在单脉冲激波管中研究TiCl_4裂解反应速率

在单脉冲激波管中,用对比速率法研究了TiCl_4的裂解。从自由基清扫剂环已烷C_6H_(12)的诱发裂解中产生的C_2H_4的测量,确定反应的机制,并测量得到了TiCl_4裂解初始过程的反应速率常数:k(TiCl_4→TiCl_3•+Cl•)=10~(16.4)exp(-(41700)/T)sec~(-1)。

不同的分子间势对LJD状态方程的影响

本文分別采用6-exp,M-M和LJ(6,12)三种形式的分子间作用势,计算了LJD理论的压缩性因子,以检验由于势的不同对LJD状态方程造成的影响。

LJD状态方程的简便公式

为了实际使用更方便,我们提出了LJD状态方程的一个简便公式。这个简化了的表达式是基于LJD理论在θ从10到290和τ从0.3到1.0范围内的数值结果得来的,而该理论中所用的分子间相互作用势是6-exp(α=13)势。用这式子计算的结果与数值结果相比最大偏差约为10％,而对爆轰产物所涉及的范围则在6％以内。

水面上振荡柱体的附加质量矩阵与辐射阻尼矩阵

<正> 假定水的运动是由部份浸润的柱体的小振幅周期运动所产生的,水是不可压缩的、无粘性的、无旋的。设C表示柱体横截面的湿润曲线,坐标轴ox在C所在的平面沿着未扰动的自由表面,oy在C平面垂直向下指向流体,坐标原点o在柱体内部沿x轴的中点。o到曲线C与x轴的交点的距离为a。流体在y≥0以角频率ω的运动可以用速度势φ(x,y)exp(-iωt)来描述。则φ(x,y)满足以下方程:

Numerical experiments on one-dimensional model of turbulence

The initial-value problem of a forced Burgers equation is numerically solved by the Fourier expansion method. It is found that its solutions finally reach a steady state of 'laminar flow' which has no randomness and is stable to disturbances. Hence, strictly speaking, the so-called Burgers turbulence is not a turbulence. A new one-dimensional model is proposed to simulate the Navier-Stokes turbulence. A series of numerical experiments on this one-dimensional turbulence is made and is successful in obtaining Kolmogorov's (1941) k exp(-5/3) inertial-range spectrum. The (one-dimensional) Kolmogorov constant ranges from 0.5 to 0.65.

SPT方法在纳米粒子布朗运动观测中的应用

纳米粒子布朗运动特性对Micro-/Nano-PIV的使用和与粒子相关的物理现象的研究有重要意义.观测了200nm荧光粒子的布朗运动,利用单粒子追踪(SPT)算法和自编程序处理图像,获得粒子的均方位移,计算了实验扩散系数D_(exp)为2.09×10~(-12) m~2/s.与Stokes-Einstein公式估计的理论扩散系数D_(th)相比,二者量阶一致,但实验扩散系数的数值偏小约5%.对相关的实验误差进行了分析.

Interaction between single molecules of Mac-1 and ICAM-1 in living cells: An atomic force microscopy study

The interaction between integrin macrophage differentiation antigen associated with complement three receptor function (Mac-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is controlled tightly by the ligand-binding activity of Mac-1, is central to the regulation of neutrophil adhesion in host defense. Several "inside-out" signals and extracellular metal ions or antibodies have been found to activate Mac-1, resulting in an increased adhesiveness of Mac-1 to its ligands. However, the molecular basis for Mac-1 activation is not well understood yet. In this work, we have carried out a single-molecule study of Mac-1/ICAM-1 interaction force in living cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results showed that the binding probability and adhesion force of Mac-1 with ICAM-1 increased upon Mac-1 activation. Moreover, by comparing the dynamic force spectra of different Mac-1 mutants, we expected that Mac-1 activation is governed by the downward movement of its alpha 7 helix. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

