Study on the hydrolysis/precipitation behavior of Keggin Al-13 and Al-30 polymers in polyaluminum solutions

The hydrolysis/precipitation behaviors of Al3+, Al-13 and Al-30 under conditions typical for flocculation in water treatment were investigated by studying the particulates' size development, charge characteristics, chemical species and speciation transformation of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates. The optimal pH conditions for hydrolysis precipitates formation for AlCl3, PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) were 6.5-7.5, 8.5-9.5, and 7.5-9.5, respectively. The precipitates' formation rate increased with the increase in dosage, and the relative rates were AlCl3 >> PAC(A130) > PACA113. The precipitates' size increased when the dosage increased from 50 mu M to 200 mu M, but it decreased when the dosage increased to 800 AM. The Zeta potential of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates decreased with the increase in pH for the three coagulants. The isoelectric points of the freshly formed precipitates for AlCl3, PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) were 7.3, 9.6 and 9.2, respectively. The Zeta potentials of AlCl3 hydrolysis precipitates were lower than those of PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) when pH > 5.0. The Zeta potential of PAC(A130) hydrolysis precipitates was higher than that of PACA113 at the acidic side, but lower at the alkaline side. The dosage had no obvious effect on the Zeta potential of hydrolysis precipitates under fixed pH conditions. The increase in Zeta potential with the increase in dosage under uncontrolled pH conditions was due to the pH depression caused by coagulant addition. Al-Ferron research indicated that the hydrolysis precipitates of AlCl3 were composed of amorphous AI(OH)3 precipitates, but those of PACA113 and PACA130 were composed of aggregates of Al-13 and Al-30, respectively. Al3+ was the most un-stable species in coagulants, and its hydrolysis was remarkably influenced by solution pH. Al-13 and Al-30 species were very stable, and solution pH and aging had little effect on the chemical species of their hydrolysis products. The research method involving coagulant hydrolysis precipitates based on Al-Ferron reaction kinetics was studied in detail. The Al species classification based on complex reaction kinetic of hydrolysis precipitates and Ferron reagent was different from that measured in a conventional coagulant assay using the Al--Ferron method. The chemical composition of Al-a, Al-b and Al-c depended on coagulant and solution pH. The Al-b measured in the current case was different from Keggin Al-13, and the high Alb content in the AlCl3 hydrolysis precipitates could not used as testimony that most of the Al3+ Was converted to highly charged Al-13 species during AlCl3 coagulation.

鱼类的重量-身体维数关系的研究

在运用一元数学公式:W=al~b(或W=aL~b)来描述鱼类的重量与身体维数关系时存在许多缺陷。作者从确立一条模式鱼的边界曲线方程出发,应用求旋转体体积的方法建立了鱼类重量与长度、体高的多元数学公式: W=al~(b_1)H~(b_2)(或W=aL~(b_1)H~(b_2)),并推演出鱼类重量与长度、体高、体周长之间的另外两种关系式: W=al~(b_1)S~(b_3)(或W=aL~(b_1)S~(b_3)) 和W=al~(b_1)H~(b_2)S~(b_3)(或W=aL~(b_1)H~(b_2)S~(b

Proof of solid state cathodoluminescence by using brightness waveform

Three different inorganic-organic hetero-junctions (A : ITO/SiO2/Alq(3)/Al, B: ITO/Alq3/SiO2/Al and C: ITO/SiO2/Alq(3)/ SiO2/Al) were fabricated. The emission can be observed only under positive bias in devices A and B, but under both biases in device C according to their brightness waveforms. With increasing voltage, the increase in blue emission in devices B and C is faster than that in green emission. This is because that the recombination of hot electrons and holes, i.e., electron-hole pairs, produced blue emission in devices B and C, and the recombination of electrons injected from Al with the accumulated holes, which are excited by hot electrons, produced green emission in device A. Hence, the emissions of the devices are attributed to not only the recombination of electrons and accumulated holes, but also the cathodoluminescence-like (CL-like) emission.

