Short-term morphological changes after sand-digging during a sand sculpture activity

The morphology of the beach backshore and foreshore at Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China, is characterized by a single intertidal sandbar system with a spring tide range of 4.59 m. The beach was measured with a laser total station of Leica TPS402. Contours of the beach were generated using data collected in March and November 2005. The survey method provided 2 mm measuring accuracy and 4-10 m horizontal spacing. The net accretion volume of the foreshore was about 11, 215 m(3) from March to November. After sand sculpture activity, the axis of the sand trough migrated onshore from about 3.5 m to 17.5 m on the foreshore beach in November. At the same time, the axis of the sandbar crest migrated onshore no more than 42.25 m on the northwest foreshore; and it migrated offshore no more than 23.75 m on the southeast foreshore. On the northwest and southeast foreshore beach, two strips of erosion areas with a thickness of 0-0.2 m appeared on the sandbar crest. Accretion occurred at the bottom of the sand trough with a thickness of similar to 0.2-0.6 m. The sandbar height decreased after sand sculpture activity, and it was no more than 0.7 m in March and 0.6 m in November. Human activities, such as sand digging on the sandbar crest during sand sculpture activity, also can disturb the beach morphology of intertidal bar systems. This phenomenon also was validated by comparison of beach morphology, the results of a color artificial tracer experiment and a sediment transportation trend prediction.

基于平板夹具的电子束蒸发沉积薄膜中的挖坑效应分析

电阻加热具有比较好的加热均匀性,可以认为对于非升华性材料,具有比较理想的平面源发射特性n=1。而电子束加热时,通常n=2~3,甚至可以为6,发射特性参数的范围大,没有取值指导理论或规律,具有很大的不确定性,这对分析薄膜均匀性非常不利。采用细分蒸发源为无数个小的面蒸发源的思想,建立了镀膜材料出现挖坑效应时薄膜厚度均匀性的分析模型。分析结果表明电子束蒸发方法很难获得理想的平面蒸发源,不同程度的挖坑效应将使得n值不同程度地偏离n=1,挖坑效应越明显,n值越大。可以从镀膜机结构设计及薄膜沉积工艺选取两方面着手,降低挖坑效应带来的影响。该研究对认识蒸发源材料发射特性的物理含义具有重要意义,对实验工作同样具有指导性意义。

定植穴对局部土壤物理性质及苹果生长的影响

为了探索陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苹果栽植成活率低、树体生长状况差的原因,对3种定植穴土壤物理性状及苹果生长状况进行了监测研究。结果表明定植沟、大定植穴降低了0～100cm土层土壤容重和开挖到雨季的土壤水分,其中开挖到定植是土壤水分散失的主要阶段。定植沟、大定植穴提高了0～100cm土层土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和地面塌陷深度,相对提高了雨季期间的土壤水分,提高了枝条失水量和抽条指数,造成苗木成活率降低,树体生长量和产量降低。陕北丘陵沟壑区栽植苹果不宜采用雨季后开挖定植沟、大定植穴,翌年春季定植;春季定植时应以普通定植穴为主,并边挖边栽。

高原鼢鼠的挖掘行为及其与土壤硬度的关系(英文)

Burrowing behaviors of the plateau zokors ( Myospalax bailely) in relation to soil hardness were investigated by using radio2telemetry at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station ,Qinghai , China. The results showed that there were no differences of burrowing behaviors and the efficiencies of the excavating segment between male and female , except the digging duration of the male was longer than that of the female in the same soil. With increase of soil hardness , digging duration in incisors significantly increased , but dried soil mass dug out by the zokors in each bout reduced. Mean-while the field investigation also showed that soil hardness affected the distribution of the zokor.

三维非均匀各向异性介质中的纵波走时反演研究

Many observations show that seismic anisotropy is very common in the crust and upper mantle of the Earth. Seismic anisotropy can provide some clue about the changing and transporting process inside the earth. in recent years, abundant earthquake travel time data are accumulated, computers become more powerful, and these make the inversion of earthquake travel time data practical. In this thesis we studied the theory of elastic wave in anisotropic media, some formule for travel time inversion were derived. We present an iterative procedure to determine 21 elastic parameters from qP wave travel times. No a priori assumptions about heterogeneity and anisotropy of the model are made. The procedure is suitable for the case when we know nothing about the symmetry of anisotropy of the media, as well as for the case of earthquake travel time inversion which may contain various symmetry of anisotropy. The procedure is tested with a synthetic multiple-source offset VSP experiment. The results proved that the formulae are correct, and the procedure is practical. The results and the related theory indicate that the anisotropic inversion needs more rays than isotropic case. For a 2-D weak anisotropic (WA) medium, we need at least 5 rays in different directions to retrieve the elastic parameters on one grid point, and for a 3-D WA medium we need at least 15 rays in different directions to retrieve the elastic parameters on one grid point. The results also indicate that the starting background velocity has no influence on the final results, at least for the model we specified. Our results also show that insufficient illumination coverage will slow down the convergence rate, and make the results more sensitive to noise. We apply the procedure to a set of field travel time data. The data is from an artificial seismic observation. This observation is for locating micro-seismic events around a tunnel, its purpose is to find out if the digging process and the stress condition around the tunnel can generate micro-cracks. The size of this area is around 100m. The anisotropy derived from qP travel times is the same as the anisotropy showed by apparent velocities, and is also consistent with the anisotropy derived from S-wave splitting phenomena.