with the observed mean flow. An analysis of the momentum equations indicates that the strong westward flow is driven mainly by tidal rectification over variable bottom topography. Both observations and modeling suggest that the coastal physical processes associated with tidal rectification and buoyancy input must be taken into account when the mass balance of the SCS circulation is investigated, especially for the regional circulation in the Gulf of Beibu.