Molecular phylogeny of the Drosophila virilis section (Diptera : Drosophilidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences

Regardless of the well-documented virilis species group, most groups of the Drosophila virilis section have not been completely studied at molecular level since it was suggested. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among and within species groups of the

果蝇 virilis section 的起源和系统发育研究

果蝇 virilis section(Hsu 1949)自建立以来其合理性在果蝇系统发育中还没有得到 检验。本文以线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶第二亚单位基因(ND2)全序列和细 胞色素氧化酶I 基因(COI)部分片段以及核中乙醇脱氢酶基因Adh 的编码区为遗传标 记，对virilis section 内61 个物种(13 个未发表新种),共计117 个个体进行了序列测 定。通过对单个基因和合并数据集进行简约分析，以及对合并数据集进行邻接法分析 和贝叶斯分析，本研究试图对以下问题进行探讨：(1)果蝇virilis section 的合理性。 (2)各种组间的系统关系。(3)种组内部各物种间的系统关系。(4)果蝇virilis section 的进化历史。现将主要结果总结如下： 1)分子系统学研究显示果蝇virilis section 为一个紧密相关的进化簇，为果蝇virilis section 的合理性从分子遗传学的角度提供了证据。 2)系统发育分析支持果蝇polychaeta 种组为单系群，该种组与未归类物种D. fluvialis 具有较近的亲缘关系。它们形成virilis section 中早期分化出的谱系。robusta 种组、melanica 种组、quadrisetata 种组以及新种组间关系较近。其中，robusta 种亚 组和melanica 种组关系较近；quadrisetata 种组和新种组形成姐妹群，它们形成的谱 系与robusta 种组内的okadai 种亚组关系紧密。 3) polychaeta 种组内部分为两枝，姐妹种D. polychaeta 和D. asper 组成其中一枝， 杂交实验显示它们具有非对称的交配前生殖隔离。另一枝中D. latifshahi 和D. daruma 显示了较近的亲缘关系。非洲物种D. hirtipes 与采自西双版纳的D. polychaeta X 关系 较近，提示它们可能有共同的起源。 4)合并数据集支持D. angor 种组为单系群，其中D. angor A 和D. velox 的姐妹种 关系得到较高的支持。但是该种组内部的其它物种间关系还需要进一步研究。 5) 分子系统发育分析结果清楚地表明robusta 种组属于多系发生。该种组被分为 三个种亚组：okadai 种亚组，robusta 种亚组和lacertosa 种亚组。在lacertosa 种亚组 内，D. bai 与其它成员相对远缘。okadai 种亚组的物种由于具有2n = 12 条染色体，且X 染色体为棒状，因而被认为是robusta 种组中较早分化出来的类群。但是我们的 分子数据并不支持这种观点。D. moriwakii 最初被描述为robusta 种组物种，后被订正 至melanica 种组。我们的系统发育分析显示该种与robusta 种亚组具有较近的关系， 而与melanica 种组物种的关系相对较远。除D. moriwakii 外，melanica 种组新旧大陆 物种各自形成单系。在系统树上，中国品系D. tsigana 与D. longiserrata 关系较近， 而与日本品系D. tsigana 的关系较远。杂交实验结果显示D. tsigana 中国品系和日本 品系间存在不对称的交配倾向，表明该种不同的地理群体间可能正处于分化阶段，而 中国品系则有可能已经演化为不同的物种。 6)果蝇quadrisetata 种组为单系发生，其内部分为两个明显的亚世系。第一个亚 世系包括D. sp T，D. barutani，D. potamophila 和D. spIZU；另一个亚世系包括D. beppui，D. karakasa，D. quadrisetata，D. multidentata，D. perlucida 和D. pilosa，其 中D. beppui 为该谱系中最早分化出的物种。 通过估计谱系间的分歧时间，本文推测果蝇virilis section 的祖先大约于中新世早 期起源于热带地区，virilis section 内许多物种可能栖息在旧大陆的低纬度地区，然后 通过适应性辐射扩散到各地。几乎所有的新大陆virilis section 物种是旧大陆物种通过 白令陆桥迁移到新大陆而演化形成的。

