4 resultados para Lcc

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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随着计算机芯片的速度不断提升,器件的门限电压越来越低,因此单粒子翻转的瞬时故障越来越容易发生。特别是在太空环境中的计算机系统,在宇宙射线的影响下,瞬时故障更为频繁,系统可靠性面临更突出的考验。 为了提高计算机系统的可靠性,一般有硬件冗余容错和软件冗余容错两种方法。相对硬件容错而言,软件容错的优点是价格便宜,性价比高,配置灵活等,缺点是会带来额外的时间和空间开销,而且给程序员带来编写额外的容错代码的工作量。近来出现了一些基于编译的软件容错方法,可在编译的过程中自动加入冗余容错逻辑,但是这类编译容错方法仍然会带来显著的时间空间开销。如何在保持容错能力的同时尽量降低时空开销,是有待继续研究的问题。 本文在编译容错方向上进行了进一步研究和实现,提出利用源代码中的变量信息对冗余容错逻辑进行了剪裁,在保证容错能力的同时降低了时空开销,对内存和寄存器中的数据进行保护。具体内容有: 1. 提出了一个容错编译环境SCC的设计蓝图,构建了一个容错编译工具的远 景目标。 2. 提出了一种指令级的编译容错检测方法VarBIFT ,提供检测瞬时故障的能力。平均只利用0.0069倍的时间损耗和0.3620倍的空间损耗就将发生瞬时故障时,程序正确执行和检测到故障的概率总和平均从39.1%提升到76.9%, 3. 提出了一种指令级的编译容错恢复方法VarRIFT ,提供从瞬时故障中恢复正确数据的能力。平均只增加0.043倍的时间损耗和0.69倍的空间损耗就将发生瞬时故障时,程序仍然正确执行的概率平均从44.8%提升到了78.7%。 4. 基于开源编译器LCC,实现了上述两个编译容错方法VarBIFT 和VarRIFT 。在容错方法的实现中只修改了跟具体CPU指令相独立的中间逻辑,所以这两个实现能够方便得移植到SPARC、MIPS等其他CPU架构上。 5. 开发了一个故障注入工具,并用它测试了上述两个编译容错方法VarBIFT和VarRIFT 的容错能力。

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为了解决空间辐射对嵌入式计算机系统正确性的影响越来越明显的问题,基于典型的编译级容错技术,在编译器LCC上实现了基于有向无环图的编译级容错检测方法VarBIFT。该方法可以有效的保护由于粒子效应所引起的瞬时硬件故障,并可针对不同的目标机自动生成容错代码。实验结果表明,VarBIFT使源程序的平均段错误率从32.3%降到了13.9%,平均错误输出率从28.6%降到了9.2%;而其时间开销和空间开销仅为0.7%和36%。

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提出一种抵抗瞬时故障的自动编译容错恢复方法,用源码中的变量信息在指令级别进行冗余错误流裁剪,在LCC上加以实现,并获得良好的容错性能。实验结果表明,该方法仅增加0.043倍的时间损耗及0.69倍的空间损耗,在时空损耗上优于现有的其他方法。

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Understanding the effects of dietary composition on methane (CH4) production of sheep can help us to understand grassland degradation resulting in an increase of CH4 emission from ruminant livestock and its resulting significance affecting CH4 source/sink in the grazing ecosystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of forage composition in the diet of sheep in July and August on CH4 production by sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe. The four diet treatments were: (1) Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa (LC), (2) Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (LCC), (3) Artemisia frigida and Cleistogenes squarrosa (AC), and (4) Artemisia frigida, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (ACC). CH4 production was significantly lower in July than in August (31.4 and 36.2 g per sheep-unit per day, respectively). The daily average CH4 production per unit of digestive dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased by 10.9, 11.2 and 42.1% for the AC diet compared with the LC diet, respectively. Although concentrate supplementation in both the AC and LC diets increased total CH4 production per sheep per day, it improved sheep productivity and decreased CH4 production by 14.8, 12.5 and 14.8% per unit of DM, OM and NDF digested by the sheep, respectively. Our results suggested that in degraded grassland CH4 emission from sheep was increased and concentrate supplementation increased diet use efficiency. Sheep-grazing ecosystem seems to be a source of CH4 when the stocking rate is over 0.5 sheep-units ha(-1) during the growing season in the Inner Mongolia steppe.