内蒙古锡林河流域湿地植被研究及道路对该区草地退化的影响

通过群落生态学和景观生态学方法，结合GIS、RS技术对锡林河流域湿地植被进行了研究。结果表明：流域湿地面积为301.62km2，占流域面积的3%左右。尽管面积相对较小，但是物种丰富，群落结构多样。植被调查数据显示基本确定的植被型4个，植被亚型6个，群系组16个，群系68个，区系成分以泛北极种为主，占69%，相对简单;按照水分生态型划分，中生物种占最多，为44.32％;按生活型分以多年生草本为主占50％以上;科属分布相对复杂，隶属39个科，其中禾本科和菊科是最大的两个科，所占比例仅有17.30％和12.43％，其他科没有明显的优势性，充分说明湿地优越的生境可以满足多种植物共同生长。 多度分布是研究物种多样性分布的重要组分，同时反映了群落结构的特性。以常用的Lognormal、Logseries和Weibull、Exp、Power模型来拟和6个典型草甸群落和踏头草甸群落的物种多度分布，分log-相对多度-物种级数和物种-游程两种形式进行比较;同时，对于典型草甸群落和踏头群落区分常见种、偶然种等进行细化，深入分析群落多度的变化。结果表明，5个模型对于log-相对多度-物种级数在整个群落水平上均不能很好的拟和，50%以上的点都落在95%置信区间以外;但是对常见种和偶然种的拟和情况要好，Weibull、Power和Logseris模型分别对典型草甸群落常见种、偶然种和中间种能很好的拟和，而Logseries和Power模型对于踏头群落的常见种和偶然种拟和较好。5个模型都能较好的拟和物种-游程分布，其中K—S检验结果表明：Lognormal模型对于无脉苔草、针苔草和荸荠这类相对湿润环境下的典型草甸群落拟和较好，对于长叶火绒草和密花风毛菊群落Weibull拟和最好，Power 模型拟和箭叶橐吾最好，踏头草甸拟和最好的是Logseries模型，踏头间拟合最好的是Exp模型。不同的拟和模型应用于不同的群落类型，可以看出湿地群落的复杂性和生境的多样性。区分常见种和偶然种的拟合结果表明典型群落和踏头群落表现一致，即Lognormal模型对所有种拟和是最好的，而Power模型对偶然种的拟和是最好的，同时，Lognormal对典型草甸群落的中间种拟和也是最好。从中可以看出典型草甸群落和踏头群落尽管在表现形式上不同，但是群落的内部仍存在相似的联系，可能跟相似物种的作用有关。 根据湿地表观类型、植被水分状态和航片判别能力，结合实地调查，采用监督分类的方法将锡林河流域的湿地划分为低湿地草甸、盐化草甸和沼泽三种类型。自1984年以来20多年的时间中，锡林河流域的湿地发生了巨大的变化。尽管总的面积没有太大变化，但是湿地类型发生转化。中上游的低湿地草甸面积减少8.94％，沼泽面积减少30.82％，同时，盐化草甸的面积增加了15.98％。增加的盐化草甸主要是另外两种湿地类型转化而成的，中游水库截流，加速中下游草甸的盐化是锡林河流域湿地变化的主要原因。利用GIS技术依据探讨不同湿地的空间变化，分析沙化对湿地变化的影响，结果表明：沙化只对少数湿地有影响，发育良好的湿地即使处在相对强烈的沙化环境下，仍能保持不变。接着，分析了人类直接干扰对湿地变化的影响，缓冲区居民点分析结果表明：近20年来，位于湿地周边的居民点分布格局发生显著的变化。1980年代，居民点分布在盐化草甸周边的最多，到2004年，居民点在沼泽草甸分布数量为最多，该类湿地水、草和资源最为丰富，人类直接的干扰最大，进而转化成另外两类，减少面积最大。低湿地草甸是物种丰富，结构复杂的一种湿地，抗干扰能力强，恢复能力也强，因此相对的变化面积较小。以锡林浩特市水库上下游的湿地植被物种和群落结构的变化，证明了水量减少是湿地数量、结构改变的直接影响因子。

