Forward-Running Detonation Drivers for High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels

To improve the quality of driving flows generated with detonation-driven shock tunnels operated in the forward-running mode, various detonation drivers with specially designed sections were examined. Four configurations of the specially designed section, three with different converging angles and one with a cavity ring, were simulated by solving the Euler equations implemented with a pseudo kinetic reaction model. From the first three cases, it is observed that the reflection of detonation fronts at the converging wall results in an upstream-traveling shock wave that can increase the flow pressure that has decreased due to expansion waves, which leads to improvement of the driving flow. The configuration with a cavity ring is found to be more promising because the upstream-traveling shock wave appears stronger and the detonation front is less overdriven. Although pressure fluctuations due to shock wave focusing and shock wave reflection are observable in these detonation-drivers, they attenuate very rapidly to an acceptable level as the detonation wave propagates downstream. Based on the numerical observations, a new detonation-driven shock tunnel with a cavity ring is designed and installed for experimental investigation. Experimental results confirm the conclusion drawn from numerical simulations. The generated driving flow in this shock tunnel could maintain uniformity for as long as 4 ms. Feasibility of the proposed detonation driver for high-enthalpy shock tunnels is well demonstrated.

Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng, Yunnan: Diet and daytime activities

We collected data on diet and activity budget in a group of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tacheng (99degrees 18'E, 27degrees 36' N, between 2,700 - 3,700 m asl), Yunnan, from March 1999 to December 2000. We mainly recorded species-parts eaten with feeding scores from scanning state behaviors of one-male units in tree-crowns. We also conducted microscopic analysis of feces collected monthly. The subjects consumed 59 plant species, belonging to 42 genera in 28 families, of which 90 species-parts were distributed as follows: 21 in Winter, 38 in spring, 39 in Summer, 47 in autumn. Conversely, the group annually spent, on average, 35% of daytime feeding, 33% resting, 15% moving, and 13% in social activities. Seasonal changes are apparent in daytime budget and food item-related feeding time in tree-crowns, food remains in feces, and the number of species-parts eaten. Correlations within and between food items and time budget clearly indicate maximization of foraging effectiveness and minimization of energy expenditure. In consideration of reports from northern and southern groups, that which underlay the specific adaptation to the habitat appeared to be similar to those of other colobines. Thus, the ultimate factors for survival of the species are more hopeful than expected.

Biological evaluation of running waters in Korea, with special reference to bioassessment using the PFU system

A total of six stations in the Han River system were selected for establishing polyurethane foam units (PFUs) to collect protozoans, including phytomastigophorans, zoomastigophorans, amoebas and ciliates, in July 1993. In the bioassessment of microbial communities using the PFUs, the number of species decreased as pollution intensity increased. The diversity index values calculated at the main stations generally agreed with the pollution status of the stations. Anyang-Chon (Chon means stream) showed the lowest diversity value (1.89), and all stations, except Masok and Anyang-Chon, showed diversity index values ranging from 3.15 to 3.93. The highest heterotrophic index (HI) value was detected in Anyang-Chon followed by Masok-Chon. The number of species at the main stations reached a maximum on day 11 of being exposed to PFUs. The results of S-eq, G and T-90% all suggest that bioassessments using the PFU system were well matched with pollution status of the water. All microbial variables were significantly correlated with comprehensive chemical pollution indices, P-a and P-b, with correlation coefficients ranging from r=0.87 to r=0.96.

pessimistic predicate/transform model for long running business processes

Many business processes in enterprise applications are both long running and transactional in nature. However, no current transaction model can provide full transaction support for such long running business processes. This paper proposes a new transaction model, the pessimistic predicate/transform (PP/T) model, which can provide full transaction support for long running business processes. A framework was proposed on the enterprise JavaBeans platform to implement the PP/T model. The framework enables application developers to focus on the business logic, with the underlying platform providing the required transactional semantics. The development and maintenance effort are therefore greatly reduced. Simulations show that the model has a sound concurrency management ability for long running business processes.

正向爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的数值模拟

对充满氢氧可燃气体、带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞进行了数值模拟.计算采用了欧拉方程,频散可控耗散差分格式(DCD)和改进的二阶段化学反应模型.在扩容腔附近采用二维轴对称计算模型,而在驱动段和被驱动段的直管道部分则采用一维计算模型.本文分析了爆轰波在管道中的传播、反射和绕射过程.计算结果表明扩容腔的尺寸对爆轰波的传播、反射、汇聚等起着决定性的作用;带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞能够得到平稳的持续时间较长的气流,提高了实验的精确度和可重复性.

