7 resultados para Desmosomen, Desmoglein 2, Zelladhäsion, RNAi, Colitis ulcerosa, Cre Rekombination, transgene Mäuse

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雌激素是人体内重要的激素之一,具有广泛的生理功能。雌激素缺乏与许多疾病相关,如卵巢功能低下,更年期综合征以及骨质疏松等;雌激素过剩也将导致某些疾病,如乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌等。目前,如何降低肿瘤组织中的雌激素水平而达到治疗肿瘤的目的,已经得到广泛的研究,但促雌激素生成或调节卵巢功能药物或其相关研究则很少。 本实验室前期的研究发现,瓦山安息香属植物果实中的乙醇提取物具有促雌激素生成作用,通过活性追踪和结构鉴定,确认促E2 生成的主要成分为苯并呋喃类化合物。苯并呋喃类化合物的作用与芳香酶有关,但其确切的作用机理有待证实和深入研究。 为了探讨安息香苯并呋喃类化合物的促雌激素合成的作用机理,拟采用如下的实验方案: 1、细胞学方面,对小鼠3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231 以及人卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3、OVCAR-4、OVCAR-5、OVCAR-8、IGROV1 等细胞株,采用RT-PCR 和ELISA 方法研究芳香酶Aro基因的表达和雌二醇E2 的生成,芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 作为阳性对照,研究时效曲线和量效曲线,确定安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 的有效浓度和作用时间。 2、RNAi 方面,设计合成了针对人芳香酶Aro基因的3 对RNAi 序列,转染入细胞,芳香酶促进剂Forskolin 和地塞米松、芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 作为阳性对照,采用实时定量PCR 技术,研究RNA 干扰后,安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 对人芳香酶Aro基因表达水平瓦山安息香苯并呋喃促雌激素合成的机理研究的影响。 3、雌激素受体方面,设计一段ERE 的雌激素调控元件,构建重组荧光素酶报告基因载体,瞬时转染人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,建立针对雌激素受体的报告基因筛选模型,观察安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 对雌激素受体的选择性和亲和力,从受体水平考察安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 促进雌激素生成的药理学机理。 实验结果显示: 1、分化后的小鼠3T3-L1 前脂肪细胞、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 、MDA-MB-231 以及人卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3、OVCAR-4、OVCAR-8 等细胞株具有芳香酶基因的表达。睾酮向雌二醇的转化能够被芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 所阻断,其中OVCAR-3 最适合进行下一步的RNAi研究。 2、RNAi 实验结果显示,设计的3 对RNAi 序列中R2 的干扰效果最强,相应的阴性对照C2 与R2 的表达量相差118 倍(24 小时)和19 倍(48 小时),显示R2/C2 这组序列可用于进一步的RNAi 试验。以R2 干扰OVCAR-3 细胞株,药物作用24、48 小时后,芳香酶抑制剂Formestane 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为0.83 倍和0.04 倍;芳香酶促进剂Forskolin 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为3.61 和1.84 倍;芳香酶促进剂地塞米松与R2 相对表达量相比分别为5.76 倍和3.49倍;苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 与R2 相对表达量相比分别为8.13 倍和4.59 倍。实验证实安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 能够促进因RNAi 而发生基因沉默的人芳香酶Aro表达水平的上调。 3、雌激素受体实验结果显示,构建成功重组pERE-pGL3-promoter 荧光素酶报告基因载体和基于报告基因系统的雌激素受体激动剂或拮抗剂的细胞筛选模型。实验结果表明安息香苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 与雌激素受体ERα和ERβ亲和力选择性之比约为3:1 ,SP25通过与雌激素受体ERα结合作用其受体,刺激芳香酶的表达。 本课题通过RNA 干扰、ELISA、荧光实时定量PCR、报告基因筛选模型等技术手段,从细胞水平、蛋白酶水平和基因表达水平、雌激素受体水平等方面系统地研究了从瓦山安息香属植物果实中提取的苯并呋喃SP25 促进促雌激素生成的机理研究。试验结果显示苯并呋喃类化合物SP25 促雌激素生成的主要作用机制是直接促进芳香酶基因表达水平,以及与雌激素受体a 结合,刺激芳香酶活性。 