氮素添加对内蒙古羊草草原净氮矿化的影响

　　氮素作为陆地生态系统生产力主要的限制因子，对生态系统过程的调控有着重要的意义。净氮矿化是有机氮素到无机氮素的转变过程，该过程决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。准确估计土壤的供氮能力可以为确定最佳施肥量和施肥时间提供理论依据，并将影响着土地的可持续发展和管理政策。氮矿化潜力N0被定义为在最适温度和湿度下，土壤氮素在无限时间内所能矿化的最大量。由于氮矿化潜力是土壤供氮能力很好的指示值，所以对氮矿化潜力的研究能够使我们更好地了解土壤的氮素矿化动态和其供氮潜力。 　　为更好地了解天然草原氮素矿化对全球氮沉降背景以及草原施肥管理模式的响应，我们从2000年起在内蒙古羊草草原开展了长期的氮素添加实验，分别设置对照(N0)、添加5g N•m-2(N1.75)、30g N•m-2(N10.5)和80g N•m-2(N28)四个氮肥添加梯度以及对照(control)、添加100g有机肥•m-2(O100)、添加500g有机肥•m-2(O500)、添加1000g有机肥•m-2(O1000)四个有机肥添加梯度。氮肥添加在相邻并同时进行施肥的两个生态系统类型中展开，即成熟羊草草原（A区，1979年围封）和退化的羊草草原（B区，1999年围封），有机肥添加也同时在与之相邻的C区中展开（C区的土地利用历史与B区一致）。 2002年和2006年，从A、B区中进行氮肥处理后的土壤取样；有机肥处理的土壤样品从2002年C区中获得。土样在最佳温度(25℃)和湿度(60%田间持水量（WHC）)下进行了5周室内培养，并用阶段淋溶方法来测定氮肥添加和有机肥添加对土壤氮矿化动态的影响。 　　氮肥添加显著降低了土壤的pH值，但累积氮矿化量与土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮均没有显著的相关性。在两个区内，氮素添加都显著改变了土壤的累积氮矿化量。最高氮素处理N28相对应于最低的累积氮矿化量，而低氮素处理N1.75却使得累积氮矿化量最高。同时，在N0和N1.75处理中硝态氮的含量高于铵态氮，但在N28处理中却表现出相反趋势。实验还表明大多数氮素添加强度处理在A区比B区有更高的土壤累积氮矿化量。 　　有机肥添加也显著改变了土壤5周内的累积氮矿化量，并且累积氮矿化量随有机肥添加强度的升高而显著增加。培养5周末时土壤的累积铵态氮的含量与有机肥施加强度之间并没有相关性，但是累积硝态氮的含量有随着有机肥施加强度的上升而增加的趋势。 　　基于前5周土壤培养所得到的结果，我们选择了氮肥添加的N0，N1.75， N28处理以及有机肥添加的control、O100、O1000处理继续进行了长达15周的培养。培养数据与描述土壤氮矿化动态的一级动力学模型--first-order kinetics: Nm=N0（1－exp(-kt)）拟合良好( R2=0.893～0.97)。无论是氮肥添加还是有机肥添加都显著增加了土壤的氮矿化潜力N0，并且N0随着氮肥或者机肥添加强度的增加而增加。对于氮肥处理的土壤来说， N0与氮矿化速率常数k之间反向相关，但是在有机氮处理的土壤中N0与k之间却没有相关性。总的结果显示，经有机肥添加的土壤比经氮肥添加的土样有着更大的氮矿化潜力N0值以及氮矿化速率常数k值，较大的k值暗示着土壤氮素较快的周转速率。

Long-term exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields impairs spatial recognition memory in mice

1. In the present study, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on spatial recognition memory in mice by using a two-trial recognition Y-maze that is based on the innate tendency of rodents to exp

Evolutionary Conservation of Dazl Genomic Organization and its Continuous and Dynamic Distribution Throughout Germline Development in Gynogenetic Gibel Carp

To investigate germline development and germ cell specification, we identified a Dazl homolog (CagDazl) from gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Its cDNA sequence and BAC clone sequence analyses revealed the genomic organization conservation and conserved synteny of the Dazl family members and their neighborhood genes among vertebrates, especially in fish. Moreover, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDazl was produced and used to examine its expression and distribution throughout germline development at protein level. Firstly, ovary-specific expression pattern of CagDazl was confirmed in adult tissues by RT-PCR and Western blot. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence localization demonstrated its specific expression in germ cells, and both its transcript and protein were localized to germ plasm. Then, co-localization of CagDazl and mitochondrial cloud was found, confirming that CagDazl transcript and its protein are germ plasm component and move via METRO pathway during oogenesis. Furthermore, the CagDazl is abundant and continuous throughout germline development and germ cell specification including primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, oogonium differentiation, oocyte development, and embryogenesis, and the dynamic distribution occurs at different development stages. The data suggest that maternal CagDazl might play an important role in gibel carp PGC formation. Therefore, CagDazl is a useful and specific marker for tracing germ plasm and germ cell development in the gynogenetic gibel carp. In addition, in comparison with previous studies in sexual reproduction species, the continuous and dynamic distribution of CagDazl protein in the germ plasm throughout the life cycle seems to have significant implication in sex evolution of vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Deu. Euol.) 312B:855-871, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Age and growth of Schizothorax waltoni in the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China

