裸子植物的分类和系统发育研究—松科的分类、地理和种系发生研究，中国红豆杉科、三尖杉科、南洋杉科和银杏科的分类学研究

球果类植物是现存裸子植物中最为繁盛的一群，也是目前组成北温带森林植被的重要成分，我国是球果类植物科属的重要分布、分化或保存中心。对这些科属的分类和系统发育的研究，无疑对北温带的森林植被的研究，以及林业生产均具有重要的理论和实用价值．本研究即是围绕着球果类中的Pinaceae，Taxaceae及Cephalotaxaceae等科展开的研究，内容主要包括以下几方面： 一、在《中国植物志》第七卷的基础上，完成了《FLORA OF CHINA》中裸子植物Ginkgoaceae，Arancariaceae Pinaceae，Taxaceae，和Cephalotaxaceae各科的修订和编写． 建立2个新种、2个新变种、12个新组合、64个新异名、2个新分布，2个新启用名，分类群及其名称的变动和增补，以及增补异名57个。 二、根据植物的地理分布与系统发育统一的原理，在资料分析和实验的基础上，运用表征分析和分支分析研究方法，同时结合化石和地史资料，针对松科的分类、地理分布、以及起源分化和扩散等问题进行了一系列系统的研究，主要结论如下： 1．提出松科分类的新系统，将松科划分为三个亚科：松亚科Subfam．Pinoideae:仅一属Pinus Linn．： 落叶松亚科Subfam．Laricoideae Melchior＆Werderm, emend．N．Li et L.K．Fu：包括四属Larix Mill.，Cathaya Chun&Ku:tng, Picea A Dretr. andPseudotsuga Carr．;冷杉亚科Subfam．Abietoideae Pilger, emend．Frankis:包括五属Abies Mill．，Cedrus Trew, Pseudolarix Gord．，Keteleeria Carr.,and Tsuga Carr． 2．构思和绘出了以地质年代为纵座标的松科系统发育树。 3．进行松科植物分区，将松科划分为6区、4亚区。并分别附有分区图、各区所分布种数的统计表、以及各属目前的地理分布和化石分布图。 4．松科在地质时期曾是一个很庞大的类群，现代松科只是其祖先中少部分喜温性分支的后裔，其兴旺与温带成份的出现关系密切，可能是一类衍生类群． 5．松科的起源时间虽然可追溯到侏罗纪甚至三迭纪，但现代松科各属的出现时间大约是在早白垩纪至第三纪之间。 6．松科各属可能并非起源于同一时间和地点。松属可能是现存的、最早分化出来的类群，于侏罗纪至早白垩纪间起源于欧美古陆;其它属则到晚白垩纪至第三纪早期（有1-2属至中期）才陆续从其祖先复合体中分化出来。 7．现代松科的早期扩散可能存在着以下三条主要的迁陡路线，即：欧美路线、欧亚路线和古白令路线．

VTI各向异性叠前深度偏移及速度分析

Theoretical research, laboratory test and field observation show that most of sediment rock has anisotropic features. It will produce some notable errors when applying isotropic methods such as prestack depth migration and velocity analysis to dada acquired under anisotropic condition; it also has a bad effect on geologic interpretation. Generally speaking, the vertical transverse isotropic media is a good approximation to geologic structure, thus it has an important realistic meaning for anisotropic prestack depth migration theory researching and precise complex geologic imaging if considering anisotropic effect of seismic wave propagation. There are two indispensable parts in prestack depth migration of realistic records, one is proper prestack depth migration algorithm, and the other is velocity analysis using prestack seismic data. The paper consists of the two aspects. Based on implicit finite difference research proposed by Dietrich Ristow et al （1997） about VTI media prestack depth migration, the paper proposed split-step Fourier prestack depth migration algorithm （VTISSF） and Fourier finite difference algorithm （VTIFFD） based on wave equation for VTI media, program are designed and the depth migration method are tested using synthetic model. The result shows that VTISSF is a stable algorithm, it generally gets a good result if the reflector dip is not very steep, while undermigration phenomena appeared in steep dips case; the VTIFFD algorithm bring us better result in steep dips with lower efficiency and frequency dispersion. For anisotropic prestack depth migration velocity analysis of VTI media, The paper discussed the basic hypothesis of VTI model in velocity analysis algorithm, basis of anisotropic prestack depth migration velocity analysis and travel time table calculation of VTI media in integral prestack depth migration. Then , analyzed the P-wave common imaging gather in the case of homogeneous velocity and vertically variable velocity . studied the residual correction in common imaging gather produced by media parameter error, analyzed the condition of flat event and correct depth in common imaging gather . In this case, the anisotropic model parameter vector is , is vertical velocity of a point at top surface, is vertical velocity gradient, and are anisotropic parameter. We can get vertical velocity gradient from seismic data; then the P-wave common imaging gather of VTI media whose velocity varies in vertical and horizontal direction, the relationship between media parameter and event residual time shift of common image gather are studied. We got the condition of flattening common imaging gather with correct depth. In this case the anisotropic model parameter vector is , is velocity gradient in horizontal direction. As a result, the vertical velocity grads can be decided uniquely, but horizontal velocity grads and anisotropic parameter can’t be distinguished if no priori information available, our method is to supply parameter by velocity scanning; then, as soon as is supplied we can get another four parameters of VTI media from seismic data. Based on above analysis, the paper discussed the feasibility of migration velocity analysis in vertically and horizontally varied VTI media, synthetic record of three models are used to test the velocity analysis method . Firstly, anisotropic velocity analysis test is done using a simple model with one block, then we used a model with multiple blocks, thirdly, we analyzed the anisotropic velocity using a part of Marmousi model. The model results show that this velocity analysis method is feasible and correct.

