Impact of carbon dioxide pressurization on liquid phase organic reactions: A case study on Heck and Diels-Alder reactions

Heck coupling reactions of methyl acrylate with various aryl bromides have been investigated using a Pd/TPP catalyst in toluene under pressurized CO2 conditions up to 13 MPa. Although CO2 is not a reactant, the pressurization of the reaction liquid phase with CO2 has positive and negative impacts on the rate of Heck coupling depending on the structures of the substrates examined. In the case of either 2-bromoacetophenone or 2-bromocinnamate, the conversion has a maximum at a CO2 pressure of about 3 MPa; for the former, it is much larger by a factor of 3 compared with that under ambient pressure. For 2-bromobenzene, in contrast, the conversion is minimized at a similar CO2 pressure, being half compared with that at ambient pressure

DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS CATALYZED BY LANTHANIDE CHLORIDES

Lanthanide chlorides have been found to catalyze the Diels-Alder synthesis of 2-butoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran and several norbornene derivatives under mild conditions. In particular, the heavier lanthanide chlorides are very active catalysts for some (4 + 2) cycloaddition reactions. The catalyst activities and selectivities generally increase with increasing atomic number of the rare earth elements.

无水稀土氯化物催化下Diels-Alder反应的研究

本文研究了在无水氯化稀土催化下2－甲基呋喃和丙烯醛、呋喃和丙烯醛、呋喃和丙烯酸甲酯、2－甲基呋喃和丙烯酸甲酯，呋喃和丙烯酸乙酯以及丁二烯和顺丁烯二酸酐的Diels-Aldel反应，结果表明:（1）无水LnCl_3 (Cn=Nd, Eu, Gd, Yb)对2－甲苯呋喃和丙烯醛的反应有明显的催化作用，反应在温和条件下（25℃，常压无溶剂）顺利进行，不同LnCl_3催化活性按稀土元素原子序数递增而增加。其中，仅用0.008mol% YbCl_3就可催化反应达到85％的产品收率。本反应是连串反应，产物在LnCl_3催化下聚合成低聚物，适当降低催化剂用量是控制产物的聚合从而提高产品收率。与AlCl_3相比，YbCl_3的活性比AlCl_3高。降低反应温度也可以相对控制副反应。当丙烯醛和2－甲基呋喃的用量摩尔比为2:1时，反应能得到最好结果。用THF作溶剂时反应产率比甲苯作溶时要低得多。（2）丙烯醛和呋喃在常温下经CnCl_3催化可得到反应物摩尔比为1：1和2：1两种加成物，主要是2：1加成物。1：1加成物在LnCl_3存在下易聚合，在加热下易聚合。室温下易分角为原料。本反应在－40℃以CH_2Cl_2为溶剂YbCl_3催人时，只得到1：1加成物但收率不高.（3）LnCL_3对呋喃和丙烯酸甲酯的反应有良好的催化活性，当温度为40℃，YbCl_3 10mol%, 反应60小时可得到N/X = 17/27的产物2-carbomethoxy-7-oxabicyclo [2. 2. 1]nept-5-ene, 收率为80％。温度的降低有利地内型产物的生成，反应时间，催化剂用量对反应产物收率和立体选择性都有影响。（4）2－甲基呋喃和丙烯酸甲酯在YbCl_3催化下比（3）的反应更易进行。0℃时，6mol% YbCl_3反应67小时，收率可达88％，产物N/x达3.0。温度的降低有利于内型产物的生成，而反应时间和催化剂用量不影响产物立体选择性。（5）呋喃和丙烯酸乙酯 在10mol% YbCl_3催化下室温反应48小时，得到N／X＝Y_(1.47)的产物44％。温度的降低有利于内型产物的生成，反应时间相对处长有利于产品收率但不影响产品的立体选择性。此外，我们分离得到丙烯酸乙酯和YbCl_3的络合物，证明反应首先是通过YbCl_3和羟基氧的络合，然后再和双烯加成。（6）不同LnCl_3对丁二烯和顺丁烯二酸酐的反应具有不同催化活性，其活性按稀土元素原子序数递增而增加，即：LaCb < PrCl_3 , SmCl_3 < EuCl_3 < GdCl_3 < YbCl_3.

Glass wafers bonding via Diels-Alder reaction at mild temperature

In this paper, we introduced a novel bonding method of glass wafers by Diels-Alder reaction at mild temperature. After standard hydroxylization and aminosilylation, two wafers were modified by 2-furaldehyde and maleic anhydride, respectively. Then they were brought into close contact and tightly held with a clamping fixture. A strong bonding could be achieved by annealing for 5 h at 200 degrees C. Bonding strength is as high as 1.78 MPa and sufficient for most application of microfluidic chips.