Size effects on the melting of nickel nanowires: a molecular dynamics study

The melting process of nickel nanowires are simulated by using molecular dynamics with the quantum Sutten-Chen many-body force field. The wires studied were approximately cylindrical in cross-section and periodic boundary conditions were applied along their length; the atoms were arranged initially in a face-centred cubic structure with the [0 0 1] direction parallel to the long axis of the wire. The size effects of the nanowires on the melting temperatures are investigated. We find that for the nanoscale regime, the melting temperatures of Ni nanowires are much lower than that of the bulk and are linear with the reciprocal of the diameter of the nanowire. When a nanowire is heated up above the melting temperature, the neck of the nanowire begins to arise and the diameter of neck decreases rapidly with the equilibrated running time. Finally, the breaking of nanowire arises, which leads to the formation of the spherical clusters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

体布拉格光栅外腔半导体激光器光谱特性研究

用体布拉格光栅(VBG)作为反馈元件与瓦级半导体激光器(LD)以及快轴准直柱透镜构成一个可以将半导体激光器的工作波长稳定在体布拉格光栅布拉格波长处的外腔激光器。测量了体布拉格光栅外腔激光器的波长稳定性与其工作电流、热汇温度、激光束准直装置等因素的关系。分析了波长稳定效果与半导体激光器增益谱特性、外腔结构参量等因素的关系。研究表明,在相同的工作电流、热汇温度下,当准直柱透镜直径为0.4 mm时的波长稳定效果较好;在此情况下,当热汇温度控制在30 ℃,工作电流从0.5 A增加到1.5 A的测量范围内,以及当工

单纵模相移DFB掺Yb3+光纤激光器运行特性的研究

对我们所制作的λ/4相移DFB掺Yb3+光纤激光器的运行特性进行了研究。研究表明：光纤端面菲涅尔反射会破坏激光器的单纵模运行,因此为获得稳定的羊纵模运行须使用隔离器或甘油清除光纤端面菲涅尔反射；机械扰动则会使沿光纤传输的单偏振激光的偏振面发生变化；温度的涨落则会引起激光输出功率的不稳定涨落。所研制à/4相移DFB单纵模、单偏振激光器具有如下特性：阈值为38mW,当泵浦功率为140 mW时,获得了25mW的1053 nm单 纵模、羊偏振激光.偏振消光比约30 dB,单纵模激光功率涨落小于2%,边模抑制比约6

超大功率二维半导体激光列阵并路自适应稳模技术

半导体列阵量子效率高,输出波长范围涵盖570～1600nm,工作寿命可达数百万小时,叠层列阵可提供超高功率激光输出,在工业、医学等很多领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。但列阵在自由运行时,各发光单元发出的光是不相干的,输出质量差,采用1/4Talbot外腔镜耦合技术,列阵实现了空间锁相最高阶超模,然而唯有基超模远场分布是中心单瓣结构,输出接近衍射极限。为得到最小谱宽、最小发散角、最大功率密度输出,必须将外腔镜倾斜β=λ/2d(λ为工作波长,d为列阵周期),这使得仅有基超模光能成像于发光单元内而被允许振荡。应用此

改善高功率激光二极管阵列光束质量的一种新方法

根据波导模理论,推导了高功率激光二极管阵列的远场分布,根据其分布特点,设计了一种离轴外腔.运用这种外腔,在工作电流为17A时,光束的束宽积从自由运转时的1100mm.mrad减小到128mm.mrad,二极管阵列的光束质量提高了8.5倍左右,输出功率约为自由运转时的75%.

千瓦级半导体抽运的固体热容板条激光器

报道了千瓦级激光二极管面阵抽运固体热容激光器的理论与实验研究, 分别采用Nd:YAG单板条和双板条串接的热容激光器, 利用热容激光器的理论计算模型计算了在一定的工作时间内激光输出特性, 并进行了实验验证。实验中采用的晶体尺寸均为59 mm×40 mm×4.5 mm, 对单板条进行抽运时平均功率大约为5.6 kW, 双板条串接时为11.2 kW, 重复频率为1 kHz, 占空比为20％。实验中观察了1 s的工作时间内脉冲能量输出的波动情况, 单板条时单脉冲能量输出最大为1.3 J, 在1 s后单脉冲能量输出

A kilowatt diode-pumped solid-state heat-capacity double-slab laser

A kilowatt diode-pumped solid state heat capacity laser is fabricated with a double-slab Nd:YAG. Using the theoretical model of heat capacity laser output laser characteristics, the relationships between the output power, temperature and time are obtained. The slab is 59 x 40 4.5mm(3) in size. The average pump power is 11.2kW, the repetition rate is 1kHz, and the duty cycle 20%. During the running time of 1s, the output energy of the laser has a fluctuation with the maximal output energy at 2.06J, and the maximal output average power is 2.06kW. At the end of the second, the output energy declines to about 50% compared to the beginning. The thermal effects can be improved with one slab cooled by water. The experimental results are consistent with calculation data.

Line-width reduction of a laser diode array using an external cavity with two feedback mirrors

A novel Littman-Metcalf external cavity laser diode array with two feedback mirrors is introduced. The line-width broadening effect caused by smile can be reduced by the novel external cavity. At the drive current of 16A, the line-width is narrowed to 0.1nm from free-running width of 1.6nm with output efficiency of 84%.