16 resultados para Experimentation

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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元素化学计量学指从化学计量学的角度出发,通过分析比较生命物质不同结构层次(分子、细胞、器官、机体、种群、群落等)或生态系统中元素的相对比值,来研究各层次相互之间以及生态学过程中元素之间的关系。生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次存元素水平上统一起来,足近年来新兴的一个生态学研究领域,广泛应用于生态学研究中。C,N,P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素,在生态系统中占有重要地位,许多环境问题都与它们有关,由此这三种元素的化学计量学受到生态学家们的普遍关注。C:N:P化学计量学在水生生态系统中研究较为深入,目前已发展到染色体水平,而在陆地生态系统中的研究较为匮乏近年来由于人类活动的强烈影响,这三种元素的循环在速度和规模上都发生了前所未有的改变,导致一系列环境问题的出现,因此C:N:P化学计量学在陆地生态系统中的研究就显得尤为重要。作为地球生命存在基础的绿色植物,在地球上已有数亿年的演化历史,研究陆地植物的元素化学计量学不仅有助于深入了解植物存在于地球上的内在机制,而且可以为许多环境问题的解决提供理论依据。本文首先建立中国不同地区植物氮磷含量数据库,通过数据分析找出一般规律,并进一步揭示植物不同进化阶段N:P化学计量比的变化规律。在此基础上,通过在内蒙古羊草草原设立不同施肥样地来模拟自然界不同氮磷环境,从试验水平上研究不同施肥处理及施肥梯度下生态系统中氮、磷、有机质的变化规律,并从化学计量学角度研究其内在机制。 利州新建成的中国维管植物数据库(包含1603种植物)研究了不同进化水平以及不同功能群(生活型)间植物N:P比的变化规律,并沿胡焕庸线(胡线)把中团分为为东西两部分,从总体水平上对比了东、西部间叫植物氮磷含量以及N:P的异同。结果表明:l)从演化水平来看,尽管氮磷含量表现出极大的差异,除豆科植物外,植物N:P基本保持稳定水平;2)木本植物与草本植物的N:P比差异.显著,木本植物之间(常绿乔木,常绿灌木,落叶乔木,落叶灌木)N:P不具有显著差异;3)中国东西部植物养分含量和N:P比表现出极显著差异,东部的养分含量低于西部,而N:P显著高于西部。 在内蒙古羊草草原两块永久实验样地(样地A:1980年围封样地和样地B:1999年田封样地)进行了为期两年的N素和P素添加试验。氮素添加梯度为0,5,15,30,50,80 g NHN03.m.2.yr-1。P素添加梯度为0,2,4,8,16,and 32 g P2Osm-2 yr-1(仪分析了羊草器官的结果)。分别从植物器官、物种、功能群水平研究了N素添加对N:P化学计量学的影响,此外还研究了土壤和凋落物C:N:P化学计量学对N素添加的响应。结合生物量的变化趋势,探讨了元素化学计量学对养分状况的指示作用。 1.羊草器官对施肥的响应结果表明,添加N素可以显著提高羊草器官中的含N量,p素可以显著提高器官中的含P量:除2001年样地A中的根茎外,根茎中的含P量基本不受N素添加的影响;茎中的含P量同样表现出不受N素添加影响的趋势(2000年B区茎除外):N素添加可以显著增大羊草叶片中的含P量(B区2000年叶片除外)。P素添加对羊草器官的含N量没有影响;羊草器官中的氮磷含量施肥处理下表现出显著的正相关关系(N素添加下B区叶片除外)。N素添加对羊草器官的N:P比没有显著影响(A区茎2000年和B区叶片2000年除外):P素添加显著降低了羊草器官中的N:P比。 2.四种优势植物(羊草、羽茅、针茅和苔草)地上生物量和N:P化学计量学对氮肥的响应研究发现,四个物种的氮磷含量均具有极显著相关关系;氮肥可以显著提高样地A中的羽茅生物量,降低苔草的生物量,而使样地B中的羊草生物量增大;两块样地中,四个物种的氮磷含量及N:P比均随N素水平的增高而增大(样地A中的羽茅N:P比除外)。 