Age and growth were studied for Schizothorax waltoni in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, southwest of China, from April 2004 to September 2006. A total of 201 specimens were collected ranging from 110 to 580 mm in standard length (SL). In contrast to other otoliths, sectioned lapillus showed a clear pattern of alternating opaque and hyaline zones. Marginal increment analyses showed that the increments, each composed of one opaque and one hyaline zone, are deposited annually. Opaque edges were prevalent from May to August. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on sectioned otolith data were L (t) = 689.8{1 - exp[0.051 (t + 3.275)]} for males, and L (t) = 691.1{1 - exp[0.056 (t + 2.466)]} for females. The slow growth and long life indicate that S. waltoni is vulnerable to overfishing and that harvesting strategies for the species should be conservative.

The growth patterns of juvenile and precocious Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis (Decapoda, Grapsidae), stocked in freshwater lakes of China

Stocking experiments with Eriocheir sinensis were conducted in two small, shallow lakes to study its growth pattern in 1994-1997. For the initially immature crabs, carapace width (CW) increases from 21.2 +/- 0.4 mm (mean +/- s.e.) for females and 22.3 +/- 0.5 mm for males in January, to 65.4 +/- 0.5 mm for females and 66.9 +/- 0.6 mm for males in October. There is no significant difference in CW and carapace length (CL), although there is a large difference in body weight (BW) between sexes in every month from January to August when crabs are juvenile, however, there are significant differences in CW, CL. and BW between sexes after September when the crabs become sexually mature. The growth curve from January to October fits a logistic equation and may be expressed as CW = 75.7 (1 + exp (0.914 - 0.011t))(-1) for females, and CW = 77.5 (1 + exp (0.889 - 0.011t))-1 for males, where CW is in mm, t in days. For precocious crabs (reaching maturity by the first autumn, CW does not change much from January to July, which indicates that precocious crabs stop growing. Like juveniles, the precocious crabs show no differences in CW and CL, but do show a statistically significant difference in BW between sexes.

Rashba electron transport in one-dimensional quantum waveguides

The properties of Rashba wave function in the planar one-dimensional waveguide are studied, and the following results are obtained. Due to the Rashba effect, the plane waves of electron with the energy E divide into two kinds of waves with the wave vectors k(1)=k(0)+k(delta) and k(2)=k(0)-k(delta), where k(delta) is proportional to the Rashba coefficient, and their spin orientations are +pi/2 (spin up) and -pi/2 (spin down) with respect to the circuit, respectively. If there is gate or ferromagnetic contact in the circuit, the Rashba wave function becomes standing wave form exp(+/- ik(delta)l)sin[k(0)(l-L)], where L is the position coordinate of the gate or contact. Unlike the electron without considering the spin, the phase of the Rashba plane or standing wave function depends on the direction angle theta of the circuit. The travel velocity of the Rashba waves with the wave vector k(1) or k(2) are the same hk(0)/m*. The boundary conditions of the Rashba wave functions at the intersection of circuits are given from the continuity of wave functions and the conservation of current density. Using the boundary conditions of Rashba wave functions we study the transmission and reflection probabilities of Rashba electron moving in several structures, and find the interference effects of the two Rashba waves with different wave vectors caused by ferromagnetic contact or the gate. Lastly we derive the general theory of multiple branches structure. The theory can be used to design various spin polarized devices.

Temperature dependence of absorption edge in MOCVD grown GaN

We have studied the temperature dependence of absorption edge of GaN thin films grown on sapphire substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using optical absorption spectroscopy. A shift in absorption edge of about 55 meV has been observed in temperature range 273-343 K. We have proposed a theoretical model to find the energy gap from absorption coefficient using alpha = alpha(max) + (alpha(min) - alpha(max))/[1 + exp 2(E - E-g + KT)/KT]. Temperature dependence of band gap has also been studied by finding an appropriate theoretical fit to our data using E-g(T) = E-g(273 K) - (8.8 x 10(-4)T(2))/(483 + T) + 0.088 (Varshni empirical formula) and E-g(T) = E-g(273 K)-0.231447/[exp(362/T)-1] + 0.082 relations. It has been found that data can be fitted accurately after adding a factor similar to 0.08 in above equations. Debye temperature (483 K) and Einstein temperature (362 K) in the respective equations are found mutually in good agreement.