果蝇virillis section的起源和系统发育研究

果蝇vlfrlflisseetion（Hsu1949）自建立以来其合理性在果蝇系统发育中还没有得到检验。本文以线粒体烟酞胺腺嘌吟二核昔酸脱氢酶第二亚单位基因（ND2）全序列和细胞色素氧化酶I基因（COl）部分片段以及核中乙醇脱氢酶基因Adh的编码区为遗传标记，对viriltsseetion内61个物种（13个未发表新种），共计117个个体进行了序列测定。通过对单个基因和合并数据集进行简约分析，以及对合并数据集进行邻接法分析和贝叶斯分析，本研究试图对以下问题进行探讨：（1）果蝇virilisseetion的合理性。（2）各种组间的系统关系。（3）种组内部各物种间的系统关系。（4）果蝇virilissection的进化历史。现将主要结果总结如下：1）分子系统学研究显示果蝇virilissection为一个紧密相关的进化簇，为果蝇virilissection的合理性从分子遗传学的角度提供了证据。2）系统发育分析支持果蝇polychaeta种组为单系群，该种组与未归类物种D．Uvl'alis具有较近的亲缘关系。它们形成virilissection中早期分化出的谱系。robusta种组、melanica种组、quadrisetata种组以及新种组间关系较近。其中，robusta种亚组和melanica种组关系较近；quadrisetata种组和新种组形成姐妹群，它们形成的谱系与robusta种组内的。加dai种亚组关系紧密。3）polychaeta种组内部分为两枝，姐妹种D．polychaeta和D.asPer组成其中一枝，杂交实验显示它们具有非对称的交配前生殖隔离。另一枝中D.Iatshahi和D.daruma显示了较近的亲缘关系。非洲物种D．hirtiPes与采自西双版纳的D．polychaetaX关系较近，提示它们可能有共同的起源。4）合并数据集支持D．angor种组为单系群，其中D．angorA和D.velox的姐妹种关系得到较高的支持。但是该种组内部的其它物种间关系还需要进一步研究。5）分子系统发育分析结果清楚地表明robusta种组属于多系发生。该种组被分为三个种亚组：okadai种亚组，robsta种亚组和lacertosa种亚组。在laCertosa种亚组内，D.bai与其它成员相对远缘。okadai种亚组的物种由于具有2n=12条染色体，且X染色体为棒状，因而被认为是robusta种组中较早分化出来的类群。但是我们的分子数据并不支持这种观点。D.moriwakii最初被描述为robusta种组物种，后被订正至melanica种组。我们的系统发育分析显示该种与robsta种亚组具有较近的关系，而与melanica种组物种的关系相对较远。除D．moriwakii外，melanica种组新旧大陆物种各自形成单系。在系统树上，中国品系D．tsigana与D．longiserrata关系较近，而与日本品系D．tsigana的关系较远。杂交实验结果显示D．tsigana中国品系和日本品系间存在不对称的交配倾向，表明该种不同的地理群体间可能正处于分化阶段，而中国品系则有可能已经演化为不同的物种。6）果蝇quadrisetata种组为单系发生，其内部分为两个明显的亚世系。第一个亚世系包括；另，，个亚世系包括D．，其中D．beppui为该谱系中最早分化出韵物种。通过估计谱系间的分歧时间，本文推测果蝇virilissection的祖先大约于中新世早期起源于热带地区，virilissection内许多物种可能栖息在旧大陆的低纬度地区，然后通过适应性辐射扩散到各地。几乎所有的新大陆virilissection物种是旧大陆物种通过自令陆桥迁移到新大陆而演化形成的。

Genetic differentiation and cryptic speciation in natural populations of Drosophila lacertosa

Drosophila lacertosa, an Oriental member of the robusta species group in the virilis-repleta radiation, has a wide distribution from northern India throughout China to the Far East. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial ND2 gene sequences revealed two ge

A generalized self-consistent method accounting for fiber section shape

A three-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is proposed for fiber-reinforced composites, in terms of which a generalized self-consistent method is developed for fiber-reinforced composites accounting for variations in fiber section shapes and randomness in fiber section orientation. The reasonableness of the fiber distribution function in the present model is shown. The dilute, self-consistent, differential and Mori-Tanaka methods are also extended to consider randomness in fiber section orientation in a statistical sense. A full comparison is made between various micromechanics methods and with the Hashin and Shtrikman's bounds. The present method provides convergent and reasonable results for a full range of variations in fiber section shapes (from circular fibers to ribbons), for a complete spectrum of the fiber volume fraction (from 0 to 1, and the latter limit shows the correct asymptotic behavior in the fully packed case) and for extreme types of the inclusion phases (from voids to rigid inclusions). A very different dependence of the five effective moduli on fiber section shapes is theoretically predicted, and it provides a reasonable explanation on the poor correlation between previous theory and experiment in the case of longitudinal shear modulus.

Numerical Analysis on Intermittent Flow in a Longitudinal Section of Bingham Fluid along a Slope

The transition process of intermittent flow in a longitudinal section of Bingham fluid from initial distribution to fully developed state was numerically investigated in this paper. The influences of slope dimensionless runoff Q* and viscosity μ0* on the dimensionless surge speed U* were also presented in a wide range of parameters. By one typical example, the intermittent flow possessed wave characteristics and showed a supercritical flow conformation for a fully developed flow. The distributions of gravity and bed drag along the flow path and the velocity distribution of flow field were also analyzed.

Numerical Investigation On Detonation Cell Evolution In A Channel With Area-Changing Cross Section

The two-dimensional cellular detonation propagating in a channel with area-changing cross section was numerically simulated with the dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme and a detailed chemical reaction model. Effects of the flow expansion and compression on the cellular detonation cell were investigated to illustrate the mechanism of the transverse wave development and the cellular detonation cell evolution. By examining gas composition variations behind the leading shock, the chemical reaction rate, the reaction zone length, and thermodynamic parameters, two kinds of the abnormal detonation waves were identified. To explore their development mechanism, chemical reactions, reflected shocks and rarefaction waves were discussed, which interact with each other and affect the cellular detonation in different ways.