3.基于生活型划分的功能群(多年生根茎禾草,多年生丛生禾草,豆科植物,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木)对N素添加的响应研究表明:施N可以提高样地A中的多年生丛生禾草的生物量,而使样地B中的多年生根苇禾草增加;多年生杂类草的相对多度在两个样地中均随施氨水平的增加而显著 降低:在样地B中,施氮可以显著提高不同功能群的氮磷含量;在样地A中,功能群N、P含量对施肥的响应并没有一致的变化规律,添加N素可以显著提高不同功能群的含N量(豆科植物除外),多年生根茎禾草和多年生杂类草的P含量有显著增大的趋势(P < 0.005),而其它功能群(豆科植物、灌木和小半灌木、多年生杂类草和~二年生杂类草)的P含量基本恒定(P>0.05);在样地A中,多年生丛生禾草,多年生杂类草,一二年生植物,灌木和半灌木的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草和豆科植物的N:P比基本不变;在样地B中,多年生丛生禾草的N:P比随施氨水平的增加而显著增大,多年生根茎禾草、多年生杂类草和…二年生杂类草不受施氨水平的影响。 4.添加N素对根实验结果表明:两块样地中,上层根(0-10 cm)的生物量仅在施N后第一年显著增加,而下层根(10-20 cm)的地下生物量在两年的施N处理下均不受施肥梯度的影响i在样地A中,施肥后第一年对根的N、P含量影响不显著,施肥后第二年可以显著增大上层根的N、P含量;在样地B中,添加N素后第一年可以显著增大根的含P量; 在两个样地中,两年的N肥处理对根的N:P比没有显著影响:在施氨处理中,根的N、P含量及N:P比在施肥第一年的响应要高于第二年。 5.所有处理中,上层土壤(O-lO cm)养分含量(有机碳,全氮,全磷)均高于下层土壤(10-20 cm);在样地A中,氮素添加对r十壤有机碳没有显著性作用,在施肥第一年可以显著增加上层土壤的N、P含量,而在施肥后第二年对土壤N、P含量没有显著影响;在样地B中,添加N素对两年的土壤养分均没有显著影响:养分添加两个样地土壤中的元素比值(C:N比,C:P比,N:P比)没有显著影响;土壤养分对施N一年后的响应要高于第二年。 6.养分添加对凋落物化学特征及化学计量学特征的影响研究结果表明:凋落物现存量不受施肥的影响;2001年凋落物现存量与2000年和2001年的地上生物量相关关系不显著;添加N素可以显著提高凋落物的N含量,而对有机碳含量和P含量没有显著影响;凋落物C:N比随施肥梯度的增大而显著降低,N:P比显著增高,而C:P比没有明显变化。 以上研究结果表明,不同植物功能群的N:P比存在差异,人类活动强烈影响自然植被中的植物N:P比;但植物的N:P比不受植物进化的影响(豆科植物除外);由于植物已有数亿年的演化历史,同时N与P在植物的结构和功能上具有密切的联系,在生物地球化学循环中办存在耦合作用。因此植物N:P比值恒定可能是一普适性规律。 N素添加试验表明,在植物根、地上器官、物种和功能群水平上N与P均呈显著正相关关系,反映了植物体内的氮磷含量具有协同作用。共存种对N肥的响应不同,表明物种受不同元素的制约。因此除非把生态系统中所有物种对施肥的响应刻画清楚,笼统的认定生态系统缺乏某种元素是不适当的。 施肥试验表明,两种围封时间样地的主要限制性元素不同。极度退化(样地B)植物生长主要缺N,而在保护较好样地(样地A),P也逐步成为一种限制因素。反映了随着保护时间的增加,植物生长逐渐由N限制型向N、P共同限制型过渡。添加的养分要么被植物吸收,挥发到大气中,或以凋落物的形式返还到土壤表层。但是对养分的预算有待于进一步研究。土壤中的养分含量对N素添加有…个滞后效应,而植物响应较为迅速。功能群N:P比在施肥实验中不能保持恒定,可能是由于实验时间较短的缘故;化学计量学的研究表明羊草草原分解凋落物的微生物受P素的制约,可能是由于植物体内具有高的P素再转运机制。这一结论有待于进一步的验证。氮肥降低了凋落物的C:N比,因此凋落物的分解速率可能将要发生改变。这需要进一步开展C循环的研究。