Preparation and luminescence properties of Eu2+ in SiO2 xerogels

Al-doped and B, Al co-doped SiO2 xerogels with Eu2+ ions were prepared only by sol-gel reaction in air without reducing heat-treatment or post-doping. The luminescence characteristics and mechanism of europium doping SiO2 xerogels were studied as a function of the concentration of Al, B, the europium concentration and the host composition. The emission spectra of the Al-doped and B, Al codoped samples all show an efficient emission broad band in the blue violet range. The blue emission of the Al-doped sample was centered at 437 nm, whereas the B, Al co-doped xerogel emission maximum shifted to 423 nm and the intensity became weaker. Concentration quenching effect occurred in both the Al-doped and B, Al co-doped samples, which probably is the result of the transfer of the excitation energy from Eu2+ ions to defects. The highest Eu2+ emission intensity was observed for samples with the Si(OC2H5)(4):C2H5OH:H2O molar ratio of 1:2:4. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

原子吸收光谱法提高某些元素灵敏度的方法研究及应用

原子吸收光谱法自五十年代提出以来发展十分迅速，迄今已是一种比较成熟的仪器分析方法。对大多数元素的研究已趋于完善，要提高分析灵敏度比较困难。本工作主要从基体改进剂的角度来研究石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）提高某些元素，尤其是高温元素的测定灵敏度的方法及其应用。GFAAS测硼的报道很少，硼的分析灵敏度低原因的于硼在低温时易以氧化物形式挥发损失，而高温时又生成难熔的B_4C。因此，必须寻找合适的基体改进剂。本工作通过对基体改进剂量的试验以及基体改进剂对硼的灰化和原子化温度影响的研究，得到3Ca, Sr, Ca/Mg、Ca/La和Sr/Mg均可作为测硼的基体改进剂的结果，其中混合基体改进剂Ca/Mg、Ca/La和Sr/Mg较Ca、Sr单独作基体改进剂性能要优越。本工作将x射线衍射分析与热力学计算相结合，综合已有的实验现象，提出了硼原子化过程的初步机理，同时也解释了基体改进剂Sr(NO_3)_2对硼吸收信号的增强作用，并推测了相应原子化过程。即气态硼原子的产生源自固态硼原子的升华，而固态硼原子的产生源自B_2O_3的碳还原。Sr(NO_3)_2的增感作用在于子化前SrB_6的生成，减少了B_2O_3的挥发损失，阻止了B_4C的生成。此外，本工作在基体改进剂研究的基础上，选用Ca/Mg和Sr/Mg混合基体改进剂分别测定了饮用水，标准参考物质桃叶以及高温镍基合金钢中的痕量硼，进行了灵敏度、线性范围和抗干扰能力试验。硼1％吸收时的特征量分别为2.5 * 10~(-10)g和2.0 * 10~(-10)g，线性范围均达1.6μg ml~(-1)，回收率在98-105%之间，精密度为4.7-8.4%。饮用水的检出限为50ng ml~(-1) B(3σ)。本工作还比较了金属盐类注入和浸渍处理石墨管后，GFAAS测硼的灵敏度、精密度和石墨管的使用寿命。用扫描电镜分析了石墨管的表面结构，并作了相应解释。建立快速、准确和灵敏的方法检测环境试样中的痕量Be、Al、Sn和Ge，是环境分析的重要课题之一。GFAAS作为一种灵敏的分析方法已广泛地用于环境分析上，但测定某些试样中的Be、Al、Sn和Ge灵敏度尚低。为此，本工作以Ca(NO_3)_2为基体改进剂探讨了增强这四种元素灵敏度的方法。实验结果表明，最佳条件下对比测定，Ca(NO_3)_2能将Be、Al、Sn和Ge的分析灵敏度分别提高3.6，5.7，9和50倍。Ca(NO_3)_2不仅提高了Be、Al、Sn和Ge的分析灵敏度，而且也提高灰化温度，并降低原子化温度，也增强抗干扰能力。本工作还探讨了Ca(NO_3)_2对Be、Al、Sn和Ge的增感机理。实验结果表明，钙对Be和Ge的增感主要在于气相作用，钙对Al的增感主要是固相作用，而钙对Sn的增感不仅有气相作用，也有固相作用。同时利用钙的增感作用直接测定了地下水及水系沉积物标样中的痕量铍，其检出限为5.5 * 10~(-13)g Be(3σ)，回收率在98-105%之间，精密度为2.8-4.4%。也利用钙的增感作用直接测定了河水及地下水中的痕量铝，其检出限为1.1ng ml~(-1) Al (3σ)，回收率在95-106%之间，测定的精密度为2.7-6.8%。此外，本工作也研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测铝时各种氯化物的干扰现象。结果发现，NaCl，KCl，FeCl_3和CuCl_2对铝产生负干扰，这种干扰来自气相中Cl和Al的结合；MgCl_2和CaCl_2对铝产生正干扰，这种干扰来自它们的氧化物对铝的增感作用；HCl不干扰铝的测定，而HClO_4对铝的干扰与石墨管的表面有关。本工作所建立的GFAAS测Al，B���Be的方法，具有简单、快速，且灵敏度高的特点，适用于环境试样中痕量铝、硼、铍的测定。