叠前叠后联合反演技术及其在QHD32-6油田的应用研究

What geophysical inversion studied includes the common mathematics physical property of inversion and the constitution and appraisal method of solution in geophysics domain, i.e. using observed physical phenomenon from the earth surface to infer space changing and physical property structure of medium within the earth. Seismic inversion is a branch of geophysical inversion. The basic purpose of seismic inversion is to utilizing seismic wave propagating law in the medium underground to infer stratum structure and space distribution of physical property according to data acquisition, processing and interpretation, and then offer the vital foundation for exploratory development. Poststack inversion is convenient and swift, its acoustic impedance inversion product can reflect reservoir interior changing rule to a certain degree, but poststack data lack abundant amplitude and travel time information included in prestack data because of multiple superimpose and weaken the sensitiveness which reflecting reservoir property. Compared with poststack seismic inversion, prestack seismic inversion has better fidelity and more adequate information. Prestack seismic inversion, including waveform inversion, not only suitable for thin strata physical property inversion, it can also inverse reservoir oil-bearing ability. Prestack seismic inversion and prestack elastic impedance inversion maintain avo information, sufficiently applying seismic gathering data with different incident angle, partial angle stack, gradient and intercept seismic data cube. Prestack inversion and poststack inversion technology were studied in this dissertation. A joint inversion method which synthesize prestack elastic wave waveform inversion, prestack elastic impedance inversion and poststack inversion was proposed by making fully use of prestack inversion multiple information and relatively fast and steady characteristic of poststack inversion. Using the proposed method to extract rock physics attribute cube with clear physical significance and reflecting reservoir characterization, such as P-wave and S-wave impedance, P-wave and S-wave velocity, velocity ratio, density, Poisson ratio and Lame’s constant. Regarding loose sand reservoir in lower member of Minghuazhen formation, 32-6 south districts in Qinhuangdao,as the research object, be aimed at the different between shallow layer loose sand and deep layer tight sand, first of all, acquire physical property parameters suitable for this kind of heavy oil pool according to experimental study, establishing initial pressure and shear wave relational model; Afterwards, performing prestack elastic wave forward and inversion research, summarizing rules under the guidance of theoretical research and numerical simulation, performing elastic impedance inversion, calculating rock physics attributes; Finally, predicting sand body distribution according to rock physics parameters, and predicting favorable oil area combine well-logging materials and made good results.

多波多分量地震资料走时近似方法的研究与应用

Compared with the conventional P wave, multi-component seismic data can markedly provide more information, thus improve the quality of reservoir evaluation like formation evaluation etc. With PS wave, better imaging result can be obtained especially in areas involved with gas chimney and high velocity formation. However, the signal-to-noise of multi-component seismic data is normally lower than that of the conventional P wave seismic data, while the frequency range of converted wave is always close to that of the surface wave which adds to the difficulty of removing surface wave. To realize common reflection point data stacking from extracted common conversion point data is a hard nut to crack. The s wave static correction of common receiver point PS wave data is not easy neither. In a word, the processing of multi-component seismic data is more complicated than P wave data. This paper shows some work that has been done, addressing those problems mentioned above. (1) Based on the AVO feature of converted wave, this paper has realized the velocity spectrum of converted waves by using Sarkar’s generalized semblance method taking into account of AVO factor in velocity analysis. (2)We achieve a method of smoothly offset division normal method.Firstly we scan the stacking velocities in different offset divisions for a t0, secondly obtain some hyperbolas using these stacking velocities, then get the travel time for every trace using these hyperbolas; in the end we interpolate the normal move out between two t0 for every trace. (3) Here realize a method of stepwise offset division normal moveout.It is similar to the method of smoothly offset division normal moveout.The main difference is using quadratic curve, sixth order curve or fraction curve to fit these hyperbolas. (4)In this paper, 4 types of travel time versus distance functions in inhomogeneous media whose velocity or slowness varies with depth and vertical travel time have been discussed and used to approximate reflection travel time. The errors of ray path and travel time based on those functions in four layered models were analyzed, and it has shown that effective results of NMO in synthetic or real data can be obtained. (5) The velocity model of converted PS-wave can be considered as that of P -wave based on the ghost source theory, thus the converted wave travel time can be approximated by calculation from 4 equivalent velocity functions: velocity or slowness vary linearly with depth or vertical travel time. Then combining with P wave velocity analysis, the converted wave data can be corrected directly to the P-wave vertical travel time. The improvements were shown in Normal Move out of converted waves with numerical examples and real data. (6) This paper introduces the methods to compute conversion point location in vertical inhomogeneous media based on linear functions of velocity or slowness versus depth or vertical travel time, and introduce three ways to choose appropriate equivalent velocity methods, which are velocity fitting, travel time approximation and semblance coefficient methods.