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In a search for the mechanism of the induced reduction reaction that occurred in X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles measured experimentally on CeO2/Si epilayers grown by ion beam epitaxy (IBE), several possibilities have been checked. The first possibility, that the X-ray induces the reaction, has been ruled out by experimentation. Other possible models for the incident-ion induced reaction, one based on short-range interaction (direct collision) and the other based on long-range potential accompanied with the incident-ions, have been tested by simulation on computer. The results proved that the main mechanism is the former, not the latter. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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为探讨在宁南山区不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长发育和产量最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验,开展对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究。结果表明,在当地条件下,处理10收获期干物质积累总量平均比对照增加30.97%,各施肥处理收获期的干物质累积量比对照增加7.35%~73.31%。马铃薯生长发育最佳施肥方式是N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5200 kg/hm2、K2O 200 kg/hm2、M 17.5 t/hm2,(氮肥基施和追肥各一半,磷肥和钾肥以及有机肥全部基施),能增加马铃薯产量并能增加淀粉含量,从而提高马铃薯产品品质。在宁南山区马铃薯生产中可以推广应用这种肥料组配方案。

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采用N、P、K3因素最优设计,在陕北黄土高原进行了南瓜氮、磷、钾用量及其肥效反应模式田间试验,研究不同施肥量对南瓜硝态氮、可溶性糖两项营养品质的影响,旨在探讨南瓜品质高糖低硝酸盐的N、P、K肥效反应模式,提出优化的施肥方案。结果表明,N肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响最大,K肥单因素对南瓜硝态氮和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,N与P交互作用对南瓜高糖低硝酸盐影响显著,K肥施用量一定时,氮肥与磷肥的施用量不易过大。根据南瓜N、P、K肥效反应模式,筛选出南瓜品质硝态氮含量在200mg·kg-1以下、可溶性糖含量在7%以上的较佳施肥量为施氮95~120 kg·hm-2,施磷40~70 kg·hm-2,施钾35~80 kg·hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.42∶0.37。

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通过大田玉米试验,验证新型土壤改良剂对夏玉米生育期土壤水分、紧实度及玉米生理生长特性的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂PJG和PFL夏玉米全生育期平均株高、叶面积分别高于对照20.7%、19.75%和51.88%、72.37%;2种改良剂对干物质积累的影响存在差异,影响效果依次为茎干重>叶干重>根干重。夏玉米光合速率和叶绿素含量受土壤改良剂影响较大,PJG和PFL分别高于对照29.96%、24.48%和73.36%、68.53%。在0~10 cm土层内,施用PJG和PFL后土壤紧实度分别低于对照44.44%和42.91%。施用改良剂PJG后,0~20 cm土层土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的77.9%左右,未施用改良剂土壤,夏玉米生育期表层土壤含水量起伏变化较大。土壤改良剂PJG在夏玉米的施用效果略好于PFL。

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Three human malignancy cell lines were irradiated with Co-60 gamma-rays. Initial chromatid breaks were measured by using the chemically induced premature chromosome condensation technique. Survival curves of cells exposed to gamma rays was linear-quadratic while the efficiency of Calyculin A in inducing PCC of G(2) PCC was about five times more than G(1) PCC. A dose-dependent increase in radiation-induced chromatid/isochromatid breaks was observed in G(1) and G(2) phase PCC and a nearly positive linear correlation was found between cell survival and chromatin breaks. This study implies that low LET radiation-induced chromatid/isochromatid breaks can potentially be used to predict the radiosensitivity of tumor cells either in in vitro experimentation or in in vivo clinical radiotherapy.