利用亮度波形证明固态阴极射线发光

制备了3种结构的器件：A：ITO／SiO2／Alq3／Al，B���ITO／Alq3／SiO2／Al，C：ITO／SiO2／Alq3／SiO2／Al。对于器件A和B���在正向偏压（ITO接正极）下才能观察到发光；而对于器件C，在正向和反向偏压下都可以观察到发光。随着电压升高，器件B���C产生的蓝色发光相对绿光逐渐增强。这主要是由于SiO2中的加速电子碰撞激发Alq3发光层产生热电子，并与空穴形成电子空穴对，复合产生蓝光；而对于器件A，在反向偏压下被热电子碰撞激发出的空穴与正向偏压下从Al电极进入的电子复合形成激子，产生绿色发光。这些结构的器件发光不但可来源于电子与积累的空穴复合，而且也来自固态阴极射线发光。

The change of Eu3+-surroundings in the system Al2O3-B2O3 containing Eu3+ ions

The change of Eu3+-surroundings with the Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2 and Eu/(Al + B) = 0.02, was investigated through X-ray diffraction, infrared spectra, excitation and emission spectra, and phonon sideband. The results show coexistence of the crystal phase Al18B4O33 and the amorphous phase and Eu3+ ions of the samples with the Al/B ratio from 3 to 2 are incorporated into the amorphous phase. It was also found that electron-phonon coupling strength decreases with the Al/B ratio from 3 to 2, non-radiative decay rate decreases, resulting in an increase of the Eu3+-emission intensity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vibrational spectrum and luminescence properties of the system Al2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3

The system Al2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3, with Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2 and Eu/(Al+B)=0.02, was synthesized by solid state reaction. The vibrational spectra of the system Al2O3-B2O3-Eu2O3 were investigated. It was found that no definite change in the regions of 1200 similar to 1000 cm(-1) due to the adsorption BO4 groups with decreasing Al/B ratio, indicating no Al3+ ion was substituted by Eu3+ ions and other changes revealed that there was an amorphous phase and Eu3+ ions may dope into the amorphous phase. The studies on the luminescent properties of the system Al2O3-B2O3 also show that Eu3+ ions dope into amorphous phase. The investigations on the phonon sideband of Eu3+ indicate that electron-phonon coupling strength decreases with Al/B ratio change from 3 to 2, leading to the non-radiative decay rate decreases and the Eu3+-emission intensity increase.

Al_2O_3-B_2O_3-Eu_2O_3体系的振动光谱和发光特性

采用高温固相反应法，合成了一系列不同组份的磷光体，测定了它们的振动光谱．结果表明，随着Al／B���的减小，在1100～1000cm－1的区域内的振动光谱没有明显变化，铕离子不可能进入Al18B4O33的晶格中；振动光谱的背底升高，非晶相逐渐增加．研究了Al2O3－B2O3-Eu2O3中Eu3＋离子的光谱特性，发现随着Al／B���的减少，Eu3＋离子的存在相由晶相逐渐向非晶相转化。在非晶相中，Eu3＋离子的声子伴带表明电子与声子的耦合强度随着Al／B���的减少而减小，Eu3＋离子的发射强度相应的增加，这与多声子弛豫的理论一致.

Relationship between luminescence and matrices in the system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3

The system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3, with Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2 and Ce/(Al + B) = 0.02, has been prepared at the temperature from 1 200 to 1 400 degrees C. Relationship between luminescence and matrices in the system Al2O3-B2O3-Ce2O3 was investigated. It was found that some changes of the matrices occurred with Al/B ratio varying from 4.5 to 2. These results lead to a great change in luminescence properties, indicating variation of Ce-surroundings of crystal field. With the decrease of the ratio from 3 to 2, the excitation and emission peaks shift to shorter wavelengths. it was also found that a new type of rare earth luminescent materials was obtained with appropriate Al/B ratio.