A Note On The Numerical Simulations Of Flow Past A Wavy Square-Section Cylinder

The flow past a square-section cylinder with a geometric disturbance is investigated by numerical simulations. The extra terms, due to the introduction of mapping transformation simulating the effect of disturbance into the transformed Navier-Stokes equations, are correctly derived, and the incorrect ones in the previous literature are pointed out and analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between the vorticity, especially on the cylinder surface, and the disturbance is derived and explained theoretically. The computations are performed at two Reynolds numbers of 100 and 180 and three amplitudes of waviness of 0.006, 0.025 and 0.167 with another aim to explore the effects of different Reynolds numbers and disturbance on the vortex dynamics in the wake and forces on the body. Numerical results have shown that, at the mild waviness of 0.025, the Karman vortex shedding is suppressed completely for Re = 100, while the forced vortex dislocation is appeared in the near wake at the Reynolds number of 180. The drag reduction is up to 21.6% at Re = 100 and 25.7% at Re = 180 for the high waviness of 0.167 compared with the non-wavy cylinder. The lift and the Strouhal number varied with different Reynolds numbers and the wave steepness are also obtained.

Two-dimensional short surface-waves of an oscillating cylinder with arbitrary shape of cross-section

The 2-D short surface waves produced by a partially submerged cylinder which performsarbitrary oscillating motion are discussed. The uniformly valid solution which is applicableto all kinds of cylinder wall cases at waterline point is obtained. It is pointed out that thesolution obtained by Holford[J] for the vertical oscillating motion of a cylinder is incomplete.The reason why his solution cannot go over to that for the case of vertical cylinder wall atwaterline point is also pointed out.

Measurement of two-photon excitation cross-section of a new symmetric-type fluorene derivative

A new dye, 2,7-bis(4-methoxystyryl)-9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluorene, has been synthesized, which is a D-pi-D symmetrical-type fluorene derivative. The two-photon absorption (TPA) of this new dye has been experimentally studied by comparable two-photon-induced fluorescence method. This new dye has a TPA cross-section of 84 x 10(-50) cm(4) s/photon at 790 nm/13 fs. (c) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Large three-photon absorption cross-section in a novel class of bis-(N-carbazolyl) fluorene derivatives

Two novel symmetrical charge transfer fluorene derivatives (abbreviated as BCZF and BVCZF) with carbazole end-group as the donor moieties have been synthesized. Three-photon absorption cross-sections of these two compounds have been determined by using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pumped with 38 ps pulses at 1064 nm in DMF. The measured 3PA cross-sections are 140 x 10(-78) and 400 x 10(-78) cm(6) s(2) for BCZF and BVCZF, respectively. The geometries, electronic structures and electronic spectra of these two compounds are systematically studied by AM1 and ZINDO/S methods. On the basis of correct UV-vis spectra, the influence of different molecular structure on three-photon absorption cross-sections is discussed micromechanically. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of F- ions on emission cross-section and fluorescence lifetime of Yb3+-doped tellurite glasses

The effects of F- ions in Yb3+-doped tellurite glass systems on the emission cross-section and measured fluorescence lifetime are investigated. The results show that both the emission cross-section and the fluorescence lifetime of Yb3+ ions increase from 1.32 to 1.39 pm(2) and from 0.93 to 1.12 ms respectively with the increase of F- ions from 0 to 10 mol% and that such oxyfluoride tellurite glass system is a promising laser host matrix for high power generation. FT-IR spectra were used to analyze the effect of F- ions on the structure of tellurite glasses and the change of OH- groups in this glass system. Analysis demonstrates that the addition of fluoride decreases the symmetry of the structure of tellurite glasses resulting in increasing of the emission cross-section and removes the OH- groups resulting in increasing of the measured fluorescence lifetime of Yb3+ ions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Temperature dependence of the 1.03 mu m stimulated emission cross section of Cr : Yb : YAG crystal

The fluorescence emission spectra of Cr:Yb:YAG crystal are measured and the effective stimulated emission cross section of the crystal are obtained from -80 degrees C to +80 degrees C. A linear temperature dependence between -80 degrees C and +80 degrees C is reported for the 1.03 mu m peak stimulated emission cross section of Cr:Yb:YAG crystal. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Temperature dependence of the 1.064-mu m stimulated emission cross-section of Cr : Nd : YAG crystal

The fluorescence emission spectra of Cr:Nd:YAG crystal are measured and the effective stimulated emission cross-section of the crystal is obtained from -80 to +80 degrees C. A linear temperature dependence between -80 and +80 degrees C is reported for the 1.064-mu m peak stimulated emission cross-section of Cr:Nd:YAG crystal. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Conductance calculation of a long tube with equilateral triangle cross section

Using the stratified gas flow model for calculating the conductance of long tubes with constant cross section, an analytical expression for calculating the conductance of along tube with equilateral triangle cross section has been derived. The formula given is applicable to the full pressure range. A minimum in the conductance in the intermediate flow state is shown. 2002 American vacuum Society.