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在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区对清耕和问作沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)6年、4年、2年仁用杏园0~500cm土层土壤水分、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及树体生长状况进行了测定,结果表明,间作沙打旺,除了在秋季提高了0~100cm土层土壤水分以外,在春季、夏季和秋季均显著降低了0~500cm土层土壤水分,且间作沙打旺年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺提高了0~100cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量,间作年限越长效果越显著,但对100cm土层以下的土壤有机质和全氮无显著影响。间作沙打旺对土壤全磷含量无显著影响。间作沙打旺显著降低了土壤速效养分含量,其中速效氮降低深度达500cm土层,速效磷、速效钾达300cm土层,且间作年限越长,降低越显著。间作沙打旺显著削弱了树体的长势,降低了坐果率和杏仁产量。间作沙打旺存在着与仁用杏争水争肥的矛盾,黄土丘陵沟壑区仁用杏园不宜间作沙打旺。

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It was the objective of this study to compare the suitability of different extractants for predicting the availability of sulfur (S) in natural grassland in a sulfur response trial on three different soil types in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. For soil analysis, seven different extractants have been employed. The inorganic SO4-S concentration was determined by ion chromatography. Additionally, in the Ca(H-2-PO4)(2) extract the total soluble S was determined employing turbidimetry. Weak salt solutions (0.15% CaCl2, Ca(H2PO4)(2), and KH2PO4) extracted similar amounts Of SO4-S. Extraction with 0.025 M KCl provided the lowest SO4-S values. Deionized water dissolved significantly more SO4-S in the control plots than most weak salt extractants. The concentration of soluble organic S decreased in the control plots after 100 days of plant growth, indicating that the organic S pool contributed significantly to the S nutrition of the forage crops. Significant relationships among the SO4-S in the soil determined in different extracts and crop yield, sulfur content in the forage, and total sulfur uptake were only found for the Ca(H2PO4)(2) extract. In general, the correlation coefficients proved to be unsatisfactory for field experimentation.

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为了提高传感器的测量精度,研究了六维力传感器标定矩阵的构造方法。首先,指出了传统标定矩阵的物理意义。然后,在传统标定矩阵中引入坐标平移变换算式,提出了一种综合考虑位置、姿态、坐标轴刻度比例缩放变换关系的六维力传感器静态标定方法。在标定试验的基础上,构造了标定矩阵,并对实测数据进行了补偿计算。误差分析表明:在传感测量系统无平移系统误差时,与传统标定方法相比,该方法的补偿精度略有下降。当在传感测量中加入平移系统误差时,该方法的补偿精度不变,而传统标定方法的测量精度明显下降。该方法起到了消除平移系统误差作用。

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描述了一水下机器人——机械手系统研究平台的搭建,详细介绍了三功能水下电动机械手的设计与实验,给出了载体分系统的设计结果,利用Matlab工具箱和M函数构建了系统仿真模型,可以有效地对系统规划和控制算法进行验证(包括分别对载体分系统和机械手分系统的控制),可为进一步的现场试验提供指导和方法验证。

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结合生产应用实际,根据扭杆在实际应用中的情况,利用扭床进行模拟,从而测试扭杆的机械特性及相关的各项指标,为扭杆生产提供可靠的质量保证。

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Petroleum and natural gas is an important strategic resources. The short of the reserves will block the development of economy and threaten the safety of nation, along with the main oil fields of our country coming to the height of power and splendor of the exploitation and exploration. Therefore, it makes a great sense to inaugurate new explorative field and increase the reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Magnetic exploration is a main method of geophysics exploration. the developing observation apparatus and the perfect processing method provide wide space for magnetic exploration in these years. The method of magnetic bright spot is an application of magnetic exploration. The vertical migration of the hydrocarbon changes physical and chemical environment above the hydrocarbon reservoir, the new environment make tervalent iron translate into bivalent iron, that produce small scale magnetic anomaly, that is magnetic bright spot. The method of magnetic bright spot explores oil and gas field by the relation between the hydrocarbon and magnetic anomaly. This paper systemically research to pick-up and identify magnetic bright spot combining an oil field item, then point out advantaged area. In order to test the result, the author use the seismic information to superpose the magnetic bright spot, that prove the magnetic bright spot is reliable. then, the author complete a software to pick and identify the magnetic bright spot. The magnetic basement is very important to research forming and evolvement of the basin, especially, it is a crucial parameter of exploring residual basin in the research on pre-Cenozoic residual. This paper put forward a new method to inverse the interface of the magnetic layer on the basis of previous work, that is the method of separation of magnetic field step by step. The theory of this method is to translate the result of magnetic layer fluctuation to the result of magnetization density change, and the magnetic layer is flat, the paper choose thickness of magnetic layer as unit thickness, and define magnetic layer as a unit-thickness layer in order to convenient calculation, at the same time, define the variational magnetization density as equivalent magnetic density. Then we translate the relation between magnetic field and layer fluctuation to the relation between magnetic field and equivalent magnetic density, then, we can obtain the layer fluctuation through calculating equivalent magnetic density. Contrast to conventional parker method, model experimentation and example checkout prove this method is effective. The merit of this method is to avoid flat result in a strongly fluctuant area because of using a uniform average depth, the result of this method is closer to the fact, and this method is to inverse equivalent magnetic density, then translate equivalent magnetic density to layer fluctuation, this lays a foundation to inverse variational magnetic density in the landscape orientation and portrait.