Al_2O_3-B_2O_3-Ce_2O_3体系中Ce~(3+)的光谱特性与基质的相关性

在Al2 O3_B2 O3_Ce2 O3体系中 ,于 12 0 0～ 140 0℃的温度范围内 ,合成了一系列不同配比 (Al/B���从 4 5～ 2变化 )磷光体 .研究了它们的结构和光谱特性之间的相关性 .发现随着基质配比Al/B��� 4 5～ 2的变化 ,基质结构发生明显的变化 .这种变化导致光谱特性的巨大变化 ,表明铈离子晶场环境的变化 ,随着配比的变化 ,激发与发射峰向短波方向移动 .在合适的配比下 ,可以获得新型的稀土发光材料

Synthesis of lanthanide-alkylaluminium bimetallic complexes and studies on their catalytic activities for polymerization of some polar monomers

Three new lanthanide (Ln)-alkylaluminium (Al) bimetallic complexes with the formula [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Ln(mu-CF3CHO2)AIR(2) . 2THF](2) (Ln = Nd, Y, R=i-C4H9 (i-Bu); Ln=Eu, R=C2H5(Et); THF=tetrahydrofuran) were synthesized by the reaction of Ln(CF,CO,), (Ln=Nd, Y) with HAI (i-Bu)(2) and of Eu(CF3CO2)(3) with AlEt(3), respectively. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction at 233 K. [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Nd (mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Nd-Al) and [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Y(mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Y-Al) are isomorphous and crystallize in space group bar> with a=12.441(3) Angstrom [12.347(5) Angstrom for Y-Al], b=12.832(3) Angstrom [12.832(4) Angstrom], c=11.334(3) Angstrom [11.292(8) Angstrom], alpha=104.93 (2)degrees [104.45(4)degrees], beta=98.47(2)degrees [98.81(4)degrees], gamma=64.60(2)degrees [64.30(3)degrees], R=0.519 [0.113], R(w)=0.0532 [0.110], Z=1 and [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Eu(CF3CHO2)AlEt(2) . 2THF](2)(Eu-Al) in space group P2(1)/n with a=11.913(6) Angstrom, b=14.051(9) Angstrom, c=17.920(9) Angstrom, alpha=101.88(11)degrees, beta=gamma=90 degrees, R=0.0509, R(w)=0.0471 and Z=2. The six CF3CO2- (including CF3CHO2-) of each complex, among which pairs are equivalent, coordinated to Ln and Al in three patterns: (A) the two oxygen atoms in one of the three CF3CO2- type coordinated to two different Ln; (B) the two oxygen atoms in the second of CF3CO2- type coordinated to Ln and Al, respectively; (C) one of the two oxygen atoms in the third CF3CO2- type bidentately coordinated to two Ln and another oxygen coordinated to Al and one of the two Ln, respectively. Unlike types A and B, in type C the carboxyl carbon with a hydrogen atom bonded to it was found to appear as an sp(3)-hybridized configuration rather than an sp(2)-one. 1D and 2D NMR results further confirmed the existence of such a disproportionated CF3CHO2- ligand. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) could be polymerized by Y-Al or Eu-Al as a single-component catalyst and highly syndiotactic poly(MMA) was obtained. THF could also be polymerized by Y-Al in the presence of a small amount of ECH.

石墨炉原子吸收法中硝酸钙作为基体改进剂的作用

研究了石墨炉原子吸收法测定Al、B���Ba、Be、Cd、Dy、Ge、P、Se、Sm和Sn时Ca(NO_3)_2的作用。结果表明,Ca(NO_3)_2能显著提高Al、B���Be、Dy、Ge和Sn的灵敏度和灰化温度,并能降低原子化温度,增强抗干扰能力。探讨了Ca(NO_3)_2的增感机理,并测定了某些环境试样中的痕量Al、B���Be。

Optical properties of self-assembled ternary In(GA/Al)As quantum dots on (100) and (N 1 1)B InP substrates

In this paper, we investigated the self-assembled quantum dots formed on (100) and (N11)B (N = 2, 3, 4, 5) InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Two kinds of ternary QDs (In0.9Ga0.1As and In0.9Al0.1As QDs) are grown on the above substrates; Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) results confirm QDs formation for all samples. The PL spectra reveal obvious differences in integral luminescence, peak position, full-width at half-maximum and peak shape between different oriented surfaces. Highest PL integral intensity is observed from QDs on (411)B surfaces, which shows a potential for improving the optical properties of QDs by using high-index surface. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical properties of self-assembled ternary In(GA/Al)As quantum dots on (100) and (N 1 1)B InP substrates

In this paper, we investigated the self-assembled quantum dots formed on (100) and (N11)B (N = 2, 3, 4, 5) InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Two kinds of ternary QDs (In0.9Ga0.1As and In0.9Al0.1As QDs) are grown on the above substrates; Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) results confirm QDs formation for all samples. The PL spectra reveal obvious differences in integral luminescence, peak position, full-width at half-maximum and peak shape between different oriented surfaces. Highest PL integral intensity is observed from QDs on (411)B surfaces, which shows a potential for improving the optical properties of QDs by using high-index surface. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.