基于GIS的滑坡危险度区划定量研究

Abstract With the Development of the West Regions, the contradiction between economy and geological hazards was once again brought to our face in the Loess Plateau where was ,and is liable to geological hazards for the unique conditions of geology, hydrogeology, geography and meteorology. The goal to realize harmonious development between human and the earth was always there, and landslide hazard zoning provided us an effective way against geological hazards and damage. In the background of the construction of 750KV transformer substation in TianShui, we summarized some theories, methods and development of landslide hazard zoning and discussed the application of information value model in landslide hazard zoning. A called “judgement matrix” like in AHP was introduced to the information value model to solve the key point of landslide hazard zoning — choice of factors and weight of each factor. GIS was applied in the landslide hazard zoning, with its comprehensive function on data management, spatial analysis and mapping. A zonation map of landslide hazard was worked out on MAPGIS aimed to have something of reference and instruction on the construction of the transformer substation. Key words: landslide; hazard zoning; information value model; GIS; judgement matrix

大城市内部商业环境满意度评价与消费区位决策研究-以北京市西城区和海淀区为例

Since 1990s, commercial conditions in China including commercial environment, retail types, scale of retail enterprises, spatial structure of retail and shopping decision making factors have changed. In order to keep up with these changes, commercial geography should set up new perspectives, theories and methods to analyze its internal mechanism and changing rules, and thus provide reasonable and practical scientific basis to commercial planning, location decision of retail enterprises and commercial environment construction. Taking Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing as research case, which is a sector region from city center to rural region, this paper selects 12 commercial centers as most important study objects of this sector. This paper mainly makes use of the methods of Modeling, Pearson Bivaiiate Correlations Analysis, Factor Analysis and Logit model. Based on 1300 questionnaires and fieldwork, this paper focuses on modeling of Consumer Satisfaction of Commercial Environment (CSCE), evaluation of commercial environment and driving factors of consumers' shopping location decision. Firstly, this paper discusses the development of commercial geography and commercial environment evaluation, the new characteristics and trends of commercial development in Beijing and physical commercial environment of Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing from chapter 1 to chapter 4. Secondly, this paper summarizes characteristics of residents' shopping behavior in chapter 5. Thirdly, this paper sets up an evaluative model of CSCE, and analyzes consumer satisfaction indexes of commercial environment and their spatial features in chapter 6. Fourthly, this paper infers how residents' attributes and shopping behaviors affect their preferences of shopping location and what are residents' shopping location decisions and their influencing factors in chapter 7. Fifthly, this paper constructs a significant index model and a pyramidal framework of CSCE, and further analyzes the diversity and competitive advantage of commercial environment in chapter 8. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows: 1. Characteristics of residents' shopping behavior mostly embody residents' time distance preference, commodity consumption preference, shopping time distribution and shopping activity characteristics. The important factors that influence shopping location choice of residents are distance, transportation, commodity price, commodity types and commodity quality. However, the important factors, which influence shopping location re-choice of residents, are commodity price, commodity quality, commodity types and transportation. 2. CSCE indexes of 12 commercial centers show us significant spatial characteristics, such as spatial differences of "Center-fringe region", spatial characteristics of axes, spatial diversity of ring roads and so on. 3. Influencing factors including factor endowments, relative establishment factor and location and transportation factor of commercial environment are of importance for CSCE. 4. Logit model 1 indicates that shopping behavior of residents is significantly and positively related to working in high-tech companies, high income and by car and positively related to high school diploma, by bus and subway. 5. Logit model 2 indicates that residents' shopping location decision is significantly and positively related to leisure establishment and relative restaurant and entertainment establishment and negatively related to commercial location, commodity price, service quality, parking site. 6. The significant index model and the pyramidal framework of CSCE indicate competitive advantages are crucial to attractive capability of commercial center, and competitive weakness limits development of commercial centers, in particular the weakness of service quality and parking site now is the chief factors restricting development of commercial centers