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Superfine mineral materials are mainly resulted from the pulverization of natural mineral resources, and are a type of new materials that can replace traditional materials and enjoy the most extensive application and the highest degree of consumption in the present day market. As a result, superfine mineral materials have a very broad and promising prospect in terms of market potential. Superfine pulverization technology is the only way for the in-depth processing of most of the traditional materials, and is also one of the major means for which mineral materials can realize their application. China is rich in natural resources such as heavy calcite, kaolin, wollastonite, etc., which enjoy a very wide market of application in paper making, rubber, plastics, painting, coating, medicine, environment-friendly recycle paper and fine chemical industries, for example. However, because the processing of these resources is generally at the low level, economic benefit and scale for the processing of these resources have not been realized to their full potential even up to now. Big difference in product indices and superfine processing equipment and technologies between China and advanced western countries still exists. Based on resource assessment and market potential analysis, an in-depth study was carried out in this paper about the superfine pulverization technology and superfine pulverized mineral materials from the point of mineralogical features, determination of processing technologies, analytical methods and applications, by utilizing a variety of modern analytical methods in mineralogy, superfine pulverization technology, macromolecular chemistry, material science and physical chemistry together with computer technology and so on. The focus was placed on the innovative study about the in-depth processing technology and the processing apparatus for kaolin and heavy calcite as well as the application of superfine products. The main contents and the major achievements of this study are listed as follows: 1. Superfine pulverization processing of mineral materials shall be integrated with the study of their crystal structures and chemical composition. And special attention shall be put on the post-processing technologies, rather than on the indices for particle size, of these materials, based on their fields of application. Both technical feasibility and economic feasibility shall be taken into account for the study about superfine pulverization technologies, since these two kinds of feasibilities serve as the premise for the industrialized application of superfine pulverized mineral materials. Based on this principle, preposed chemical treatment method, technology of synchronized superfine pulverization and gradation, processing technology and apparatus of integrated modification and depolymerization were utilized in this study, and narrow distribution in terms of particle size, good dispersibility, good application effects, low consumption as well as high effectiveness of superfine products were achieved in this study. Heavy calcite and kaolin are two kinds of superfine mineral materials that enjoy the highest consumption in the industry. Heavy calcite is mainly applied in paper making, coating and plastics industries, the hard kaolin in northern China is mainly used in macromolecular materials and chemical industries, while the soft kaolin in southern China is mainly used for paper making. On the other hand, superfine pulverized heavy calcite and kaolin can both be used as the functional additives to cement, a kind of material that enjoys the biggest consumption in the world. A variety of analytical methods and instruments such as transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared analysis, laser particle size analysis and so on were applied for the elucidation of the properties and the mechanisms for the functions of superfine mineral materials as used in plastics and high-performance cement. Detection of superfine mineral materials is closely related to the post-processing and application of these materials. Traditional detection and analytical methods for superfine mineral materials include optical microscopy, infrared spectral analysis and a series of microbeam techniques such as transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and so on. In addition to these traditional methods, super-weak luminescent photon detection technology of high precision, high sensitivity and high signal to noise ratio was also utilized by the author for the first time in the study of superfine mineral materials, in an attempt to explore a completely new method and means for the study of the characterization of superfine materials. The experimental results are really exciting! The innovation of this study is represented in the following aspects: 1. In this study, preposed chemical treatment method, technology of synchronized superfine pulverization and gradation, processing technology and apparatus of integrated modification and depolymerization were utilized in an innovative way, and narrow distribution in terms of particle size, good dispersibility, good application effects, low consumption as well as high effectiveness of superfine products were achieved in the industrialized production process*. Moreover, a new modification technology and related directions for producing the chemicals were invented, and the modification technology was even awarded a patent. 2. The detection technology of super-weak luminescent photon of high precision, high sensitivity and high signal to noise ratio was utilized for the first time in this study to explore the superfine mineral materials, and the experimental results can be compared with those acquired with scanning electron microscopy and has demonstrated its unique advantages. It can be expected that further study may possibly help to result in a completely new method and means for the characterization of superfine materials. 3. During the heating of kaolinite and its decomposition into pianlinite, the diffraction peaks disappear gradually. First comes the disappearance of the reflection of the basal plane (001), and then comes the slow disappearance of the (hkl) diffraction peaks. And this was first discovered during the experiments by the author, and it has never before reported by other scholars. 4. The first discovery of the functions that superfine mineral materials can be used as dispersants in plastics, and the first discovery of the comprehensive functions that superfine mineral materials can also be used as activators, water-reducing agents and aggregates in high-performance cement were made in this study, together with a detailed discussion. This study was jointly supported by two key grants from Guangdong Province for Scientific and Technological Research in the 10th Five-year Plan Period (1,200,000 yuan for Preparation technology, apparatus and post-processing research by using sub-micron superfine pulverization machinery method, and 300,000 yuan for Method and instruments for biological photon technology in the characterization of nanometer materials), and two grants from Guangdong Province for 100 projects for scientific and technological innovation (700,000 yuan for Pilot experimentation of superfine and modified heavy calcite used in paper-making, rubber and plastics industry, and 400,000 yuan for Study of superfine, modified wollastonite of large length-to-diameter ratio).