Estrogen is an important hormone that has versatile physiologicalfunctions. Lack of estrogen will lead to many diseases such as lower ovarianfunction, climacteric syndrome and osteoporosis. Excessive estrogen alsoinduces breast carcinoma, oophoroma and endometrial carcinoma and otherdiseases. To depress the estrogen level in tumor tissue to cure carcinomawas widely studied, but there is only few studies reported on the induction ofestrogen and on the regulation of ovary function. We found that the extracts from seeds of Styrax perkinsiae couldpromote the synthesis of estrogen. The active compounds benzofurans wereidentified. Effect of benzofurans may be related to aromatase, but the mechanism was not clear. To reveal the mechanism of these benzofurans to promote estrogensynthesis, the following protocols were adopted: 1 Cytology: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes,human ovary carcinoma celllines OVCAR-3,OVCAR-4,OVCAR-5,OVCAR-8,IGROV1 andbreast carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were usedto determine Aro gene expression and estrogen production withRT-PCR AND ELISA methods. Formestane, an aromataseinhibitor, was used as positive control. And dose-curve,time-curve and the effective concentration of SP25 were also studied. 2 Designed 3 pairs of RNAi for human aromatase gene, andtransfected into cell. Aromatase inducer Forskolin andDexamethasone, and aromatase inhibitor Formestane were usedas positive controls. We studied the change of Aro expressionlevel with SP25 by using real-time PCR after RNA interfering. 3 Estrogen Receptor: We constructed the recombined Luciferasereport vector and establish a screening system for estrogenagonist and antagon. With this system, we studied the affinity ofSP25 and estrogen receptor. Results: 1 Differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes¡¢human ovary carcinomacell lines:OVCAR-3, OVCAR-4, OVCAR-8 and breast carcinomacell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 had detected aromatase geneexpression.And OVCAR-3 is more suitable for further aromatasegene function research. 2 In RNAi assay, R2 has a strong interfering effcet in OVCAR-3 cellline, and ratio of C2 (the negative control) to R2 were 118 times(24 hours) and 19 times (48 hours). This means sucessful inRNA interfering. After R2 acted on OVCAR-3 cell line, the ratiosof formestane to R2 were 0.83 and 0.04 times, 5.76 and 3.49times (Dex), 3.61 and 1.84 times (forskolin) and 8.13 and 4.59times (sp25) after drug treated 24 or 48 hours respectively.These results indicated that SP25 can directly induce aromatasegene up-regulation. 3 We had constructed pERE-pGL3-promoter recombined vectorand the Luciferase report gene screening system. Luciferasereport gene assay showed that sp25 had a higher affinity with strogen receptor alpha than estrogen receptor beta, this indicated that SP25 can act on estrogen receptor and induce aromatase. Our results revealed that the mechanisms of benzofuran to promoteestrogen were the upregulation aromatase gene expression and promotion ofaromatase activity and have partially elective affinity with estrogen receptoralpha.

