ANALYSIS OF DRIVING FORCES ON THE CHANGE OF HISTORICAL FARMLAND USE IN SHANDONG PROVINCE DURING THE QING DYNASTY (1644-1911)

National Natural Science Foundation of China [40201005]; Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX3-SW-321, KZCX2-314, KZCX1-SW-321-4]

Origin of Chinese ancient glasses;study on the earliest Chinese ancient glasses

The earliest Chinese ancient glasses before the West Han Dynasty (200 BC) from different regions are studied. The glass samples were unearthed from Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong and Xinjiang of China. The chemical composition of these glasses samples is analyzed by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). It is shown that the glass chemical compositions belong to barium-lead silicate BaO-PbO-SiO2, potash soda lime silicate K2O (Na2O)-CaO-SiO2 (K2O/Na2O > 1), soda potash lime silicate Na2O (K2O)-CaO-SiO2 (K2O/Na2O < 1) and potash silicate K2O-SiO2 glass systems, respectively. The origins of the earliest Chinese ancient glasses are discussed from the archaeological and historical points of view. These four types of Chinese ancient glasses were all made in Chinese territory using local raw materials. The glass preparation technology was related to the Chinese ancient bronze metallurgy and proto-porcelain glaze technology. The glass technology relationship between the East and the West is analyzed at the same time.

一批中国古玻璃化学成分的质子激发X射线荧光分析

质子激发X射线荧光(proton induced X-ray emission，PIXE)技术是一种高灵敏度、非破坏性、多元素定量测定的分析方法。采用外束PIXE技术对内蒙古地区和博山出土的一批古代玻璃的化学成分进行了定量测定。结果表明：内蒙古地区出土的玻璃中，西周时期的玻璃珠是含有少量K2O和CaO助熔剂的釉砂，其主要成分为SiO2；汉代的玻璃珠属于PbO—SiO2玻璃；多数元代的玻璃制品和部分北魏时期的玻璃珠属于K2O—CaO—SiO2玻璃。博山出土的元末明初的玻璃基本为KzO-CaO—SiO2系玻璃

广西合浦地区出土汉代古玻璃的质子激发X荧光分析

采用改进的外束质子激发x射线荧光、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析等技术，对广西合浦地区出土的一批汉代古玻璃样品的化学成分和结构特性等进行了检测。结果表明：两汉时期，合浦地区的古代玻璃存在K2O—SiO2、PbO-BaO-SiO2、PbO—SiO2、Na2O-K2O-PbO-SiO2、（Na2O）K2O-CaO—SiO2等多种类型，但绝大多数为K2O—SiO2玻璃。表面风化可引起K2O-SiO2玻璃表面K2O等助熔剂的流失和富硅层的形成。综合化学成分以及器型特征，认为我国汉代K2O—SiO2玻璃制造技术可

河南安阳市新出土殷墟玉器的无损分析检测的研究

为研究安阳市新出土殷墟玉器的质地和来源，利用外束质子激发X射线荧光（PIXE）、X射线衍射（XRD）以及激光拉曼光谱（LRS）技术对玉器进行了矿物学特征分析，从成分、矿相和结构研讨它们的质地和来源。实验结果显示，安阳市新出土殷墟玉器中80％为透闪石型软玉，且来自同一矿区，质地较好。个别样品属蛇纹石类型玉石和白云石岩。本研究证实了激光Raman光谱对古玉器鉴别的应用前景。

热察绥地区过去300年土地利用覆被变化

The historical land use and land cover changes is one of the key issues in LUCC research. However, the achievement of China in this field doesn't match her position in the world yet. And the reliability of the quantitive records in Chinese historical literature, the basic data for historical land use research, has been doubted. This research focuses on Re-Cha-Sui, a typical area for the farming-pastoral region in the north of China, to make a detailed case study in this field. Based on a deep mining and calibration on the data from massive historical documents and land-use surveys, the author gives a detailed analysis on the administrative region evolution, historical population dynamics, reclamation policy, and the land statistic system. According to textual researches, parallel validation and physical geographical analysis, a unified land use series for recent 300 years, which founded on the results of modern land-use surveys, is constructed. And the thematic maps on the cultivation index for different counties in several temporal sections are plotted. Based on the endeavor above, the dynamic of forest and steppe is reconstructed as well. The temporal-spatial patterns of land use/land cover changes in the area is analyzed. And the influence of different driving forces are discussed. The main conclusions of the research are as followed: 1. The quantitive records in literatures on Re-Cha-Sui area are reflection of real amounts of croplands. It is practical to reconstruct a result comparable with the modern land-use surveys, based of a deep mining and considerate validation on historical documents. The unexceptional negative attitude towards the numerical records in historical documents is unnecessary. 2. In recent 300 years, 3 climax of reclamation appeared in Re-Cha-Sui area and altered the pure pastoral area into a farming-pastoral region. The interval were respectively the early time till mid time of the Qing dynasty, the end of the Qing dynasty till early time of the Republic of China(ROC), and the time after A.D. 1949. After the first expansion, the area of cropland in this region reached 2.0 million ha. Among them, Guisui area, which was most densely cultivated, had a cultivation index over 30%, which is similar with modern situation. The second expansion covered broader area, and the amount of cropland reached 3.5 million ha. The increase of farming area after 1949 is due to the recultivation of abandoned farmland. The current area of cropland in this region is 5.6 million ha. In the southern area where the land was reclaimed early, the amount on of the cropland has some fluctuation in 300 years. While in the new reclaimed area in the north, the area of cropland has kept the trend of increasing. 3. Due to the different natural conditions, most forests in Re-Cha-Sui area distribute in the mountain area of North Hebei province, and the upland of West Liaoning province, especially the former, which has a forest coverage near 70%. However, most of these forests were destroyed before the end of the Qing dynasty. In 1949, the natural forest near Chengde was nearly cleared up. They were partly renewed after 1949 due to plantation. 4. In the steppe zone such as northern Rehe, Suiyuan and Chahar, the area of steppe has a negative correlation with that of cropland. With the expansion of cropland, the percentage of steppe has shrunk from over 80% to 53%. In the mountain area of North Hebei province, steppe expanded with the shrinkage of forest, though cropland was expanding. The percentage once reached 60%, and then fell with the renew of forest. However, in the upland of West Liaoning province, the steppe shrink slowly from original 50% to current 26%, with the expansion of cropland. 5. The land use and land cover change in Re-Cha-Sui area in recent 300 years is driven by various factors, including human dimensions such as population, policy of the government, disorder of the society, cultural tradition, and natural factors such as climate change and natural disasters. Among them, pressure from surplus population is the basic driving force.