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On the basis of the geological analysis and rock mass toppling deformation and failure mechanism analysis of Longtan engineering left bank slope, the synthetic space-time analysis and influence factors analysis on the surface monitoring data and deep rock mass monitoring data of B-zone of left bank slope are carried on. At the same time, based on the monitoring data analysis in conjunction with the predecessor's mechanics analysis results, the deformation state of B-zone of the left bank slope is discussed and its stability is synthetically evaluated. The detailed research contents and results are as following: According to the monitoring drill histogram analysis of Longtan engineering left bank slope, numerical simulation analysis and model experimentation analysis of bedded counter-inclined steep slope, a new type of toppling deformation and failure mode is proposed, that is "up-slope warping". Then the deformation and failure mode of bedded counter-inclined steep slope is summarized as "down-slope toppling" type, "up-slope warping" type and "complex fold" type. On the basis of synthetic space-time analysis to surface monitoring data and deep rock mass deformation monitoring data of B-zone of Longtan left bank slope;, we can get the conclusion that there exists potential instability rock mass over 520m altitude, especially over 560m altitude of slope B, and the rock mass of around strong-weathering line or creep rock mass breaking band controls the deformation of the whole slope. 1. According to the synthetic space-time analysis and influence factors analysis to the surface monitoring data of B-zone of Longtan left bank slope, a dynamical index, accumulative total acceleration index, which is used to analyze the influence factors of slope surface deformation, is raised. The principle and method of accumulative acceleration index are explained, and the index can be used for the influence factors analysis of the similar slope. 2. Summarize the results of geologic analysis, monitoring analysis and mechanics analysis, the following conclusion can be gotten: the stability of B-zone of the slope is basically good. However, on the condition of drainage and slope toe loading engineering, there is still some creep deformation in the rock mass over 520m altitude, especially over 560m altitude. So, better measures of the monitoring and timely maintenance of the drainage system are suggested in the paper.