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植物通过异戊二烯代谢途径合成多种具有生物活性和功能的三萜及甾醇类化合物,它们在调节植物生长发育、维持膜的完整和功能、抵抗病原微生物侵染中发挥着重要的作用。2,3-氧化鲨烯为三萜和甾醇合成途径的分枝点,参与这一关键步骤的酶被通称为2,3-氧化鲨烯环化酶(OSCs)。本研究系统分了水稻基因组中全部11个OSC基因序列,发现其中四个可能为假基因。亚种间非同义替换率Ka和同义替换率Ks的比值(Ka/Ks)以及进化树的分析表明OsOSC8是单子叶植物特有的功能保守基因,而OsOSC9在水稻两个亚种间发生了功能快速进化,这种快速进化的基因往往参与植物和病原菌相互作用的代谢途径。 根据基因结构、表达谱以及与其它植物已知功能的OSC酶氨基酸序列的比对推测OsOSC3可能具有环阿屯醇合成酶的功能,参与植物甾醇的合成,而OsOSC7、OsOSC10和OsOSC11可能具有β-香树素合成酶的功能,其余OSCs可能参与合成其它三萜化合物。为了进一步分析和验证OSCs酶的功能,将水稻7个OSC基因的开放阅读框(ORF)构建到酵母表达载体并在pichia酵母中表达,发现仅有OsOSC9和OsOSC12能够将酵母内源的2,3-氧化鲨烯分别环化为四环三萜化合物Parkeol和植物中稀有的五环三萜化合物Isoarborinol,目前还未在其它植物中发现参与这两种三萜化合物的基因。另外,水稻所有的OSC基因均不能互补酵母羊毛甾醇缺陷型菌株,表明水稻OSCs不具有合成羊毛甾醇的功能。 RNAi沉默以及启动子融合GUS的表达实验发现OsOSC8可能参与花粉的发育,该基因的下调影响水稻的育性,暗示水稻中存在一个可能与雄性不育有关的三萜代谢途径。水稻其它OSC基因RNAi植株可能在逆境环境和病原菌侵染下才会显现出表型。

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磷脂是动物和植物非光合组织细胞膜系统的主要组成成分,在细胞生命过程中扮演着重要角色。尽管绿色植物光合膜的的甘油脂主要是糖脂,但是它仍然含有大约10%的磷脂,说明磷脂在光合膜的结构和功能中起重要作用。构成生物膜的磷脂有多种,但是,光合膜只含有磷脂酰甘油(PG)一种磷脂。光合膜中的PG有其特殊性,即:在PG的sn-2位上总连着一个棕榈酸(16:0)或者反式十六碳烯酸(16:1trans),说明了这种具有特殊结构的甘油脂在维持类囊体膜的结构和功能方面具有重要的作用。 叶绿体中有两个重要酶参与了PG的生物合成,它们分别是胞嘧啶二脂酰甘油合成酶(CDS)和磷脂酰甘油合成酶(PGS)。本实验以烟草和马铃薯为材料,利用RNAi技术,对CDS和PGS基因的表达进行抑制,通过PG缺失突变体,研究其功能。 对转含有PGS片段的沉默结构的转基因烟草叶片膜脂进行了分析,结果表明,与野生型烟草相比较,其PG含量下降了约20%,同时,SQDG和PC的含量增加。PG含量的降低没有引起MGDG和DGDG含量的变化。另外,我们还对转基因植株目的基因片段的RNA表达水平进行了RT-PCR分析,发现其表达量大幅度降低。这些结果表明,在转基因株系中,PGS基因的表达受到了抑制,说明我们获得了PG部分缺失的烟草PGS突变体。 对烟草PG缺失体的PG脂肪酸组成进行分析,表明其特征性脂肪酸反式十六碳烯酸含量明显下降,比野生型降低了44%,C18:0、C18:1和C18:2的相对含量增加,整个变化与总脂脂肪酸变化基本一致。 为了研究PG缺失对光合作用的影响,我们分析了多种光合指标。对叶绿素含量的分析表明,PG含量的降低影响了光合色素的组成。PG部分缺失的转基因烟草中的叶绿素总的含量下降,其中叶绿素b含量下降更为明显,结果,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值较野生型高。转基因植株净光合速率下降,二氧化碳利用率降低;PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(фPSII)降低,光化学猝灭下降,非光化学猝灭增加,尤其老叶的变化更为明显。这些结果说明了PG的部分缺失影响了植株的光合能力,捕光色素蛋白复合体的结构受到了影响,PSII功能遭受损伤。 同时,我们根据已经报道的马铃薯CDS基因,克隆了一个片段,构建沉默结构,并对沉默结构进行了转化。通过抗性基因的筛选以及RT-PCR检测,证明了沉默结构转化成功,目的基因的表达受到抑制,获得了马铃薯CDS转基因植株。 对马铃薯野生型和CDS转基因植株进行膜脂和脂肪酸分析表明,转基因植株叶片的PE、PG和PC等磷脂含量降低,SQDG和DGDG含量增加;C16:1(3t)、C16:2、C16:3、C18:1和C18:2含量下降,C16:0和C18:3含量增加,而C16:1和C18:0变化不明显。马铃薯CDS转基因植株的叶绿素荧光分析表明,PSII最大光化学效率降低,从野生型的0.82下降到0.77。

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Dicer catalyzes the initiation step of RNA interference (RNAi) which is known to play a significant role in innate immune response to viral infection in many organisms. To study the RNAi-related pathway after virus infection in fish, we identified a partial cDNA sequence of dicer from rare minnow, Gobiocypris rants. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated the Dicer transcript level was the highest at zygote stage, decreased at prim-5 stage, and was stable from the protruding mouth to adult stage. Regular RT-PCR analysis showed that the Dicer gene expressed widely in the tested tissues, including brain, gill, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, ovary, spleen and testis. The expression of Dicer mRNA was significantly increased in the early period of Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, and declined from 24 It post-injection (h p.i.) (P<0.05). The mRNA expression returned to control levels at 48 h p.i. (P>0.05). Under transmission electron microscope, virions were difficulty to find out in 12 h p.i., and virus inclusion bodies and few scattered viral particles were easily visualized from 24 h p.i. to moribund. These results implied GCRV triggered the RNAi pathway in the early stages of infection and perhaps virus inclusion bodies suppressed the antiviral functions of RNAi mechanism. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Argonaute 2 gene plays a pivotal role in RNAi in many species. Herein is the first report of the cloning and characterization of Argonaute 2 gene in fish. The full-length cDNA of Gobiocypris rarus Argonaute 2 (GrAgo2) consisted of 3073 nucleotides encoding 869 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 98.499 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 9.18. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed the presence of two signature domains, PAZ and Piwi. RT-PCR analysis indicated that GrAgo2 mRNA expression could be detected in widespread tissues. After infection with grass carp reovirus, GrAgo2 expression was up-regulated from 12 h post-injection (p < 0.05) and returned to control levels at 48 h post-injection (p > 0.05). These data imply that GrAgo2 is involved in antiviral defense in rare minnow. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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胚胎干细胞(ESC)培养是ESC研究的基础,饲养层的选择是ESC培养的一个重要方面。本实验曾对不同的猕猴饲养层进行研究,显示能够更好的支持猕猴ESC生长的饲养层FGF-2表达量也较高。FGF-2,又名bFGF(碱性成纤维生长因子),是ESC生长所需的重要因子,但其中的分子机制现在并未完全了解。本文一方面对ESC相关研究进展进行了综述,另一方面对以下内容进行了研究:用转基因和RNA干(RNAi)扰的方法建立不同FGF-2的表达量猕猴耳部皮肤细胞(MESF)系五组:过表达FGF-2(f1),过表达的阴性对照组(f2),FGF-2 RNA干扰组(f3),RNA干扰的阴性对照组(f4)以及未作任何处理的对照组(f5),这五组MESF的FGF-2表达量相对值为f1:f2:f3:f4:f5=4:2:1:2:2;c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1在f1中表达量上升,在f3中表达量下降;BMP4,TGF-β2在f1中表达量下降,在f3中表达量上升;表明内源FGF-2能够作用于MESF的TGF-β信号通路,引起相关基因表达量的变化。用这些细胞作为饲养层分别培养两种ESC(猕猴ESC,R366. 4和兔ESC,RFESC) ,连续培养了10代,其中在f1上培养的两种ESC增殖速度都比对照组快,并且c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达量均上升,BMP4表达下调;在f3上培养的猕猴ESC增殖较慢,BMP4表达上调,c-fos,TGF-β1,INHBA,Gremlin1,OCT-4,Nanog,Sox2表达下调;f3上的兔ESC没有变化。表明ESC中的TGF-β信号通路也受到调节。五组猕猴和兔的ESC形成的EB均表达各胚层早期标记基因(marker),但表达量有差异,f1上ESC形成的EB所有marker都低表达。实验结果表明饲养层中的FGF-2含量高低不仅影响自身相关基因的表达,还对ESC的增殖和维持自我更新有一定的作用。

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赤霉素是一种高效能的广谱植物生长调节剂,为五大植物激素之一,具有重要的生物学功能。目前利用赤霉素突变体研究生物合成途径和信号转导已经成为热点。 GA 20-氧化酶是GA生物合成中的一类关键酶,它位于GA合成途径的中心位置。本研究根据烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)GA 20-氧化酶基因序列,设计2对分别含有特定酶切位点的特异引物,以烟草基因组DNA为模板,扩增目的基因(约250 bp)片段。将正、反向目的片段分别插入中间载体的内含子两侧,再经BamH I和Sac I双酶切回收约700 bp的目的片段,插入到双元载体质粒p2355中,成功构建了含GA 20-氧化酶基因片段反向重复序列的植物表达载体p23700。分别将p2355质粒和p23700质粒导入根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHA105中并转化烟草叶片细胞,经卡那霉素选择培养,PCR及GUS组织染色鉴定,获得转基因烟草植株。