电子反常供需型Diels-Alder反应合成2-吡啶基吡啶

电子反常供需型Diels-Alder反应(inverse electron demabd Diels-Alder reaction,IDA)因其在天然生物碱及类似物合成中的应用,在近20年来已经逐渐引起关注[1].含氮芳杂环体系1,2,4-三嗪由于其特有的缺电子特征,作为双烯体非常适于进行这类反应[2].本文利用IDA反应从3-吡啶基-5,6-二取代-1,2,4-三嗪出发,设计出一条简捷、低成本的合成路线,成功地合成出不对称取代的2,3′-联吡啶和2,4′-联吡啶.这一类化合物已被应用于药物中间体或有机配体.

无水稀土氯化物催化丁二烯和顺丁烯二酸酐的Diels-Alder反应

稀土化合物在有机合成中特别是在Diels-Alder反应中的应用是近年来稀土化学中最引人注目的研究课题之一。对于某些难进行的Diels-Alder反应,使用Lewis酸作催化剂可缓和反应条件,提高产物收率,改善产物选择性。其中,含稀土离子的Lewis酸在某些反应中显示了比其它Lewis酸更高的催化活性和产物具有更高的选择性。本文报道以丁二烯和顺丁烯二酸酐为原料,用7种简便易得的稀土氯化物催化这一Dies-Alder反应的结果。

DIELS-ALDER REACTION CATALYZED BY RARE-EARTH CHLORIDES

Rare earth chlorides were used to catalyze the synthesis of 2-butoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran using equimolar acrolein and vinyl butyl either. The cycloadduct is unstable which undergoes catalytic ring opening oligomerization. The way to stabilize the cyclo adduct has been studied, thus high yields of 90-95% were obtained.

Ergosterimide, a new natural Diels-Alder adduct of a steroid and maleimide in the fungus Aspergillus niger

Ergosterimide (1), a natural Diels-Alder adduct of ergosteroid and maleimide, was characterized from the culture extract of Aspergillus niger EN-13, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa. In addition, four known steroids including (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3 beta-ol (2), (22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3one (3), (22E,24R)-5 alpha,8 alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3 beta-ol (4), and (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22dien-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol. (5) were also isolated and identified. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and IR spectra and MS data. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first natural Diels-Alder adduct of steroid and maleimide reported so far. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chiral synthesis on catalysts immobilized in microporous and mesoporous materials

This paper reviews the recent progress made in the asymmetric synthesis on chiral catalysts in porous materials and discusses the effects of surface and pores on enantio-selectivity (confinement effect). This paper also summarizes various approaches of immobilization of the chiral catalysts onto surfaces and into pores of solid inorganic supports such as microporous and mesoporous materials. The most important reactions surveyed for the chiral synthesis in porous materials include epoxidation. hydrogenation, hydroformylation, Aldol and Diels-Alder reactions, etc. The confinement effect originated from the surfaces and the pores turns out to be a general phenomenon. which may make the enantioselectivity increase (positive effect) or decrease (negative effect). The confinement effect becomes more pronounced particularly when the bonding between the catalyst and the surface is more rigid and the pore size is tuned to a suitable range. It is proposed that the confinement in chiral synthesis is essentially a consequence of subtle change in transition states induced by weak-interaction in pores or on surfaces. It is also anticipated that the enantioselectivity could be improved by tuning the confinement effect based on the molecular designing of the pore/surface and the immobilized catalysts according to the requirements of chiral reactions.

Highly efficient and recoverable dendritic organocatalyst from click chemistry for the asymmetric michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins without the use of organic solvent

A series Of pyrrolidine-triazole based dendritic catalysts have been synthesized and applied directly in the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins without the use of an organic solvent. Good yields (up to 99%), and high diastereoselectivities (up to syn/anti = 45:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee) have been obtained. Furthermore. the third generation catalyst can be reused at least five times without significant loss of catalytic activity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efficient synthesis of substituted tetrahydrothiopyrano[2,3-b]thiopyran-4,5-diones by a double annulation strategy from dialkenoylketene dithioacetals

An efficient synthetic procedure for substituted 2,3,6,7tetrahydrothiopyrano [2,3-b] thiopyran-4,5 -diones by a double annulation strategy is described. The ring systems are made in good yields from readily available dialkenoylketene dithioacetals in the presence of either sodium sulfide nonahydrate/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or a sodium hydride/DMF/amine system.