以EHA105-p2355转化的烟草,获得41株转基因植株,均没有矮化表型;而以EHA105-p23700转化的烟草,获得转基因植株14株,其中具有矮化表型的烟草10株,表明反向重复序列转录产物能形成发夹RNA(hpRNA),产生小分子干扰RNA(small interferring RNA,简称siRNA),干扰目的基因的表达。 赤霉素含量测定表明矮化植株中赤霉素合成途径的最终产物GA3总含量明显低于野生型烟草植株。荧光定量PCR结果表明,矮化转基因烟草的GA 20-氧化酶基因表达量受到明显抑制,表达量明显低于野生型对照。同时对上游内根-贝壳杉合成酶(Ent-kaurene synthase,KS)基因,下游的GA-3β羟化酶基因进行了RT-PCR分析,结果显示上游基因的表达没有规律性变化,而下游基因表达量亦降低。上述结果表明,GA 20-氧化酶基因的表达被有效地干扰了,表达受到抑制,从而影响植株体内GA3的合成,影响植株的生长发育,导致植株矮化。并推测,GA 20-氧化酶基因受到抑制,可能影响下游基因的表达。并且通过干旱胁迫测试,发现矮化植株相对于野生型植株及不含干扰片段的转基因植株,对干旱的耐受力有了很大的提高,具有更强的耐受力。 研究结果为进一步进行相关研究奠定基础。 Gibberellin(GA) is an efficient plant growth regulator. As one of five major plant hormones, it plays an important biological function. Using GA mutant for investigating biosynthetic pathways and signal transduction has become high lights. GA 20-oxidase is a crucial enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. According to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) GA 20-oxidase enzyme gene sequence and based on binary vector p2355, we constructed a plant expression vector p23700, which habors an inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene drivered by Cauliflower mosaic virus promtor (CaMV 35Sp). Binary plasmid p2355 had no inverted repeat DNA fragment of GA 20-oxidase gene. The vector p2355 and p23700 were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 and tobacco leaf transformation was conducted. After selected by kanamycin and characterized by PCR and GUS hischemical reaction, transsgenic plants were obtained. Fourtheen transgenic plants, which were transformed by EHA105-p23700, were obtained. Among them, 10 were dwarf mutants. However, 41 transgenic plants with the same normal phenotype as wild type,which were transformed by EHA105-p2355, were obtained. Analysis of Gibberellin contents showed that it was lower in dwarf mutants than in normal phenotype plants. Moreover, comparing to normal phenotype plants including wild type and transgenic plants with no interference fragment, the drought tolerance of dwarf plants have greatly increased. And their proline content increased obviously after drought test. Fluorescence quantitative real time PCR (RT-PCR) showed that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was significantly inhibited in dwarf transgenic tobacco. Meanwhile, the expression of the upstream gene ent-kaurene synthase (KS) gene and downstream gene GA-3β hydroxylase gene was also detected by RT-PCR. The results presented that KS gene expression had no regular change while GA-3β hydroxylase gene expression reduced. It implied that inhibiting GA 20-oxidase gene probably reduce the expression of downstream genes. The results showed that the transcriptional products of the foreign inverted repeat fragment can form hairpin RNA (hpRNA) to induce RNAi. It presented that GA 20-oxidase gene expression was effectively interfered, resulting in reducing GA3 synthesis and inhibiting plant growth and development, then dwarf plants were produced. However, the dwarf plants had higher tolerance of drought.